直接引语间接引语习题

直接引语间接引语习题（共6篇）

篇1：直接引语间接引语习题

1.He said, “I’ve left my book in my room.”

2.She asked me, “Is this book yours or his?”

3.The teacher asked, “How did you repair it?”

4.She said, “He will be busy.”

5.She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”

6.The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”

7.My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”

8.The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”

9.He said, “We are still students.”

10.He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”

11.He said, “I have studied English since .”

12.I said to him, “I have finished it.”

13.She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”

14.“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Jane?” the young man asked.

15.“I have gotten the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.

16.“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.

17.“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.

18.“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.

篇2：直接引语间接引语习题

A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid

2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. →He asked me _______.

A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film

C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film

3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.

→He ______ me _____ the window.

A. said to; to close B. told to; closing

C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close

4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. →He said _________.

A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher

C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher

5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” →He _____- very naughty.

A. said his mother that the boy was

B. said to his mother that the boy is

C. told his mother that the boy was

D. spoke to his mother that the boy was

6. “You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.

→She asked ________.

A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you

B. whether I had already got well

C. have I already got well

D. had I already got well.

7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?”

→He asked me _________.

A. am I a Party member or a League member

B. was I a Party member or a League member

C. if I was a Party member or a League member

D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.

8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” →He asked _______.

A. how am I getting along

B. how are you getting along

C. how I was getting along

D. how was I getting along

9. He asked me ________ with me.

A. what the matter is B. what the mater was

C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter

10. He said, “Don’t do that again.” He _____ me _______ that again.

A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do

C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do

11. He asked me _________.

A. if she will come B. how many books I want to have

篇3：自由间接引语视角下的《早秋》

英国著名意识流小说家Virginia Woolf曾经说过西方世界的文学现代主义发生于“1910 年12 月的前后”。对于大西洋对岸的美国而言, 文学现代主义发生在什么时候?现代主义文学是否仅仅存在于白人种族之内?本文以自由间接引语作为切入点, 探讨其在现代主义文学中的运用。同时, 以美国现代黑人作家, “哈莱姆桂冠诗人”, 兰斯顿 • 休斯的短篇小说《早秋》作为考查对象, 证明自由间接引语在现代主义文学中表现人物内心活动的重要作用。

二、文学现代主义与自由间接引语

现代主义文学以表现个体主观意识的真实为目的。著名德国哲学家尼采 (Frederick Nietzsche, 1844~1900) 曾经说过, 没有一种绝对的现实 (reality) 能够被完全而客观地感知, 因为“当现实被从不同的角度观察的时候, 它看起来都是不同的”。[1]受到尼采思想的影响, 现代主义作家们都纷纷抛弃了那些对人类事件的精心细致的叙述, 抛弃了那些对小说人物间错综复杂的关系的描写。转而将注意力集中在某个或者某几个人物个体的心理活动上, 从而表现人物思想感情的复杂性。马尔科姆 • 布雷德伯里和詹姆斯 • 麦克法兰在他们合著的《现代主义:1890-1930》里对现代主义小说的特征做过这样的定义:“现代主义小说似乎展现了以下四个关注点 (preoccupations) :第一, 其文本自身的复杂性;第二, 对意识内部状态的表现;第三, 对表面看似秩序的生活和现实背后虚无主义的紊乱的感知;以及对繁冗故事情节的叙事艺术的解放。”[2]

上述现代主义小说的第二个关注点- 对意识内部状态的表现- 也被广泛地称为“意识流”。而现代主义小说中, 表现意识流的一个重要的技巧, 就是“自由间接引语”的运用。“自由间接引语”这一术语, 由瑞典语言学家Charles Bally于1912 年第一次命名。Charles Bally系著名语言学家索绪尔 (Ferdinand de Saussure 1857-1913) 的继承人。Chris Baldick编辑的《牛津文学术语词典》是这样定义“自由间接引语”的:“自由间接引语是呈现小说人物思想语言的一种方式, 通过将人物的‘直接引语’里的语法和其他特征与叙述者的‘间接引语’的特征相结合, 使其内心思想活动看起来像是由小说人物直接说出来一样。”[3]

