完形填空练与析（精选五篇）
完形填空练与析 篇1
动词的时态语态一直是每年高考英语测试的重点热点内容之一,也是同学们学习中的难点。2011年对此语法项目考查的热度有增无减,大都设题1～3道,湖南卷和北京卷最多,高达4道,这在仅15道小题的单项填空题中占有很大比重。然而英语时态多达16种,常用的也有10种之多,且近几年高考在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,这样无形中增加了试题的难度。要做好动词时态题,除了必须掌握各种时态的结构、含义和用法外,平时还要注重将动词放在具体的语言环境中学习和运用。下面结合高考试题,对动词时态考查的热点问题进行对比分析,以帮助大家攻克这一难关。
一、考点透视
1. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成形式是have/has been doing sth.,一般译为“一直在做某事”。现在完成进行时没有被动语态,它强调动作在某一段时间内一直在进行,而且该动作往往对现在产生影响。例如:
He has been working as a volunteer for fifteen years, which really isn't an easy thing.他15年来一直做志愿者,这真不是一件容易的事。
The little boy has been walking for a whole day, which makes him exhausted.那个小男孩都走了一整天了,这让他精疲力竭。
现在完成进行时强调动作的持续时间,常带有感情色彩。例如:
She has been looking after her paralyzed stepfather with great care for 8 years. We all admire her very much.她八年来一直悉心照顾瘫痪的继父,我们都很钦佩她。(赞许的感情色彩)
I've been waiting for an hour but he still hasn't turned up. 我都等了一个小时了,但是他还未露面。(抱怨的感情色彩)
【考例】
① —We've spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn't surprising. Our friend and relatives ______ around all the time. (2010年安徽卷)
A. are coming B. had come
C. were coming D. have been coming
【解析】D 题干的意思是:“——近来我们花了太多钱了。——这并不惊奇。朋友和亲戚总是来访。”此处表示的是从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态,表示的是动作的延续,故用现在完成进行时。
②Joseph ______ to evening classes since last month, but he still can't say “What's your name?” in Russian. (2010年辽宁卷)
A. has been going B. went
C. goes D. has gone
【解析】A 由时间状语since last month可知应选用现在完成时,结合题干的意思“Joseph自从上个月就去上夜校,但是还不会用俄语说‘你叫什么名字'”可知,“上夜校”这一行为从过去发生到现在,一直在进行着,且还会持续下去,故应使用现在完成进行时。
2. 一般现在时
一般现在时主要用来表示人、事、物的现在状况和特点;也可以表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often,always,from time to time等时间状语;还可以表示客观规律和永恒的真理等。例如:
He usually goes to work at 7 o'clock every morning.他通常每天早晨7点钟去上班。
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.广州位于中国南部。
以下几种情况经常使用一般现在时:
1) 表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。例如:
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.当我上小学的时候就知道了地球绕着太阳转。
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.如果接受这份工作,他很快就会挣大钱。
3) 在make sure/certain,see to it,mind,care、matter +宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:
So long as he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
4) 在“the more ... , the more ... (越……越……)”句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。例如:
The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你越努力学习,就越能取得更好的成绩。
【考例】
① Linda, make sure the tables ______ before the guests arrive. (2010年全国卷Ⅱ)
A. be set B. set
C. are set D. are setting
【解析】C 题干的意思是:“琳达,在客人到来之前,一定要确保桌子都准备好了。”make sure后接宾语从句时,从句中谓语动词通常用一般现在时。set tables意思是“摆放桌子”,tables前置作主语,故用被动结构。
② I ______ all the cooking for my family, but recently I've been too busy to do it. (2010年辽宁卷)
A. will do B. do
C. am doing D. had done
【解析】B 题干的意思是:“所有为家人做饭的活我都包了,但是最近我太忙不能做了。”第一句表示现阶段的一种状况,所以用一般现在时态。
3. 现在完成时
现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时除了可以和for,since引导的状语连用外,还可以和during/in/over/the last/past few years/months/weeks,in recent years,recently,lately,up to/till now等连用。
在下列句型中常用现在完成时:
It is/has been +一段时间+ since从句
This/That/It is the first/second time + that从句
This/That/It is the only ... + that从句
This/That/It is the best / finest / most interesting ... + that从句
在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。例如:
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.这封信我一写完就寄出去。
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. 如果你做完了这个实验,你就能更好地了解这个原理。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.直到车停稳再下车。
【考例】
① For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted. (2010年浙江卷)
A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of
C. dreamed of D. dream of
【解析】B 题干的意思是:“许多年来,人们都一直梦想着电动汽车。然而,制造它们比想象的要难得多。”根据句意可以推断此处的梦想从过去到现在,并由此延伸。目前,市场上已经有了电动汽车,所以应使用现在完成时。
4. 过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时,常用过去完成时。
常用过去完成时的几种情况:
1) 在by the end of, by the time, until, before等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作时。例如:
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 到去年年末为止,我们已经生产了两万辆汽车。
The train had left before we reached the station.在我们到达车站之前,火车已经开走了。
2)表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected to have done等。例如:
I had planned to pay a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor. = I planned to have paid a visit to you, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本打算去拜访你,但有个不速之客来我家了。
3) “时间名词+ before”在句中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时。例如:
He said his first teacher had died 10 years before. 他说他的第一任老师在10年前就去世了。
Xiao Hua left school three years ago.小华三年前毕业了。
4) 表示“一……就……”的几个句型中,主句用过去完成时。即:Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely had +主语+过去分词+ when/than/before +一般过去时。例如:
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.我们刚一落座车就开了。
【考例】
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ______ for me. (2010年北京卷)
A. had done B. did
C. would do D. were doing
【解析】A 题干的意思是:“过了很长时间我才真正体会到他们为我所做的一切。”整个句子时态用的是一般过去时,“我能够体会到”就已经是过去,而“他们为我所做的一切”则是“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。
5. 一般过去时
一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去,它所表示的事情纯属过去,与现在情况没有联系,常跟明确的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, a few days ago, when等。
【考例】
① Excuse me. I ______ I was blocking your way. (2010年全国卷Ⅱ)
A. didn't realize B. don't realize
C. haven't realized D. wasn't realizing
【解析】A 题干的意思是:“对不起。我(刚才)没有意识到挡了你的路。”根据第二句后半部分的内容可知叙述的是过去的情况,此处表示的是说话之前没有意识到挡住了对方的路,所以用一般过去时。
② The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______ on the market in 1973. (2010年重庆卷)
A. had come B. has come
C. came D. comes
【解析】C 题干的意思是:“自从1973年问世以来,这本书已经被译成30种语言。”since引导的从句作状语时,主句通常用完成时,而从句用一般过去时,所以选C项。
6. 现在进行时
现在进行时表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;或表示感情色彩,加强语气。常与now,at the moment,right now,at present,these days等时间状语连用。与频率副词如always,constantly,continually等连用时表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。例如:
The teacher is writing his notes now. 这位老师正在写随笔。(暂时的还在进行的动作)
Xiao Wang is always coming late. 小王总是来晚。(带有不满的感情色彩)
【考例】
① Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ______ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. (2010年天津卷)
A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting
C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited
【解析】C 题干的意思是:“像剪纸一样的天津民间传统艺术品正在2010上海世博会的文化展览中展出。”因为2010年上海世博会在高考期间还在进行着,所以像剪纸一样的天津传统民间艺术品也是“正在被展览”,故用现在进行时态的被动语态形式。
② It is reported that many a new house ______ at present in the disaster area. (2010年陕西卷)
A. are being built B. were being built
C. was being built D. is being built
【解析】D 题干的意思是:“据报道,目前灾区有许多新房子正在建设中。”考查动词时态语态及主谓一致。由时间状语“at present”可知此处动词表示的动作正在进行,主语与所填选项是被动关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态;many a+单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,由此可知本题选D。
7. 将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作,也可用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。
将来进行时往往在以下几种场合中使用:
1) 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,一般带状语。例如:
What will you be doing at this time next Monday? 下周一这个时候你将正在干什么?
