中外美术史对照（精选6篇）
篇1：中外美术史对照
中外合资企业章程 中英对照
Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures
目 录
第一章 总则
第二章 宗旨、经营范围
第三章 投资总额和注册资本
第四章 董事会
第五章 经营管理机构
第六章 财务会计
第七章 利润分配
第八章 职工
第九章 工会组织
第十章 期限、终止、清算
第十一章 规章制度
第十二章 适用法律
第十三章 附则
Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures INDEX
Chapter 1 General Provision
Chapter 2 The Purpose l Scope and Scale of the Business
Chapter 3 Total Amount of Investment and the Registered Capital Chapter 4 The Board of Directors
Chapter 5 Business Management Office Chapter 6 Finance and Accounting Chapter 7 Profit Sharing Chapter 8 Staff and Workers
Chapter 9 The Trade Union Organization
Chapter 10 Duration，Termination and Liquidation of the Jint Venture Company
Chapter 11 Rules and Regulations
Chapter 12 Applicable Law
Chapter 13 Supplementary Articles
第一章 总则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国中外合资企业法》，和中国×公司（以下简称甲方）与×国×××公司）合资经营合同，特制订本合营公司章和。
第二条 合营公司中文名称为：××有限公司
英文名称为：
缩写为：
合营公司的法定地址为：
第三条 甲、乙双方的名称、法定地址为：
甲方：中国×公司，其法定地址为
乙方：×国×××公司，其法定地址为
第四条 合营公司的组织形式为有限责任公司。甲乙方仅以现行或日后修改的本章程规定的各自认缴的出资额对合营公司承担责任。在上述前提下，各方按其认缴的出资额在注册资本中的比例分享利润和分担风险及亏损。
第五条 合营公司为中国法人，受中国法律管辖和保护，其一切活动必遵守中国的法律、法令和有关条例规定。
Chapter 1 General Provision
Article 1
In accordance with the “Law of the People‘s Republic of China on joint Venture UsingChinese and Foreign Investment” and the contract signed on in_________，china，by，×Co.（hereinafter referred to as Party A）。and ×××Co.，Ltd.（hereinafter referred to as Party A），to set up a joint venture，×× Limited Liability Company（hereinafter referred to as joint venturecompany），the Articles of Association hereby is formulated.Article 2
The names of the joint venture company shall be ××Limited Liability Company
Its abbreviation is
The Legal address of the joint venture company is at
Article 3
The names and legal addresses of each parties are as follows：
Party A： × Co.，China，and its legal address is
party B： ××× Co.，Ltd，and its legal address is
article 4
The organization form of joint venture company is a limited liability company.The liabilities of each party to the joint venture company just limits to its contributed capital，which stipulated in the Articles of Association or in the revised afterwards.The profits，risks and losses of the joint venture company shall be shared by the parties in proportion to their contributions of the registered capital.Article 5
The joint venture company has the status of a legal person and is subject to the jurisdiction and protection of Chinese laws concerned.All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the laws.decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People‘s Republic of China.第二章 宗旨、经营范围
第六条 甲、乙方合资经营的目的是：本着加强经济合作和技术交流的愿望，采用先进而适用的技术和科学的经营管理方法，提高产品质量，发民新产品，并在质量、价格等方面具有国际市场上的竞争能力，提高经济效益，使投资各方获得满意的经济利益。（注：在章程中要根据具体情况写明。）
第七条 合营公司经营范围为：
第八条 合营公司生产规模为：
第九条 合营公司向国内、外市场自行销售其产品，并开展有关的其他服务。合营公司将出口销售和取得外汇收入放在优先地位，以保证合营公司的成功和发展。
Chapter 2 The Purpose，Scope and Scale of the Business
Article 6
The purpose of the parties to the joint venture is in conformity with the wish of enhancing the economic cooperation and technical exchanges，to raise economic results and ensure satisfactory economic benefits for each investor by improving the product quality，developing new products，and gaining competitive position in the world market in quality and price through advanced and appropriate technology and scientific management.Article 7
Business scope of the joint venture company is
Article 8
The production scale of the joint venture company is as follows：
Article 9
The products of the joint venture company will be sold on Chinese market and overseas market and after-sale services will be provided by themselves.In order to pursuing the success and development of the joint venture company，the joint venture company shall give the top priority on export of the products and earning foreign currency.第三章 投资总额和注册资本
第十条 合营公司的投资总额为＿＿＿＿美元
合营公司的投资总额为＿＿＿＿美元
甲方：出资额为＿＿＿＿万美元，占注册资本＿＿＿％
其中：1.厂房设施＿＿＿＿美元
2.机器设备＿＿＿＿美元
乙方：出资额为＿＿＿＿万美元，占注册资本＿＿＿＿％
其中：
第十二条 甲、乙方应按合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资额。