我们可以通过以下的例子清楚地了解“自由间接引语”的特征:例1- 直接引语:她想, “明天我会留在这里。” (She thought, ‘I will stay here tomorrow.’) 例2- 与例1 对等的间接引语:她想她第二天会留在这里。 (She thought that she would stay here tomorrow.) 那么, 自由间接引语将间接引语中的人称和时态与提示直接引语的时间和地点相结合, 从而形成一个完全不同的句子:“她明天会留在这里。” (She would stay here tomorrow.)

根据Baldick的观点, 运用这种技巧的优势就是, 它实现了“通过第三人称的叙述来充分探索第一人称的观点和想法”。[4]他说:“这种技巧被广泛地应用在现代小说的创作中。”[5]在“自由间接引语当中”, 传统的全知全能叙述者巧妙地将其话语隐藏在文本当中, 这样就能够做到放弃其在故事创作中知道一切事情的全知全能的“旁观者”的地位, 进而将其话语与人物话语进行巧妙的融合。直接引语虽然能让读者较为直接地对人物的感受、思想、情感和个性进行观察和感知, 但是它无可避免地在叙述者和读者之间制造了一段不可测量而又无法弥合的距离。相反, 在“自由间接引语”当中, “作者和人物的视角不需要进行轮换, 而且, 它们的结合创造了一个新的双重视角。”[6]在这一“双重视角”中, 我们可以这样理解:叙述者牵着读者的手直接一同进入小说人物的内心世界。那么, 读者就能十分容易地体验小说人物的心理活动, 和小说人物的境遇感同身受。正如Paul Hernadi如此表述:“小说叙述者能移情于人物的‘虚构的现实’。”[7]我国著名叙事学学者申丹不仅认同Paul Hernadi的观点, 并且进一步提出 –“自由间接引语是表现意识流的最佳手段”- 这样的观点。[8]在现代主义的文学作品中, 作家会有意识或无意识地运用“自由间接引语”这种写作技巧。

三、哈莱姆的文学现代主义与兰斯顿•休斯的《早秋》叙事分析

现代主义于1913 年在美国出现, 由举办于纽约市来克星顿大道的“美国军械库艺术展”拉开帷幕。哈莱姆本来是一块曼哈顿岛上荷兰移民的聚居地。二十世纪二十年代, 大量的非洲裔美国黑人离开南方各城市并且在哈莱姆区扎根, 因此这里成为了大量黑人聚居的区域。这次移民大潮带来的多样性以及社会变化随后带来了文学上的一次运动, 这个运动被称为“哈莱姆文艺复兴”, 又叫做“黑人文艺复兴”。[9]这些人来到纽约, 以追求“更高的生活标准”以及“抵抗美国理论上对平等的承诺而实际上对种族压迫的行为”。[10]因此, 从社会整体层面来说, 哈莱姆文艺复兴运动, 在更大的层面上, 应该被视作美国现代主义进化的一个重要部分。此外, 一位美国学者Michael North曾经提出这样一个说法, 他从语言和文体层面评论哈莱姆文艺复兴中的作家十分尽力地“将他们的黑人语言从美国白人话语中解放出来”。他评论道:“白种美国人和非洲裔美国人的文学现代主义应该共同放在同一时间语境中进行探讨, 因为两者运用的语言实际上不可分割地联结在一起。”[11]