When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report. 明天他到我家的时候,我将正在写报告。
2) 表示现在正在进行的动作,但这个动作会延续到将来。例如:
I wonder if it will still be raining this afternoon. 我想知道今天下午是否会继续下雨。
I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning. 我认为她将一直做这个实验,直到明天早晨。
3) 表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。
Tomorrow I will be flying to Bombay. 明天我将飞往孟买。
After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better. 服了这药后,你就会感觉好多了。
4) 表示对将来的打算(区别于对将来的预测)。
My duties will end in July, and I'll be returning to Shanghai. 七月份我的任务就结束了,我打算返回上海。
【考例】
If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall. (2010年浙江卷)
A. eat B. would eat
C. have eaten D. will be eating
【解析】D 题干的意思是:“如果你在春天种下西瓜种子,你就会在秋天吃到新鲜的西瓜。”根据句意可以判断这是真实的条件从句。If从句中使用的是一般现在时表示将来,主句中应该使用将来时,故排除A、B、C项。D项是将来进行时态,强调“将来某个时刻正在进行的动作”,符合语境。
8. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。常与then, at that time, at this time yesterday等时间状语连用。例如:
I was going along the street looking for a place to park my car when the accident occurred.我正沿着大街找个地方停车,这时突然发生了交通事故。
【考例】
I wasn't sure if he was really interested or if he ______ polite.(2011年全国卷I)
A. was just being B. will just be
C. had just been D. would just be
【解析】A 句意为:我不确定是否他真的感兴趣,或者是否只是出于礼貌。从前面的wasn't判断整句话的动作应该发生在过去,排除B。C项是过去完成时,需要发生在过去的过去。D项是过去将来时,要立足过去,着眼未来。此题“出于礼貌”和“感兴趣”两动作同时发生,而说话人要强调“当时”的概念,所以使用过去进行时。
9. 过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终止,也有可能还在继续。
1) 过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去时间的关系,可以用时间状语来表示,也可以通过上下文来表示。例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上个月为止,他们在这里工作大约有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她说她放学后一直在听收音机。
2) 过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨,街道仍然很湿。
3) 像 work,study,stay,sing,teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻,通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候,她已学习两个小时了。
【考例】
When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ______ there.(2011年全国卷I)
A. had been lying B. has been lying
C. was lying D. has lain
【解析】A 主句中动词使用了一般过去时,宾语从句中不能使用现在时,排除B、D项。句意为:当Alice苏醒过来的时候,她不知道已经在这里躺多久了。“躺”这个动作发生在came to之前,即发生在“过去的过去”,应该用过去完成时。又因为作者强调“一直”这个概念,故使用过去完成进行时。
10. 将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。例如:
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
【考例】
— Tommy is planning to buy a car.
— I know. By next month, he ______ enough for a used one. (2011年江苏卷)
A. saves B. saved
C. will save D. will have saved
【解析】D 句意为: —— Tommy将计划买车。——我知道,到下个月为止,他积攒的钱足够买一辆旧车了。by next month是将来完成时的标志,全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作,对将来的时间next month产生影响,能买一辆旧车。故选D项。
二、 技巧点拨
1. 慧眼识别标志词
遇到时态题时首先寻找时间标志词,如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。
【考例】
① Up to now, the program ______ thousands of children who would otherwise have died.(2010年山东卷)
A. would save B. saves
C. had saved D. has saved
【解析】D 句意为:截止到现在,这个项目已经挽救了成千上万的本来会死去的孩子的生命。up to now是现在完成时态的标志词,所以空格处使用现在完成时态。
②Daniel's family ______ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.(2009年安徽卷)
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy
C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
【解析】D 题干中的时间状语this time next week是将来进行时的时间标志词,故选用D项。
2. 主从时态须呼应
如果所给题干是含有状语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。
【考例】
The moment I got home, I found I ______ my jacket on the playground. (2008年陕西卷)
A. had left B. left
C. have left D. was leaving
【解析】A I found后接宾语从句,由于主句动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,应使用过去完成时。
3. 瞻前顾后巧搭配
英语中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式,使用的动词时态非常固定。如果题干构成某种固定搭配或特殊句式,则根据规则选用需要的时态。
【考例】
①This is the first time we ______ a film in the cinema together as a family.(2009年陕西卷)
A. see B. had seen
C. saw D. have seen
【解析】D This is the first / second / last ... time (that) ... 是固定结构,后面的从句中应使用现在完成时。如果把is改为was,则后面的从句中应使用过去完成时。
②— How can I apply for an online course?