第十三条 甲、乙方缴付出资额后，经合营公司聘请在中国注册的会计师验资，具验资报告后，由合营公司据此发给甲、乙各方出资证明书，确认种自的出资日期及金额。
第十四条 合营期内，合营公司不得减少注册资本数额。任何一方都不得将其在合营公司中认缴出资的任何部份抵押给任何第三方。
第十五条 合营公司注册资本的增加、转让，应由董事会一致通过后，并报原审批机权批准，向原登记机构办理变更登记手续。
Chapter 3 Total Amount of Investment and the Registered Capital
Article 10
The total amount of investment of the joint venture company is V.S.Dollars.The registered capital for the joint venture company is V.S.Dollars.Article 11
Both parties shall contribute the capital as follows：
Party A shall pay accounts for % includes）
2）
Party B shall pay accounts for % includes）Factory site and others： us Dollars；
2）Equipment： us Dollars
Article 12
The amount of the investment in Article 10 shall be paid by Party A and Party B according to the time limit stipulated in the contract.Article 13
After the payment of investment by the parties to the joint venture，a Chinese registered accountant invited by the joint venture company shall verify it and provide a certificate for contributed investment.Thereafter the joint venture company shall issue an investment certificate to confirm the date and amount of the contribution.ArticIe14
Within the term of the joint venture，the joint venture company shall not reduce its registered capital.Neither party shall be allowed to mortgage any part of the investment to the third party.Article 15
Any increase，assignment of the registered capital of the joint venture company shall be approved by the board of directors and submitted to the original examining and approving authority for approval.The registration procedures for changes shall be dealt with at the original registration and administration office.第四章 董事会
第十六条 合营公司设董事会。董事会是合营公司的最高权力机构。
第十七条 董事会决定合营公司的一切重大事宜，下列事宜，董事会应一致通过方可做出决定：
1.合营公司章程和修改；
2.合营公司的中止与解散；
3.合营公司与另一经济组织的合并、兼并与联合；
4.合营公司注册资本的增加与转让；
5.设立合营公司的分支机构；
6.批准合营公司的中长期发展规划；
7.决定合营经营方针和计划；
8.批准财务预算，财务报告和会计报表；
9.决定合营公司利润分配方案；
10.总经理、副总经理的任免；
11.涉及任何一方各合营公司利润冲突的事项。
对以下事项，须出席董事会至少×名董事通过：
1.合营公司流动资金贷款的最高额及有关合营公司资产的购置、租赁、出卖或抵押
等事宜；
2.合营公司的劳动合同和重要的规章制度；
3.审查并批准总经理提出的经营报告；
4.任免由总经理提名报董事会聘任的高级管理人员、决定上述人员的工资和生活福利待遇；
5.按照中国政府的有关规定，制定合营公司职工的福利和工资制度；
6.确定调整合营公司的组织机构；
7.决定合营公司从税后利润中提取储备基金、企业发展基金和职工奖励及福利基金的比例；
8.决定合营公司的保险种类和投保范围；
9.关于董事会对总经理经营权限的授予；
10.决定合营公司职工的住房及各项福利事宜；
11.其它应由董事会决定的事宜。
第十八条 董事会由×名董事组成，其中甲方委派×名，乙方委派×名。董事任期×年，可以连任。甲、乙方在更换董事人选时，应事先书面通各董事会和另一方。
第十九条 董事会会议每年至少召开一次。经×名以上（含×名）董事提议，董事长可以召开董事会临时会议。董事会会议原则上在＿＿＿＿＿举行。
第二十条 董事长应在董事会开会前三十天书面通知各董事，写明会议、时间和地点。董事因故不能出席董事会会议，可出具委托书委托他人代表其出席和表决。如届时未出席祟不委托他人出席，则作为弃权。
第二十一条 出席董事会会议的法定人数为全体董事的四分之三。不够四分之三人数时，其通过的决议无效。会议决录应归档保存，会议记录用中、英文文字书写，并且每个出席会议的董事均应在会议记录上签字。
Chapter 4 The Board of Directors
Article 16
The joint venture company shall establish the board of directors which is the highest authority of the joint venture company.Article 17
The board of directors shall decide all major issues concerning the joint venture company.As for the following issues，unanimous approval shall be required：
l）amending the Articles of Association of the joint venture company ；
2）discussing and deciding the termination and dissolution of the joint venture company；
3）deciding the merger，affiliation and consolidation of the joint venture company with other economic organization；
4）deciding the increase and assignment of the registered capital；
5）deciding to set up branches；
6）ratifying the project of development on medium term and long term；
7）deciding an annual management strategy and plan；
8）ratifying fiscal budget，fiscal report and accounting statement；
9）deciding the plan on annual profits sharing；
l0）inviting and dismissing the general manager and the deputy general managers；
11）settling the disputes between each party to the joint venture and joint venture company.As for other matters，approval by more than_________ directors shall be required.such as；
1）deciding the top line of annual circulating capital and issues on purchasing，leasing and mortgage of assets in the joint venture company；
2）approving.the labor contracts and other important regulations of the joint venture company；
3）examining and approving the annual business report submitted by the general manager；