兰斯顿 • 休斯被誉为“哈莱姆桂冠诗人”。他这篇感人至深的短篇小说《早秋》, 主要记录了男主人公Bill Walker和女主人公Mary两人之间的对话, 以极其简洁的笔触对周遭环境进行描写。许多文章从不同角度对《早秋》进行分析, 比如郑四方在《< 早秋> 的叙事解读中》, 以法国著名结构主义批评家热奈特, 我国著名叙事学学者申丹, 著名文学批评学者胡亚敏以及著名叙事学学者谭君强为主要理论框架, 从“叙事情节、叙事时间、叙事聚焦和人物话语结构模式”, 这四个大方面, 称赞兰斯顿 • 休斯通过高超的写作技巧, 巧妙地拉近和拉开读者与文本之间的距离, 使读者在充分对故事进行“感性体验的同时, 又能从感性认知中剥离出来, 做出理性的判断和审视”。[12]张松柏从诗化语言的特征出发, 既肯定了休斯在叙述方面极其精炼的高超, 进一步赞扬休斯对环境和情景渲染的实质, 其实是女主人公“移情入境、情景交融的心理外化写法”, 赞扬休斯在创作中独具匠心、技法高超。[13]白凤欣在《兰斯顿 • 休斯短篇小说< 早秋> 之叙事手法探析》中既肯定了休斯巧妙地对女主人公的心理活动进行外化的写作技巧, 又从什克洛夫斯基提出的“陌生化”角度, 赞扬“休斯以杰出作家所具有的洞察力捕捉到普通人日常生活中发生的一瞬间, 运用陌生化这一艺术手法, 用最质朴简单的语言创造性地将其再现在文学作品中”, 该短篇小说虽然字数甚少, 文字简单, 但却“平淡中见奇崛, 浅显中见深邃”。[14]

笔者于本篇文章的创作中, 受到上述三位作者的影响甚大, 深有感触。郑四方老师《< 早秋> 叙事解读》一文对笔者的启发有着最大的影响, 尤其是他对休斯灵活运用直接引语和间接引语的洞悉, 使笔者对本短篇小说有了不同的体会。该文认为, 女主人公的自由间接引语有三处[15]。 (具体请见刊《< 早秋> 叙事解读》, 《时代文学》, 2012.1 下半月) 笔者希望大胆提出, 《早秋》中作家巧妙运用自由间接引语这一手法总共有四处, 而且休斯在这一短篇小说中的故事结构是这样巧妙安排的:叙事——对话——心理的外化 (自由间接引语) ——对话——心理的外化 (自由间接引语) ——对话——心理的外化 (自由间接引语) ——对话——心理的外化 (自由间接引语) ——叙事。因此, 在本文中笔者提出这样一个观点——除了故事的叙事之外, 其余部分, 也即对环境的所有描写实际上大部分都是女主人公Mary内心活动的自由间接引语。笔者希望以Paul Hernadi的观点, 即-“在自由间接引语当中, 人们生活中的客观实在, 于一定程度上, 可以通过人们的主观意识对选择性事实的感知进行获得”-的观点作为支持。[16]兰斯顿 • 休斯在创作中匠心独运, 选择人们日常生活常常出现片段, 加以对故事发展进行渲染, 既描述了一对普通人在一个平常的下午发生的一件平凡的事情, 又成功地引起读者对这一对普通人的共鸣, 仿佛这两个普通人的故事就是自己的故事, 或者说, 在一定的情况之下可能成为自己的故事。

《早秋》通篇仅仅只有445 字, 便成功地展现了一对昔日恋人分手多年后在异乡偶遇的简短场景。对话简洁、文字朴实, 却感人至深。故事讲述年轻的男主人公和年轻的女主人公在家乡的时候曾经是一对恋人, 后来却因为一些微不足道的小事分手。多年后的一天, 他们在纽约的华盛顿广场偶遇, 两人见面寒暄, 互问近况, 最后两个人没有留下联系方式就分开了。