— Just fill out this form and we ______ what we can do for you.(2007年北京卷)
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see
【解析】D “祈使句(或名词词组)+ and (或or)简单句”是并列句的一种固定句式,and(或or)后的简单句通常用将来时或用情态动词表示将来。
4. 细心体会辨语境
近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,设题趋向于不出现时间状语,而向情境化、实际化的方向发展。因此,细心体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。
【考例】
①Edward, you play so well. But I ______ you played the piano. (2009年北京卷)
A. didn't know B. hadn't known
C. don't know D. haven't known
【解析】A 本题的语境为:爱德华,你弹得很好。但我(以前)不知道你会弹钢琴。“不知道会弹钢琴”是过去(以前)的认识,故用过去时。
② Would you please keep silent? The weather report ______ and I want to listen.(2009年湖南卷)
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast
C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast
【解析】B 句意为:请保持安静好吗?正在广播天气预报,我想听一听。由“I want to listen”可知,说话时天气预报正在播报,应使用进行时,且表示被动含义,故选B项。
5. 语态优先于时态
当四个选项中既有主动语态又有被动语态时,命题者多数是在考查被动语态,“汉语多主动,英语多被动”。因此,当时态语态一起出现时,应遵循语态优先的原则。
【考例】
His sister left home in 1998, and ______ since. (2009年全国卷I)
A. had not been heard of
B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of
D. has not heard of
【解析】B 首先观察四个选项的特点:从语态来看,两个选项使用了主动语态,两个选项使用了被动语态,优先考虑出题者是否想要考查被动语态。主语是“his sister”,谓语是“hear of”,“他的妹妹”只能是“被听说”,因此判定此题考查被动语态。结合句意:“他的妹妹1998年离开了,然后就一直毫无音讯”以及时间标志词“since”可知,应使用现在完成时的被动语态。
跟踪练习
1. —Is Tom still smoking?
—No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will go B. will have gone
C. goes D. has been going
2. — Jim, have you finished reading Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince
— No. I ______ my father on the farm all day yesterday.
A. would help B. had helped
C. was helping D. have been helping
3. — I wonder how long you ______ in Hawaii?
— Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angels.
A. will stay B. stayed
C. have stayed D. were staying
4. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruits and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade
C. was persuaded D. are persuaded
5. My money ______. I'd better go to the bank to draw some of my savings in case I have none in hand.
A. has run out B. is running out
C. has been run out D. is running out of
6. — What's the weather like tomorrow, John?
— Well, I ______ it, for the scenic pictures drew my attention as the weather forecast was going on.
A. was missing B. will miss
C. have missed D. missed
7. — Did you write to Peter last month?
— No, but I ______ him this June.
A. will be seen B. will be seeing
C. will have been seen D. will have seen
8. The president ______ a cool reception when he visited London.
A. gave B. was given
C. had given D. had been given
9. A red sky in the morning ______ to be a sign of bad weather.
A. says B. is saying
C. has said D. is said
10. If you go there alone after dark you might get ______.
A. attacked and robbed
B. attacking and robbing
C. to attack and rob
D. to be attacked and robbed
11. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting ______.
A. was holding B. had held
C. was to hold D. was to be held
12. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop B. are being developed
C. are developing D. have developed
13. I'll come after the meeting if time ______.
A. permits B. is permitting
C. is permitted D. has permitted
14. The students ______ ￡50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.
A. give B. are given
C. have given D. to give
15. The new play ______ in theatre now. Why don't you go in and see it?
A. is being shown B. is showing
C. is shown D. shows
参考答案与解析:
1. B 由时间状语by next Saturday可知应使用将来完成时。
2. C 时间状语“all day yesterday”表示过去一段时间内持续进行且未完成的动作,故应使用过去进行时。
3. B 由下文had to可知,待在夏威夷是过去的事情,故使用一般过去时。
4. D 根据主从句时态呼应原则,条件状语从句中应使用一般现在时。再根据语态优先原则,结合句意,应使用一般现在时的被动语态。
5. B 由下一句可知钱还没有完全用光,表示“快要用光了”可使用现在进行时表示将来。
6. D 由语境可知,刚才我错过了天气预报,因为播报的时候那些风景照片吸引了我的注意力。表示某事发生了用一般过去时。
7. B 由时间状语this June结合句意可知,此处表示将来某一时段正在发生的事情,故用将来进行时。
8. B 一方面语意要求用被动语态,另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。
9. D 此句也可说成“It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.”
10. A “get +过去分词”表示被动。
11. D 从逻辑上说,“会议”应是被开,故用不定式的被动式。
12. B 从语境上看,develop 不仅要用被动语态,而且要用进行时态。
13. A 该用法中的 permit 为不及物动词,不用被动语态。其中if time permits 也可换成 time permitting。
14. B 谓语为 give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。
15. A 新剧应该是“被放映”,故应使用被动语态;再根据时间状语now可知应使用现在进行时的被动语态。
完形填空练与析 篇2
“This is the biggest news today，” said Cui. “I have been listening to Ma’s xiangsheng for __3__. The news __4__ as such a shock; I feel so sad.”
At 9:39 am Wednesday， the Beijing Emergency Medical Center received a call __5__ that Ma was having a heart attack. When the team arrived at Ma’s home in northern Beijing， the performer was found __6__ on the toilet in a __7__ condition. Within 10 minutes， the emergency team had got Ma to the Tiantongyuan Branch of the Chinese Medicine Hospital of Changping District. But __8__ 10 am， Ma was dead. The __9__ of death was a heart attack. At around 11:30 am， Ma’s body was taken to the China-Japan Friendship Hospital.
Famous xiangsheng performer Jiang Kun， one of Ma’s students， carried his body __10__ the ambulance and into the hospital. With tears in his eyes， he described how the speed at which Ma’s death was reported， __11__ his place in people’s hearts.
Other xiangsheng performers， __12__ Yang Shaohua and Meng Fangui also __13__ at the hospital to discuss plans for Ma’s funeral.
On the Internet， numerous netizens penned messages to express their sadness at Ma’s passing.
“Ma condemned evil and praised the moral __14__ a light-hearted and pleasant way. That’s __15__ I liked his xiangsheng，” said a netizen called Yan Zhi on the website www.xiangsheng.org.
Ma was a student of the __16__ xiangsheng master Hou Baolin (1917-1993). He not only inherited Hou’s character， but also __17__ his own style. Ma was known __18__ his performances of xiangsheng that __19__ modern day China， and he became a __20__ figure in the development of xiangsheng after the founding of New China.