4）inviting and dismissing the senior administrative personnel who shall be recommended by general manager，and deciding their salary and welfare；
5）deciding the system of salary and welfare for staff and workers in joint venture company in accordance with the relevant regulations of China；
6）defining and adjusting the structure of the joint venture company
7）deciding the proportion of allocation for reserve funds，expansion funds and bonuses from the taxed profits of joint venture company；
8）deciding the types and scope of insurances for joint venture company
9）deciding the scope of authorized power for the general manager；
10）deciding the plan on living houses and other welfare for staff and workers of joint venture company；
11）deciding other matters which shall made decision by the board of directors.Article 18
The board of directors shall consist of directors.of which directors shall be appointed by Party A，by Party B.The term of office for the directors is four years and may be renewed.When appointing and replacing directors，a written notice shall be submitted to the board and the other party.Article 19
The board of directors shall convene at least one meeting every year.The chairman may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by more than _______（including）directors.The board meeting will be held in principle in ________.Article 20
The chairman shall give each director a written notice thirty（30）days before the date of the board meeting.The notice shall cover the agenda，time and place of the.Should the directors be unable to attend the board meeting，he may present proxy in written
form to the board.In case the director neither attends nor entrusts others to attend the meeting，he will be regarded as abstention.Article 22
The board meeting requires a quorum of over three quarter of the total number of directors.When the quorum is less than three quarter，the decisions adopted by the board meeting are invalid.Detailed written records shall be made for each board meeting and signed by all the attended directors or by the attended proxy.The record shall be made in Chinese and in English，and shall be filed with the company.第五章 经营管理机构
第二十二条 合营公司设经营管理机构，负责合营公司的日常管理工作。合营公司设总经理一名，副总经理×名总经理、副总理由董事任命，任期×年，经董事会决定可以连任。
第二十三条 合营公司实行董事会领导下的总经理负责制。总经理直接对董事会，执行董事会会议的各项决定。组织领导合营公司的日常生产、技术和经营管理工作。
第二十四条 副董事长、董事经董事会委派可兼任总经理、副总经理或经理助理。
第二十五条 总经理、副总经理除非得到董事会的批准不得参与和本合营公司有商业竟
争的其他经济组织。
第二十六条 总经理、副总经理及其他商级管理人员请求辞职时，应提前向董事会提出书面报告。以上人员如有营私舞弊或严重失职行为的，不能胜任工作的，经董事会决定可随时撤换。
Chapter 5 Business Management Office
Article 22
The joint venture company shall establish a management office which shall be responsible for its daily management.The management office shall have one general manager，deputy general managers.They shall be invited by the board of directors whose term of office is four years and may be renewed by the board of directors.Article 23
The system of job responsibility of the general manager under the board of directors is adopted by the joint venture company.The general manager shall be responsible to the board of directors directly，carry out the decisions of the board of directors and organize the daily
works on production，technology and management of joint venture company.Article 24
At the invitation of the board of directors，the chairman，vice chairman of directors of the board may concurrently be the general manager，deputy general manager and general manager assistant of the joint venture company.Article 25
The general manager or deputy general managers shall not hold positions concurrently as general manager or deputy general manager of other economic organizations on commercial competition with their own joint venture company without the approval of the board of directors.Article 26
The general manager，deputy general managers and other senior administrative personnel who ask for resignation shall submit their written reports to the board of directors in advance.In case any one of the above-mentioned persons conduct graft or serious dereliction of duty，they may be dismissed at any time upon the decision of the board.第六章 财务会计