简明扼要的叙事让故事快速进入主题。休斯在该短篇小说中对背景的交代简洁明了:他们坠入爱河之时, 比尔还年轻。那时他们在一起散步、聊天, 度过了无数夜晚。后来, 一些似乎并不是很重要的东西隔在了他们中间, 他们不再说话。她冲动地嫁给了一个她以为她爱的男人。比尔满怀对女人酸楚, 离开了。昨天, 在她穿过华盛顿广场的时候, 这些年第一次又见到了他。毫无悬念, 作为读者的我们就知道故事两个主人公的关系以及他们生命中发生的最重大的事件。这里值得我们注意的是, 两位主人公多年之后的相遇实际上是由女主人公的视角引入的。因为, “昨天, 在‘她’穿过华盛顿广场的时候”。读者开篇自然便首先将个人情感与女主人公联系起来。

对话, 即直接引语, 单刀直入、毫不拖泥带水。多年不见的老朋友相见, 自然是寒暄互问近况。“Bill Walker。”她说。“Mary, 你是从哪里来的?”他问。“我现在住在纽约。”她说。“哦。”他说。值得注意的是, 男主人在这里并没有回应。女主人公却主动提起话题:“一直都想知道你后来怎么了。”“我是个律师, 不错的律所, 在市中心。”他回答。女主人公单刀直入, 问道:“你结婚了吗?”他回答道:“当然, 两个孩子。”“哦。”她说。很明显, Mary从见到Bill最初的兴奋已经随着简单的交谈转而没有那么兴致高昂。一个“哦”字道出了她的失望。

场景描绘匠心独运, 微凉萧瑟的秋也是Mary的心。王国维在《人间词话》中说过:“一切景语皆情语。”Mary心理活动的外化, 即是她内心思想的自由间接引语。正如前文提到的, “叙述者牵着读者的手一同进入人物的内心世界”。且看作者对第一处场景的描写:“无数人从他们身边穿过, 穿过公园。他们都是些陌生人。已是傍晚, 夕阳差不多下山了, 有点冷。”读者仿佛透过Mary的眼睛来看华盛顿广场周遭的事物, 借着Mary的身体来体会纽约秋天的凉意。对话过后, 作者继续对第二处场景进行描写:“在华盛顿广场的树林下, 她发现自己不顾一切地向前追忆, 回到过去。在俄亥俄州的时候她就比比尔大了。现在, 她已完全不再年轻。但比尔依然年轻如故。”本段实际上是对Mary心理活动的重点分析。对环境的交代只是草草几个字, “在华盛顿广场的树林下”。此处读者仿佛随着Mary的思绪一起回到俄亥俄老家的那段往昔, 又借着她的眼睛看见了面前依旧年轻的Bill。作者将故事带入尾声, Bill和Mary互相邀请。Mary说她现在住在中央公园西, 邀请Bill有空时到她家做客。Bill冷淡回应又主动邀请Mary和她丈夫到他自己家做客。此时, 作者再次将视角转换到情景的描写上:“广场上, 枯叶从树上慢慢飘落, 无风自落。秋天的薄暮。她感到有些不适。”天色已然黄昏, 没有狂风, 却冷得让人心寒, Mary已经无法站在Bill面前继续聊下去。Mary的公交车到站, 两人匆匆告别, Mary在车上看着远去的Bill。作者在此处巧妙地插入了第四处场景的描写:“路灯在她的视线中模糊, 闪烁, 模糊。自她上车, 她害怕张口说话, 害怕自己一个字也说不出来。”读者又一次透过Mary的眼睛来看周围的事物。路灯好端端是不会闪烁模糊的, 模糊的是涌上Mary眼睛的泪水, 闪烁的是她眼中的泪光。“她害怕张口说话”, 这不仅仅是一个陈述, 而是读者感受着Mary的感受, 仿佛有一根刺卡在我们的喉咙里一样。