1. A. fromB. of C. toD. for
2. A. payB. devote C. consider D. lead
3. A. centuriesB. times C. decades D. a while
4. A. spread B. passed C. wentD. came
5. A. said B. saying C. read D. reading
6. A. slumped B. slumpingC. fellD. falling
7. A. decisiveB. importantC. specialD. critical
8. A. at B. in C. by D. after
9. A. reasonB. cause C. rootD. base
10. A. off B. downC. upD. from
11. A. keptB. realized C. reflectedD. shown
12. A. includedB. includingC. contained D. containing
13. A. turned onB. turned downC. turned toD. turned up
14. A. inB. withC. by D. at
15. A. thatB. what C. why D. because
16. A. later B. latestC. latelyD. late
17. A. developedB. designedC. createdD. invented
18. A. for B. asC. to D. by
19. A. led toB. referred to
C. paid attention toD. stuck to
20. A. small B. largeC. key D. special
名词性从句考查热点练与析 篇3
Ⅰ. 自我测评
1. Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. (2011年北京卷)
A. Which B. What
C. That D. Whom
2. The shocking news made me realize terrible problems we would face. (2011年北京卷)
A. what B. how
C. that D. why
3. There is clear evidence the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. (2011年上海卷)
A. what B. if
C. how D. that
4. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of others actually understand. (2011年上海卷)
A. why B. that
C. which D. what
5. I am afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is he never finishes anything. (2011年山东卷)
A. that B. when
C. where D. why
6. We've offered her the job, but I don't know she'll accept it. (2011年山东卷)
A. where B. what
C. whether D. which
7. The villagers have already known we'll do is to rebuild the bridge. (2011年江西卷)
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
8. It was never clear the man hadn't reported the accident sooner. (2011年江苏卷)
A. that B. how
C. when D. why
9. When the news came the war broke out, he decided, to serve in the army. (2011年辽宁卷)
A. since B. which
C. that D. because
10. As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when and see him. (2005年北京卷)
A. you will come B. will you come
C. you come D. do you come
11. He didn't make clear when and where the meeting would be held. (2007年天津卷)
A. this B. that
C. it D. these
12. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That's the best jobs are. (2007年浙江卷)
A. where B. what
C. when D. why
13. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was it was rather closely modeled on his own life. (2010年北京卷)
A. what B. that
C. why D. whether
14. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions had used the products. (2010年重庆卷)
A. whoever B. who
C. whichever D. which
15. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew she was so angry. (2010年湖南卷)
A. where B. whether
C. that D. why
【答案与解析】
1. B 句意为:芭芭拉·琼斯为其粉丝带来的是诚实和幸福。由句中的is可知其前面是一个主语从句, 从句中offer缺少宾语, 故用what引导主语从句, 并在从句中作宾语。
2. A 句意为:这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。根据宾语从句中被修饰的名词problems可知, 应该选用连接词what, what连接宾语从句并作定语修饰problems。
3. D 句意为:有证据表明, 所有能够说明的感觉中最困难的是身体的疼痛。这是一个同位语从句, 分析句子结构, 从句中不缺成分, 故用连词that引导。
4. D 句意为:你试图通过言语表达的意思或许恰恰跟别人理解的相反。of后的宾语从句中understand后面缺少宾语, 故用what引导。
5. D 句意为:我觉得与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家, 这就是他一事无成的原因。分析句子结构可知, which引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个表语从句, 根据句意用why引导。
6. C 句意为:我们给了她那份工作, 但我并不知道她是否会接受。空格处缺少表示“是否”意义的连接词。在名词性从句中, where表示地点;what在从句中应作主语、宾语或表语;whether表示“是否”;which表示“哪一个”。故答案为C。
7. C 句意为:村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。分析句子结构可知, known后面的宾语从句中含有一个主语从句, 该从句中缺少宾语, 所以选择what。which强调“哪一个”, 不符合句意。
8. D 句意为:根本没有搞清楚那名男子为什么没有早点报告这次事故。it在句中是形式主语, 真正的主语是why引导的主语从句。
9. C 句意为:当战争爆发的消息传来时, 他决定去部队服役。此处的the war broke out解释说明the news的具体内容, 且从句中不缺少成分, 故为同位语从句, 用that连接。
10. A when引导宾语从句, 作tell的直接宾语, 从句中应使用陈述语序, 排除B、D选项;根据语境, 应使用将来时态, 故排除C项。
11. C make后接复合宾语, 真正的宾语是when and where the meeting would be held, 宾补是clear。由于宾语太长, 故使用it作形式宾语。
12. A 表语从句中are后面缺少表语, 连接代词和连接副词都可以作表语, 根据句意“那儿才是找好工作的地方”可知, 应选用连接副词where。
13. B 表语从句中不缺成分, 因此用that来引导。句意为:狄更斯喜欢他自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》的部分原因是小说创作非常贴近他本人的真实生活。
14. A 该题中动词ask常用ask sb. for sth., 因此此处为作宾语的从句后置, 用whoever引导宾语从句, whoever相当于anybody who。
15. D 根据句意“办公室里没有人知道她为什么如此生气”可判断选择why引导宾语从句。
Ⅱ. 考点透视
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 它是中学英语语法中的重点和难点, 也是高考考查的热点;以考查宾语从句和主语从句为主, 考查表语从句和同位语从句为辅;涉及的热点连词有what, that, who, where, why, how, when, whoever, whatever等。
考点一:考查从句中的语序
在名词性从句中一律使用陈述句语序, 特别要注意由连接代词和连接副词引导的从句, 不可受特殊疑问词的影响而用了疑问句语序。例如:
I wonder when S.H.E. is coming to Jinan to have a concert. 我想知道S.H.E.什么时候来济南开演唱会。
The big problem for the U.S. is how they can settle the financial crisis. 美国面临的重大问题是如何解决金融危机。
【考例】
When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . (2010年上海卷)
A. he is entering which lane
B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane
D. which lane is he entering
【解析】B which引导的句子作know的宾语, 从句中应用陈述语序。
考点二:考查it作形式主语或形式宾语代替主语从句或宾语从句
英语中为了保持句子平衡, 常用it代替主语从句或宾语从句, 而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面。这时需要注意不能用that, this或these等作替代词。例如:
It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. 规则中要求你不能把你电子信箱账号的密码告诉别人。
Sang Lan has made it clear that she will not give in to fate. 桑兰清楚地表明她不会向命运屈服。
【考例】①It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. (2010年浙江卷)
A. that B. what
C. how D. whether
【解析】B 句意为:尽管大约有两千名病人服用过这种药物, 但是, 它会带来什么样的副作用还不确定。it是形式主语, 真正的主语是后面连词引导的整个句子。side effect意思是“副作用”, 还原主语从句中的主干是the medicine will bring about side effect, 故选择what, 作形容词“什么样的”, 修饰后面的名词side effect。
②It never occurred to me you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. (2010年陕西卷)
A. which B. what
C. that D. if
【解析】C 句意为:我从来没有想到你能成功说服他改变主意。“你能成功说服他改变主意”陈述了一件事实, 故用that引导, 作主语从句, 前面的it是形式主语。
考点三:考查从句连接词的选用
引导名词性从句的连接词很多, 归纳起来可分为以下三类:
选择连接词时可以依据“从句中缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则确定是选用连接代词还是连接副词, 然后再根据意思选用具体的连接词。如果名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语, 则选用连接代词。如果名词性从句中缺少状语, 则选用连接副词。如果名词性从句中不缺成分, 而仅表示陈述事实, 则用that引导。例如:
When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly he wants. (当你面试回答问题时, 请记住这条黄金法则:永远给予他人他确实想要的东西。)