第二十七条 合营公司的财务会计按照中华人民共和国财政部制定的《中华人民共和国外商投资企业会计制度规定》办理。
第二十八条 合营公司会计采用日历年制，从每年一月一日起至十二月三十一日止为一个会计。一切记账凭证、单据、报表、帐薄，用中文书写。
第二十九条 合营公司应采用人民币为记账的本位货币。人民同其它货币折算，按实际发生之日中华人民共和国外汇管理局公布的汇价计算。
第三十条 合营公司在中银行或中国银行同意的其它银行开立人民币及外币账户，第三十一条 合营公司采用国际通用的权责发生制和借贷记账法记账。
第三十二条 合营公司的财务会计账册应记载如下内容：
1.合营公司所有和现金收入、支出数量；
2.合营公司所有的物资出售及购入情况；
3.合营公司注册资本及负债情况；
4.合营公司注册资本的缴纳时间、增加及转让情况。
第三十三条 合营公司财务部门应在每一个会计头三个月编制上一个会计的资产负债表和损益计算书，经审计师审核签字后，提交董事会会议通过。
第三十四条 合营各方有权自费聘请审计师查阅合营公司账簿。查阅时，合营公司应提供方便。
第三十五条 合营公司按照《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法施行细则》的规定，由董事会决定合营公司固定资产的折旧年限。
第三十六条 合营公司的一切外汇事宜，按照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》和有关规定办理。
Chapter 6 finance and Accounting
Article 27
The finance and accounting of the joint venture company shall be handled in accordance with the “Stipulations of the Finance and Accounting System of the Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” which formulated by the Ministry of Finance of the People‘s Republic of China.Article 28
The fiscal year of the joint venture company shall be calendar year from January 1 to December 31.All vouchers，receipts，accounting statements and reports，accounting books shall be written in Chinese and English.Article 29
The joint venture company adopts Renminbi（RMB）as its accounts keeping unit.The conversion of RMB into other currency shall be in accordance with the exchange rate of the converting day published by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control of the People‘s Republic of China.Article 30
The joint venture company shall open accounts in RMB and foreign currency with the Band of China or other banks which agreed by the Bank of China.
Article 3l
The accounting of the joint venture company shall adopt the internationally used accrual basis and debit and credit accounting system in their work.Article 32
The accounting books of the joint venture company shall include the following contents：
（1）all amount of income and payment and payment in cash of the joint venture company；
（2）situations concerning sale and purchasing the materials of the joint venture company；
（3）situations concerning registered capital and debt of the joint venture company；
（4）situations concerning and assignment of the registered capital.Article 33
In the first three months of each fiscal year，the manager shall prepare the profits year‘s balance sheet，profit and loss statement and proposal regarding the disposal of profits which should be examined and signed by the auditor，then submit them to the board of directors.Article 34
Parties of the joint venture company have the right to invite an auditor to undertake annual financial check and examination at his own expense.The joint venture company shall provide convenience for the checking and examination.Article 35
The depreciation period for the fixed assets of the joint venture company shall be decided by the board of directors in accordance with the “The Income Tax Law of the People‘s R-public of China for Foreign Investment Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises”
Article 36
All matters concerning foreign exchange shall be handled in accordance with the “provisional Regulations for Exchange Control of the People‘s Republic of China” and other pertaining regulations.第七章 利润分配
第三十七条 合营公司从缴纳所得税后的利润中提取储备基金、企业发展基金和职工奖励及福利基金。每年提取的比例，上董事会根据合营公司经营情况讨论确定。
第三十八条 合营公司依法纳税和提取三项基金后的利润，按照甲、乙方在注册资本中的出资比例进行分配。
第三十九条 合营公司每年分配利润一次，每个会计后三个月内公布前一年利润分配方案及各方应分的利润额。
第四十条 合营公司上一个会计亏损未弥补前不得分配利润。上一个会计未分配的利润，可并入本会计利润分配。
Chapter 7 Profit Sharing
Article 37
The joint venture company shall allocate reserve funds，expansion funds and bonuses welfare funds for staff and workers after payment of taxes.The proportion of allocation shall be decided by the board of directors.Article 38
After paying the taxes in accordance with law and drawing the various funds，the profits in net will be distributed according to the proportion of each party‘s investment in the registered capital.Article 39