作者笔尖一收一放, 时而带着读者聆听Bill和Mary的对话, 时而带着我们走进Mary的意识。酣畅的阅读中, 已分不清究竟是叙述者在和我们说话, 还是Mary向我们袒露心声。正如郑四方所言:“自由间接引语在人称和时态上与叙述语相同, 因此读者能同时听到人物的声音和叙述者的声音, 叙述者的声音可以体现出对人物的同情。”[17]故事行将结束之际, 休斯却巧妙地离开了Mary的内心, 离开了两个主人公, 再次将自己放在全知全能的叙述者视角上对人物进行描写:“车开了。人群从他们身边穿过, 穿过街道, 他们都是些陌生人。距离和人群使比尔消失在她的视线中。那时她才想起她忘记给他地址――或向他要地址――或告诉他, 她最小的儿子也叫比尔。”读者也随之离开故事的画面, 留下的是秋天傍晚的寂寥和淡淡的哀伤。

四、结论

本文以自由间接引语的叙事特点及其优势, 反映了自由间接引语在现代文学创造中独特而富有优势的地位。它能融合叙述者的视角和话语, 充分表现人物内心活动, 使读者在阅读的过程不会感觉到作者像传统的全知全能的叙述者以第三人称的视角告知读者故事中人物的思想和心理活动, 而是化身成读者的一位朋友或者一位向导, 把读者直接拉入故事之中、带到人物身旁, 甚至是带入人物思想。笔者以美国现代黑人作家, 有“哈莱姆桂冠诗人”之称的兰斯顿 • 休斯的短篇小说《早秋》为例, 证明自由间接引语在现代文学中的运用及其优势。

我国唐代诗人刘禹锡在《秋词》中早已说过:“自古逢秋悲寂寥”。秋天总是一个让人感伤的季节, 清代诗人陶澹人也说过:“秋风秋雨愁煞人, 寒宵独坐心如捣。”著名歌星叶倩文的《秋来秋去》, 道出的感情与主人公的感受出奇地相似:“又是凉的秋, 愁无尽的秋, 知否当你远去后牵挂到倦透。”二十世纪, 远在大洋彼岸的黑人作家兰斯顿 • 休斯也把一段感人肺腑的爱情故事置于秋天这个伤怀的季节里。人类虽然有种族、国别之分, 但在普遍的感受体验上有着许多共同之处。

摘要：我国著名叙事学学者申丹说过, 自由间接引语是表现意识流的最佳手段。本文将对人物内心活动的表现, 置于现代文学的语境中进行考查。以美国黑人现代作家, “哈莱姆桂冠诗人”, 兰斯顿·休斯的《早秋》为例, 证明自由间接引语在表达人物内心活动时的重要作用。

篇4：直接引语与间接引语

1． 直接引语是陈述句时

间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say, tell, repeat, explain, think等。

He said, “You are younger than I.”→He said(that) I was younger than him.

2.直接引语是疑问句时

间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。

（1）一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。

She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?”

→She asked me if (或whether) I often went there to read newspapers.

（2）选择疑问句变为whether…/or宾语从句。

I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”

→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。

He asked, “Where do you live?” →He asked me where I lived.

3.直接引语是祈使句时

间接引语为不定式，作ask, tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t变为not）。

The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.”→The teacher told the boy to open the window.

His father said to him, “Don’t leave the door open.”→His father told him not to leave the door open.

[注意]

（1）有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest, insist等动词加以转述。例如：

He said, “Let’s go to the theatre.”

→He suggested(our) going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.

(2)“Would you mind opening the window?” he asked.

→He asked me to open the window.

“Why don’t you take a walk after supper?” he asked.

→He advised me to take a walk after supper.

4.直接引语是感叹句时

间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

→She said what a lovely day it was.或She said that it was a lovely day.

5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：

（1）一般现在时变为一般过去时

（2）现在进行时变为过去进行时

（3）一般将来时变为过去将来时

（4）现在完成时变为过去完成时

（5）一般过去时变为过去完成时

（6）过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时

[注意]

（1）如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

The teacher said “The earth goes round the sun.”

→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

（2）如果直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：

He said to me, “I was born in 1973.”

→He told me that he was born in 1973.

(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

He said, “I’m a boy, not a girl.”