分析:give后接双宾语, 宾语从句中wants后面缺少宾语, 故填what。
We believed he had earned enough money to build a house. (我们相信他已经挣了足够多的钱来建造房屋。)
分析:宾语从句中不缺少成分, 且陈述一件事实, 用that引导。
will win the match is still unknown. (谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。)
分析:分析题干可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句, 主语从句中缺少主语, 且指人, 用who引导。
I have no idea he learned about it. (我不知道他是怎么得知的。)
分析:同位语从句中不缺少主语和宾语, 根据意思, 句中缺少表示方式的状语, 应填连接副词how。
【考例】
①As a new graduate, he doesn't know it takes to start a business here. (2010年天津卷)
A. how B. what
C. when D. which
【解析】B 句意为:作为一名新毕业生, 他不知道需要什么才能开始在这里经营。空格后的宾语从句中takes是动词, 其后缺少宾语, 所以引导该宾语从句的连接词要用what。
②Before the sales start, I make a list of my kids will need for the coming season. (2010年山东卷)
A. why B. what
C. how D. which
【解析】B 句意为:在大甩卖开始前, 我把孩子们在下个季节里要用到的东西列了一张清单。分析句子结构可知, 空格处在句中引导宾语从句且在从句中充当need的宾语, 所以B项正确。which 引导名词性从句时多表示疑问且要有一个明确的范围。
③How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on he goes with, whether his friends or relatives. (2010年四川卷)
A. what B. who
C. how D. why
【解析】B 根据句末的 whether his friends or relatives可知应该是“和谁去”, 故选B。句意为:一个人旅游有多么享受很大程度上取决于他和谁去, 无论是他的朋友还是亲戚。
④We haven't discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture. (2010年全国卷Ⅰ)
A. that B. which
C. what D. where
【解析】D 句意为:我们还没有讨论把我们的新家具放在哪里。题干中空格在动词discuss的后面, 因此考查宾语从句。根据句意可知宾语从句中缺少地点状语, 因此选择D项。
考点四:考查主从句中的时态呼应
在名词性从句中, 要注意从句谓语动词应该与主句谓语动词的时态一致。
1.在宾语从句中, 当主句是一般现在时、现在完成时、一般将来时等时态时, 宾语从句可以根据句子意义的需要用任何时态。例如:
Do you know why he was late this morning? 你知道他今天早晨迟到的原因吗?
I don't know when he will leave for Shanghai. 我不知道他将什么时候去上海。
2.如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时, 则宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。例如:
Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn't want her parents to know what she was doing. 苏珊不想在家里做这个程序, 因为她不想让她父母知道她正在干什么。
3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理, 则不论主句中用了何种时态, 其谓语动词仍用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 老师说光比声音传播得快。
Our fathers said that practice makes perfect. 我们的父辈们说:熟能生巧。
4.在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 也要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。关键要注意动作发生的先后关系。例如:
Who will be sent abroad has not been decided. 派谁去国外, 还没有决定。 (主句是现在完成时, 从句是一般将来时)
The earth of today is not what it was millions of years ago. 今天的地球不是几百万年前的地球了。 (主句是一般现在时, 从句是一般过去时)
【考例】
① Scientists have many theories about how the universe into being. (2009年北京卷)
A. came B. was coming
C. had come D. would come
【解析】A 句意为:科学家关于宇宙是怎样形成的有很多理论。宇宙的形成是过去的事情, 应使用一般过去时。
② The moment I got home, I found I my jacket on the playground. (2008年陕西卷)
A. had left B. left
C. have left D. was leaving
【解析】A I found后接宾语从句, 由于主句动词使用了一般过去时, 且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前, 应使用过去完成时。
考点五:考查从句中的虚拟语气
在某些宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 谓语动词需用虚拟语气。
1.宾语从句中
1) 在表示坚持、要求、命令、建议之类的动词后的宾语从句中, 谓语动词要用 “should + 动词原形”形式, should 可省略。常见的此类动词有insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, demand, request, require, recommend等。例如:
The guard at the gate insisted that everybody (should) obey the rules. 门口的哨兵坚持每个人都应遵守规章制度。
He demanded that he (should) be sent to work there. 他要求被派往那儿工作。
需特别注意的是:动词suggest表示“暗示、表明”, insist表示 “坚持说 (认为) ”时, 其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词则要用相应的陈述语气。例如:
On the dead boy's face there was a half smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country. 在那位死去的孩子的脸上有一丝微笑, 似乎表明他很高兴把自己的生命献给了自己的祖国。
The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel. 那位阿拉伯人坚持说他从来没有看见过骆驼。
【考例】The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal. (2009年浙江卷)
A. wouldn't B. couldn't
C. needn't D. shouldn't
【解析】D recommend后接宾语从句时, 从句中应使用虚拟语气, 谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。
2) 在动词wish后面的宾语从句中, 谓语动词用过去式, 表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望;用“had +过去分词”, 表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾的事情;用“should/would/might/could + 动词原形”表示与将来事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。例如:
I wish I remembered her address now. 我希望我现在记得她的地址。
I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望我昨天见到了你。
She wishes she would try again. 她希望她能再试一次。
【考例】How I wish every family a large house with a beautiful garden! (2002年上海春招卷)
A. has B. had
C. will have D. had had
【解析】B 此题表达的是现在的一种愿望, wish后的宾语从句应使用一般过去时。
2.主语从句中
在“It is/was + 形容词 (或过去分词) + 主语从句” 的句型中, 从句中的谓语动词不论人称和数都可以用“should +动词原形”结构, should可省略。本句型中常用的形容词有:necessary, important, strange, natural, essential等;常用的过去分词通常是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词, 如suggested, ordered, demanded, required, requested, proposed, advised, decided等。例如:
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立即派他到那里去。
It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已决定推迟举行会议。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中
在表示意愿、要求、命令、建议等名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句中, 谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”形式, should 可省略。这类名词有:idea, proposal, suggestion, order, plan, decision, advice, desire, requirement等。例如:
My proposal is that the meeting (should) be put off. 我的建议是推迟举行会议。
The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. 教授命令测验在五点半之前完成。
【考例】We should consider the students' request the school library provide more books on popular science. (2009年重庆卷)
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
【解析】A request是表示请求、建议类的名词, 其后的同位语从句中使用虚拟语气。本题中从句的谓语动词使用了动词原形, 同位语从句中不缺少任何成分, 故选用that引导。
Ⅲ.易错点、易混点解析
1.that和what
这是高考测试的一对热点连词。that引导名词性从句时仅起连接作用, 不在句子中充当任何成分, 也无任何意义, 除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略;what引导名词性从句时, 除起连接作用外, 还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分, 而且意思非常灵活, 可根据具体语境译成“ (所) ……的 (话、东西、样子、地方、时候等) ”。例如:
parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
分析:分析句子结构可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句, 主句谓语动词是has, 其前是主语从句作主语, 从句中say and do后面缺少宾语, 且表示“所……的”, 故用what, 不用that。
fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.
分析:这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。因为主语从句是一个完整的句子, 陈述了一个事实, 不缺少任何成分, 所以要用that。这句话的意思是:国与国之间的时装差异可以从一个方面反映出其文化上的差异。
2.whether和if
whether与if在引导宾语从句时一般可以互换, 但在下列情况下一般只能用whether, 不用if:
①引导主语从句并在句首时;②引导表语从句时;③引导从句作介词宾语时;④从句后有or not时;⑤后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
3.wh-ever与no matter wh- 的区别
wh-ever既可引导名词性从句, 又可引导让步状语从句, 而no matter wh- 只能引导让步状语从句。例如:
Whatever I say, he won't listen to me. = No matter what I say, he won't listen to me. 无论我说什么, 他都不听我的。 (让步状语从句)
He would believe whatever I said. 他会相信我所说的任何话。 (宾语从句, 不能用no matter what引导)
The poor young man is ready to accept help he can get. 那个可怜的年轻人愿意接受他所能得到的任何帮助。 (空格处缺少修饰help的定语, 因此应该选择连接代词。whatever help he can get = any help that he can get)
fails to see this will make a big mistake. 任何人只要没能看到这一点将会犯很大的错误。 (这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。从句中缺少主语, 应选择连接代词, 根据句意可知表示“任何……的人”, 应填Whoever, 相当于Anybody who)
4.that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别
连词that引导同位语从句时, 应放在某些抽象名词之后, 如fact, hope, desire, thought等, 对前面的名词起补充说明的作用, 连词that只起引导同位语从句的作用, 在同位语从句中不担当任何成分, 因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的, 不缺任何成分。
关系代词that引导定语从句时, 关系代词that一方面起引导定语从句的作用, 另一方面, that在定语从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。因此, that引导的定语从句是残缺的。例如:
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. (同位语从句, 不缺任何成分)
The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. (定语从句, 缺少宾语)
IV.巩固性练习
1. Your skirt is really splendid, but we actually need is not a skirt but a new pair of shoes.
A. that B. what
C. whether D. how
2. made me more surprised was the pickpocket asked my friend to lend him some money and he agreed.
A. What; that B. That; that
C. What; whether D. It; that
3. What do you think of this suggestion that we lunch at the new restaurant?
A. will have B. are going to have
C. would have D. have
4. I don't know the reason you were absent from the meeting, but I'm sure that someone will tell me the reason you haven't told me.
A. why; that B. that; why
C. because; which D. of which; that
5. made his mother surprised was Tom Smith should have been fooled by such a simple trick.
A. What; that B. What; because
C. That; what D. That; because
6. According to Bill Gates, the idea we can play video games and receive E-mails without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear it will be on sale and it will cost.
A. which; that; what
B. /; whether; how much
C. that; when; what
D. that; that; how much
7. The doctors are trying their best to reduce the people's fear they would be infected by the present disease called SARS.
A. whether B. which
C. when D. that
8. Word has come in some Western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has fallen down.
A. that B. while
C. when D. as
9. Though Frances congratulates herself on her success she sometimes wonders will happen to her private life.
A. it B. what
C. which D. that
10. I think Mother would like to know I've been up to so far, so I decide to send her a quick not.
A. which B. why
C. what D. how
11. We should be aware of the fact rich countries are becoming richer while poor countries are becoming poorer.
A. which B. what
C. that D. where
12. They are teachers and don't realize to start and run a company.
A. what it takes
B. what takes it
C. what they take
D. what takes them
13. I haven't settled the question of I'll go back home.
A. as B. what
C. whether D. if
14. On stepping into his room he was astonished to find the floor covered with looked like tiny insects.
A. that B. something
C. what D. anything
15. In order to encourage the students to study hard, the school decides to give the scholarship to wins the first in the exam.
A. who B. whom
C. whomever D. whoever
16. Tom was worried seemed obvious to everyone present at the meeting.
A. What B. Which
C. That D. How
17. —It remains to be seen the plan can be put into practice.
—It depends on your determination.
A. whether B. where
C. how D. that
18. Many experts hold the view teacher development is the key to better education lies.
A. which; where B. which; in which
C. that; where D. that; in which
19. After seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to have the job interview.
A. that B. which
C. what D. who
20. There was a sudden flash, followed by sounded like fireworks.
A. what B. something
C. it D. which
21. —Was it he said or all that he did let you down, Joan?
—No, not really.
A. which; that B. what; that
C. that; what D. what; what
22. is known to us all is that the old scientist, for life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties.
A. As; whom B. What; whom
C. It; whose D. As; whose
23. That art center is used to be a factory, millions of tractors were made.
A. what; where B. where; where
C. what; which D. where; which
24. My pen-friend, Peter, wrote to me, expressing the hope he would come to Beijing to see the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
25. I still couldn't understand the machine would work, so I asked him to explain it to me.
A. how B. what
C. which D. whom
26. The police finally got to was once an old temple the villagers used as a school.
A. which; what B. what; that
C. where; which D. what; where
27. He was such a great hero that he did, even his way of walking, was imitated by many young people.
A. whatever B. no matter what
C. however D. no matter how
28. “You can't choose what life you will have, ” said Tai Lihua, a deaf leading dancer, “but you can choose your attitude towards life.” And this is I completely agree.
A. why B. what
C. when D. where
29. Actually children can be they want to be, whether it is pilot, a soldier, or a general manager.
A. who B. which
C. whatever D. whomever
30. If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods, that is you have to go to the hospital for a medical examination.
A. why B. when
C. whether D. what
【答案与解析】
1. B what引导主语从句, 并且在主语从句中作宾语。当名词性从句中缺少名词性的成分 (主语、宾语、表语) 时, 一般用what来引导。
2. A 第一个空用What, 它一方面在句子中引导主语从句, 另一方面又在主语从句中作主语;第二个空用that来引导表语从句, 引导表语从句的that只起连接词的作用, 不在句中作成分。
3. D suggestion后接同位语从句时, 从句的谓语动词用“should +动词原形”, 其中should可以省略。
4. A 第一个空后定语从句缺原因状语, 所以用关系副词why;第二个空后定语从句中tell缺少直接宾语, 可以用关系代词that或which。
5. A what引导主语从句, 并且在主语从句中作主语;that引导表语从句, 在表语从句中不作成分, 只起连接词的作用。
6. C that引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容。when it will be on sale and what it will cost是两个并列的主语从句, 放在句尾, 由it作形式主语, 其中what也可以用how much来替换。