→He said that he is a boy, not a girl.

(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：

The girl said, “I get up at six every morning.”

→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：

He said to me, “I have taught English since he came here.”

→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：

The teacher said to me. “You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.”→The teacher told me that I must (have to) pay more attention to my pronunciation.

6.代词等一般地应作相应的变化。

指示代词 this—that these—those

表示时间的词 now—then today—that day

this week(month, etc)—that week(month, etc)

yesterday—the day before

last week(month)—the week(month) before

three days(a year)ago—three days(a year) before

tomorrow—the next(following ) day

next week(month)—the next(following) week(month)

表地点的词 here—there

篇5：直接引语与间接引语教案

直接引语与间接引语

1.间接引语的概念和变化规律

①间接引语是用自己的话去转述别人的话。

②引用或转述别人的话时，采用两种形式：一是一字不改的将别人的话加以引用，这叫直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，这叫做间接引语。一般地讲，直接引语须放在括号内，间接引语不必用引号，而用宾语从句表达。例：She said“I was ill yesterday”.她说：“昨天我病了。”

→She said that she had been ill the day before.她说她前一天病了。⒉直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人的立场作相应的变动。例：He said ,“I am busy.” →He said that he was busy.⒊间接引语中动词时态的变化。

① 当引述的动词为现在时形式，间接引语中的动词时态不变。例：Tom says,“Our teacher is kind to us.”

→Tom says that their teacher is kind to them.② 当引述动词为过去时形式时，间接引语中的动词作如下变化： 一般现在时→一般过去时现在进行时→过去进行时 现在完成时→过去完成时一般过去时→过去完成时 过去完成时→不变一般将来时→过去将来时 例：He said,“I will leave for Beijing tomorrow”.→He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.注：如果所转述的内容表示客观真理或有表示某一具体时间的状语，间接引语中动词的时态不变。

例：The teacher said,“The earth is round.”老师说：“地球是圆的。” →The teacher said that the earth is round.例：He said,“I was born in 1980.”他说：“我出生于1980年。” →He said that he was born in 1980.⒋直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和表示“方向”动词的变化。（略）

⒌直接引语是是陈述句时，间接引语用that引导为宾语从句。

直接引语是陈述时，间接引语用that 引导，但在口语中that可以省去。从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和状语等要作相应变化。例：She said to me,“I came back an hour ago.”她对我说：“我一小时以前回来的。” →She told me that she had come back an hour before.注：直接引语是陈述句时，主句动词“said to sb”可以改为“told sb.”,也可不变。

⒍直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether或if引导。① 原句若为一般疑问句时，则用whether或if转述；原句若为选择疑问句时，用whether…or../…or not;原句若为反意疑问句，则常用whether或if转述.② 疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。③ 主句中的谓语动词为said时，要改为asked；没有间接引语时，可以加一个间接宾语（如me ,him等）。④ 句末用句号。

⑤ 从句中的人称、动词时态和状语等也要作相应变化。例：He said,“Are you interested in English?”他说：“你对英语感兴趣吗？” →He asked me if/whether I was interested in English.⒎直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语用原句中的wh-类的词引导。

如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，改为间接引语时，仍用原句中的wh-类的词引导，其余的变化同直接引语为一般疑问句中的情况②-⑤条一样。“What is your name?”he asked me.他问我：“你叫什么名字？” →He asked me what my name was.⒏直接引语是祈使句时，在间接引语中用作宾语补足语。

① 须将原祈使句中谓语动词变成不定式；如果祈使句为否定句，则用不定时的否定形式，即在不定式前面加not。

② 原主句谓语动词said 须改为asked,told,ordered,warned或advised等含有祈使意义的能带宾补的及物动词，③ 原句有“please”时，主句谓语多用asked（请求）。

总之，直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语可用如下的结构：“主语+asked/+told/advised sb.(not)to do sth.”