7. D 这是一个同位语从句, 空格后的整个句子作fear的同位语, 说明fear的具体内容。
8. A 为避免“头重脚轻”的感觉, 平衡句子结构, 把that引导的同位语从句后置。还原成正常语序为:Word that in...has fallen down has come.
9. B what用来引导宾语从句作动词wonder的宾语, 并且在宾语从句中作主语。
10. C 由句子结构可知, 此处需用连词引导宾语从句。根据句中的be up to判断, 连词应作to的宾语, 只有A、C项有可能, 而which表示选择性, 前文应有选择范围, 所以只能选what。
11. C fact后接同位语从句, 表示fact的内容, 用that引导。
12. A realize后接宾语从句, 宾语从句中takes后缺少宾语, 故用what引导。
13. C of后接宾语从句, 空格表示“是否”之意, 且在介词之后, 用whether引导, 不用if。
14. C with后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 故用what引导。
15. D to后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 且表示anybody who的意思, 用whoever引导, 不用who。
16. C seemed前的主语从句陈述了一个事实, 从句中不缺少成分, 用that引导。如用what, 则在worried后加about。
17. A 本题用先行it作主语, 真正的主语是后面的主语从句, 根据意思, 此处表示“是否”, 故用whether引导。
18. C 第一空view后接同位语从句, 表示view的内容, 用that引导;第二空is后接表语从句, 意思是“更好教育之关键所在”, 用where引导。
19. C after后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 用what引导。
20. A by后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 用what引导。
21. B 这是一个强调结构与主语从句结合考查的题目。分析句子结构可知, 强调的是句子的主语, 主语从句中的动词said后缺少宾语, 故第一空用what, 第二空用构成强调结构的that。
22. B 第二个is是主句的动词, 其前是主语从句, 由于缺少主语, 用what引导;第二空是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句, 关系代词whom作介词for的宾语。
23. A is后接表语从句, 由于从句中缺少主语, 用what引导;第二空是定语从句, 修饰先行词factory, 由于factory在定语从句中作地点状语, 故用where引导。
24. B hope后接同位语从句, 表示hope的内容, 用that引导。
25. A understand后接宾语从句, 根据句意“我还是不明白这台机器是怎样工作的, 因此我让他给我解释一下”可知, 应选用how引导宾语从句。
26. B got to后接宾语从句, 从句中缺少主语, 故用what引导;第二空引导的是定语从句, 先行词temple在后面的定语从句中作used的宾语, 故选用关系代词that引导。
27. A 由句子后半句的结构可知, was前应该是主语部分, 而whatever可以引导名词性从句, no matter what只能引导状语从句。另外, 如果用how则do后缺少宾语。
28. D 此处where引导表语从句, 并在从句中作地点状语, 相当于the point to which。此题不可选用what, 因为agree是不及物动词。
29. C whatever引导表语从句, 并在从句中作be的表语。句意为:事实上, 孩子们可以成为他们想成为的任何一种人, 无论是飞行员、士兵还是总经理。
30. B when引导表语从句, 句意为:假如你感到疲惫并且对油腻食物没胃口的话, 就到了去医院做检查的时候了。
“书面表达”练与析 篇4
假设你是一名15岁的学生,参加了学校举办的Walk for Children募捐活动｡请根据下面表格中的相关信息写一篇短文,介绍这次活动,并说明自己的感想｡
参考词语: charity 慈善certificate 证书souvenir 纪念品
词数:80个左右｡
学生习作:
I took part in a charity walk is① called Walk for Children in② June 10,2007. The walk began at 9:00 am, Sunday. It spent③ us 2 hours to walk all the way from our school to North Hill. My teammates and I finished the walk in④ 2 hours and we received a certificate and a souvenir. To our joy, we raised 5,000 yuan to support poor children in China to go to school. They can’t go to school because they are poor. I think it is much⑤meaningful to join in the walk and give the poor children some help. I’ll try to take part in more such activity⑥. Let’s help the poor children together.
修改说明:① 此处为过去分词短语作定语,应去掉is; ② 此处表示在具体的某一天,应将 in改为on; ③ 此处应将spent改为took,因为spend作“花费”解时,其主语只能是人,而take作“花费”解时,通常用于“It takes sb some time to do sth”句式; ④ 此处表示“在……时间之内”,应将in改为within; ⑤ 此处表示“非常”之意,且修饰形容词原级,应将much改为very; ⑥ more应修饰复数可数名词,应将activity改为activities｡
教师点评:本篇“书面表达”习作的小作者从活动的过程和对活动的感想两个角度对慈善募捐活动进行了描述｡文章叙述合理,层次清晰,有较强的的整体感｡ and, To our joy, I think等过渡性词语的使用增强了文章的连贯性､逻辑性和可读性｡并列句､原因状语从句､宾语从句等高级表达方式的使用增强了文章的表达效果,提高了文章的表达档次｡所有这些手法的运用成为本文不可或缺的的亮点｡然而本文也存在一些不足之处,出现了一些如多用动词､介词误用､易混动词误用､易混副词误用､名词单复数误用等语言表达方面的错误,这表明小作者的语言表达有待于进一步提高｡但从总体上讲,本文不失为一篇成功的习作,值得同学们学习｡
参考范文:
I took part in a charity walk called Walk for Children on June 10,2007. The walk began at 9:00 am, Sunday. It took us 2 hours to walk all the way from our school to North Hill. My teammates and I finished the walk within 2 hours and we received a certificate and a souvenir. To our joy, we raised 5,000 yuan to support poor children in China to go to school. They can’t go to school because they are poor. I think it is very meaningful to join in the walk and give the poor children some help. I’ll try to take part in more such activities. Let’s help the poor children together.
(B)
请按照下面表格内的提示信息写一篇题为“Changes in Our Hometown”的英语短文,词数为80个左右｡
学生习作:
Over the past ten years, great changes have been① taken place in our hometown. In the past, the houses in our hometown were very poor, but now many people have moved in② tall buildings. The water in the rivers were③ very dirty, but now the rivers are clean and people can swim in them. People used to walk or ride bikes, but now they can take bus④ or drive their own cars to go to work. We could only hear⑤ the radio before, but now we can watch TV and get on computers for study or entertainment.
修改说明:① take place不可用于被动语态,应去掉been; ② 此处表示“搬进”之意,应将in改为into; ③ 主语The water为不可数名词,应将were改为was; ④ 根据语境逻辑此处应用可数名词复数,应将bus改为buses; ⑤ 此处强调“听”的动作,应将hear改为listen to｡
教师点评:本篇“书面表达”习作的小作者以今昔对比为线索,介绍了家乡在住房､环境､交通方式､娱乐设施等方面的变化｡文章层次清晰,条理清楚,有较强的整体感｡ In the past, but now, and, or等过渡性词语的使用使文章叙述更合理,意义更连贯,逻辑更严密｡并列句的多次使用增强了文章的表达效果,提高了文章的表达档次｡所有这些描写手法成为本文的一个个亮点｡然而本文也存在一些不足之处,出现了一些语言表达方面的错误,如语态错误､介词的误用､主谓语不一致､名词单复数的误用､易混动词误用｡这些错误表明小作者语言表达能力还不够成熟,有待于进一步提高｡但从总体上讲,本文不失为一篇成功的习作,值得广大读者学习｡
参考范文:
阅读理解练与析 篇5
Scientists have created a way to control a robot with signals from a human brain.
By generating（引起） the proper brainwaves—picked up by a cap with electrodes that sense the signals and reflect a person’s instructions—scientists can instruct a humanoid robot to move to specific locations and pick up certain objects.
The commands are limited to moving forward, picking up one of two objects and bringing it to one of two locations. The researchers have achieved 94 percent accuracy between the thought commands and the robot’s movements.
“This is really a proof-of-concept demonstration（证明）,” said Rajesh Rao, a researcher from the University of Washington who leads the project. “It suggests that one day we might be able to use semi-autonomous robots for such jobs as helping disabled people or performing routine tasks in a person’s home.”
The person wearing the electrode cap watches the robot’s movement on a computer screen through two cameras installed on and above the robot.
When the robot’s camera sees the objects that are to be picked up， it passes the information to the user’s computer screen. Each object lights up randomly on the computer screen. When a person wants something picked up and it happens to light up, the brain registers（语域） surprise and send this brain activity to the computer and then to the robot as the choice object. The robot then proceeds to pick up the object.
“One of the important things about this demonstration is that we’re using a ‘noisy’ brain signal to control the robot,” Rao said. “The technique for picking up brain signals is non-invasive, but that means we can only obtain brain signals indirectly from sensors on the surface of the head, and not where they are generated deep in the brain.”
1. The humanoid robot mentioned in the passage can__________.
A. move forward
B. pick up a lot of things at the same time
C. control a human brain
D. sense the signals it sends out
2. According to Rao, semi-autonomous robots__________.
A. can do many kinds of work in the space exploration
B. can help the disabled in many ways
C. use a noisy brain signal to control human activities
D. pick up things that are far away from the earth
3. Which of the following action comes last for the humanoid robot to pick up an object?
A. The robot’s camera sees the object.
B. The camera passes the information to the computer screen.
C. The brain register sends the brain activity to the computer.
D. The brain register sends the brain activity to the robot.
4. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Human Thoughts Control New Robot.
B. Robot Signals.
C. How Robot Picks Up Things.
D. How To Control A Robot.
5. The underlined word “generated” in the last paragraph means__________.
A. produced
B. influenced
C. affectedD. translated
答案与解析
1. A细节理解题。根据第三段中The commands are limited to moving forward可知A为正确答案。
2. B细节理解题。根据第四段It suggests that one day we might be able to use semi-autonomous robots for such jobs as helping disabled people可以知道，这种机器人可以帮助残疾人。
3. D细节判断题。根据倒数第二段描写的机器人拾起东西的过程可知，D项内容应该最后发生。
4. A归纳标题题。整篇短文都在告诉我们科学家发明了一种新的由人的思维控制的机器人。C选项只是这种机器人的一种用途；D选项与短文内容不相符。
5. A词义猜测题。从本句中we can only obtain brain signals indirectly from sensors on the surface of the head可知，获得信号的途径是来自电子元件，下文中的generated的意思应该是“引起，导致”。
长难句分析:
1. By generating the proper brainwaves—picked up by a cap with electrodes that sense the signals and reflect a person’s instructions—scientists can instruct a humanoid robot to move to specific locations and pick up certain objects.
本句的主语为scientists,谓语动词为can instruct。 By generating the proper brainwaves为“by+动词现在分词”构成的方式状语。两个破折号之间含有以that引导的定语从句that sense the signals and reflect a person’s instructions，修饰先行词a cap with electrodes。
2. When the robot’s camera sees the objects that are to be picked up， it passes the information to the user’s computer screen.
本句中，When the robot’s camera sees the objects that are to be picked up是when引导的时间状语从句，在这个时间状语从句中，又包含有一个以that引导的定语从句that are to be picked up，修饰先行词objects。本句主句为it passes the information to the user’s computer screen。
常考短语：
pick up
pick up是一个动词短语，高考试题中经常出现。pick up的用法非常多，现将其常见用法总结如下：
1. 捡起、拿起(某物)；扶起(某人)
Mr. Black picked up his hat and went out. 布莱克先生拿起帽子走了出去。
Grandma fell down onto the ground and I ran to pick her up at once.奶奶跌倒在地，我赶紧跑过去扶她。
2. (在无线电中)收听、接收
It is necessary to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes. 必须有一台短波收音机才能收听到这些节目。
3. (用车)来接(可以是到某处去接某人或载货，也可以是中途顺便把人或物带走)
Mr Brown stopped his car in front of the shop to pick up the empty boxes. 布朗先生在店门前停下车，顺便把空箱子带走。
I’ll pick you up at your home tomorrow. 明天我会开车到你家接你。
4. 收拾；整理
You’d better pick up the tools after finishing the work. 完成工作后你最好把这些工具收拾起来。
5. (指不是通过正规教育和指导)学会、掌握(尤指偶然地)得到消息
I don’t know where my children have picked up those rude words. 我不知道我的孩子在哪儿学来的那些粗话。
He picked up some rumor that the singer had died. 他偶然听到了一个谣传，说是这个歌手已经去世了。
6. 恢复精神/健康；(生意)好转、恢复
This old man is beginning to pick up now. 现在这位老人开始恢复健康。
Business has been very poor but they expect it to pick up again before Christmas. 生意一直很不景气，但他们渴望在圣诞节前再次好转。
7. 挣得(某物，尤指一笔钱)
My brother picked up 120 dollars for three days’ work. 我弟弟工作了3天， 挣了120美元。
8. 捉住；逮捕
The police picked the thief up as he was leaving the shop. 窃贼正要离开商店时，警察捉住了他。
常用句型与表达：
1. It suggests that one day we might be able to use semi-autonomous robots for such jobs as helping disabled people or performing routine tasks in a person’s home.
注意suggest的用法。如果suggest表示“建议”，后面的宾语从句应该用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的构成为“should+动词原形”，should可省略；如果suggest表示“暗示；表明”，其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。如：
We suggested that he (should) go and make an apology to his teacher.我们建议他去向老师道歉。
The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry.他脸上的表情表明他很生气。
2. One of the important things about this demonstration is that we’re using a ‘noisy’ brain signal to control the robot.
that引导的从句为表语从句。表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词，表语从句一定要用陈述语序。引导词that在表语从句中不可以省掉。连接表语从句的连接词主要有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how等。如：
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.