⒐直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语可用what/how或that为引导词。

直接引语是感叹句变间接引语时刻仍用what/how引导，次序不变，也可用that引导，将句子变成相应的名词从句。

篇6：直接引语转换为间接引语的技巧

一、人称的转换

1. 直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称

如：He said，“I am very sorry.”→He said that he was very sorry.

2. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，应转换为第一人称

如：“You should be more careful next time.”my father told me.→ My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，要转换成第三人称

如：She said to her son， “I’ll check your homework tonight.”→ She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4. 人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等

如：He asked me，“Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon？”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

5. 口诀巧记人称变化

口诀：“一主、二宾、三不变”。

（1）“一主”指当直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。

如：He said，“I am forty.”→ He said that he was forty.

（2）“二宾”指当直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称上的一致。

如：He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I was coming the next day.

（3）“三不变”指当直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。

如：He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→ He asked if she was an English teacher.

另外请同学们注意，直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数时，间接引语的主语要相应变为复数。

如：He said，“Are you interested in English？”→ He asked us if we were interested in English.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况具体对待，要符合逻辑。

二、时态的转换

直接引语转换为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）中的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际这也是宾语从句对时态的要求），变化如下：

如：“I am very glad to visit your school”，she said. →She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said，“We are listening to the pop music.”→ Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked，“Have you finished your homework

before you watch TV？” → Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor，“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus？”→ He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there？” the teacher asked. →The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

三、句子结构的变化

1. 直接引语为陈述句时，用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可用said，也可用told来代替。请注意，可以说said that， said to sb. that或者told sb. that，不可直接说told that。

如：He said，“I have been to the Great Wall.”→He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said，“I’ll give you an examination next Monday.”→He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。

如：The doctor said，“You are not seriously ill， you will be better soon.”→The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked，语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。

如：He said，“Do you have any difficulty with

pronunciation？”→He asked（me） whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said，“You are interested in English， aren’t you？”→He asked whether I was interested in English.

3. 直接引语为选择疑问句时，间接引语用whether...or...表达，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...，语序是陈述句语序。

如：He asked，“Do you speak English or French？”→ He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

I asked，“Will you take bus or take train？”→ I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。

如：He asked，“What’s your name？”→He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us，“How many car factories have been built in your country？”→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5. 直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask， advise， tell， warn， order，request等。如ask sb. to do（用于肯定祈使句），ask sb. not to do（用于否定祈使句）。不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都做相应的变化。

如：He said，“Be seated， please.”→ He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwritting.”he said →He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Don’t touch anything in the lab without permission”，the teacher said. → The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6. 有些直接引语含有“建议”“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等动词转述。

如：He said，“Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested us having a rest.

He said，“Let me help you.”→ He offered to help me.

7. 当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示“请求”“建议”的意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth.，advise sb. to do sth.等形式转述。

如：“Would you mind opening the door？”he asked. →He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk？”he asked us. →He advised us to go out for a walk.

8. 直接引语是感叹句时，可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。

如：She said，“What a lovely day it is！” → She said what a lovely day it was. /She said that it was a lovely day.

四、从句时态无须改变的情况

1. 当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时

如：He always says，“I am tired out.”→ He always says that he is tired out.

2. 当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时

如：He will say，“I’ll try my best to help you.”→ He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时

如：He said，“I went to college in 1994.”→ He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4. 当直接引语中有以when， while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时

如：He said，“When I was a child， I usually played football after school.” →He said that when he was a child， he usually played football after school.

5. 当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时

如：Our teacher said to us，“Light travels faster than sound.” →Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6. 当直接引语是谚语、格言时

如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” → He said that practice makes perfect.

7.当直接引语中有情态动词should，would，could，had better，would rather，might，must，ought to，used to，need时

如：The doctor said，“You’d better drink plenty of water.” → The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.

He said， “She must be a teacher.” → He said that she must be a teacher.

He said，“She ought to have arrived her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

She asked，“Must I take the medicine？” → She asked if she had to take the medicine.