The joint venture company shall distribute its profits once a year.The profit distribution plan and amount of profit distributed to each party shall be published within the first three months following each fiscal year.第八章 职工
第四十一条 合营公司员工的招收、招聘、辞退、工资、生活福利、奖惩、劳动保险、劳动保护。劳动纪律等事宜，按照《中华人民共和国外合资经营企业劳动管理规定》及其实施办法和××省（市）的有关规定办理
第四十二条 合营公司有权对违犯合营公司的规章制度和劳动纪律的员工，给予警告、记过、降薪的处分，情节严重，可予以开除。开除职工须报当地劳动部门备案。
第四十三条 中方职工的工资待遇，按照北京市劳动局的规定，根据合营公司具体情况，由董事会确定，并在劳动合同中具体规定。合营公司随着生产的发展，职工业务能力和技术水平的提高，相应提高职工的工资。合营公司中方退休人员的工资按北京市劳动局的规定办理。
第四十四条 合营公司根据中华人民共和国和××省（市）关于职工劳动保护的有关规定，确保职工在正常生产条件下工作。
Chapter 8 Staff and Workers
Article 41
The employment，recruitment，dismissal and resignation of the staff and workers of the joint venture company and their salary，welfare，labor insurance，labor protection，labor discipline and other matters shall be handled according to the “Regulations of the People‘s Re-public of China on Labor Management in Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and its implementation rules，and relevant regulations issued by ×× province（City）。
Article 42
The joint venture company has the right to take disciplinary actions，such as warning，demerit recording and salary reducing against those staff and workers who violate the rules and regulations of the joint venture company and labor disciplines.Those with serious cases
may be dismissed.Discharging of workers shall be filed with the local labor and personnel department.Article 43
The salary treatment of the staff and workers shall be set by the board of directors ac-cording to the specific situation of ________，and the joint venture company，with reference to the regulations issued by the Bureau of Labor of _________，and shall be specified in detail in the labor contract.The salary of the staff and workers shall be increased correspondently with the development of production and the progress of the worker‘s ability and technology.The pensions of the staff and workers who retired from the joint venture company shall be paid ac-cording to the specific regulations issued by the Bureau of Labor of __________.Article 44
The matters concerning the welfare funds，bonuses，labor protection and labor insurance，etc，shall be stipulated respectively in various rules by the joint venture company in accordance with relevant regulations of the People‘s Republic of China and________，to ensure that the staff and workers go in for production and work under normal condition.第九章 工会组织
第四十五条 合营公司职工有权按照《中华人民共和国工会法》的规定，建立工会组织，开展工会活动。
第四十六条 合营公司工会是职工利益的代表，它的任务是：依法维护职工的民主权利和物质利益；协助合营公司安排和合理使用福利、奖励基金；组织职工学习政治、业务、科学、技术、知识，开展文艺、体育活动；教育职工遵守劳动纪律，努力完成合营公司的各项经济任务。
第四十七条 合营公司工会负责人有权列席有关讨论合营公司的发展规划、生产经营活动等问题的董事会会议，反映职工的意见和要求。
第四十八条 合营公司工会参加调解如工和合营公司之间发生的争议。
第四十九条 合营公司每月按合营公司职工实际工资总额的百分之二拨交工会经费。合营公司工会按照中华全国总工会制定的《工会经费管理办法》使用工会经费。
Chapter 9 The Trade Union Organization
Article 45
The staff and workers of joint venture company have the right to establish trade union organization and carry out activities in accordance with the stipulation of the “Trade Union Law of the people‘s Republic of China”。
Article 46
The trade union in the joint venture company is the representative of the interests of the staff and workers.The tasks of the trade union are： to protect the democratic rights and material interests of the staff and workers pursuant to the law； to assist the joint venture company to arrange and make rational use of welfare funds and bonuses； to organize political，professional，scientific and technical studies，to carry out literary，art and sports activities； and to educate staff and workers to observe labor discipline and strive to fulfill the economic tasks of the joint venture company.Article 47
The persons in charge of the trade union of the joint venture company has the right to attend as nonvoting members and to report the opinions and demands of staff and workers to meetings of the board of directors held to discuss issues such as development plans，production and managing activities of the joint venture company.Article 48
The trade union shall take part in the mediation of disputes arising between the staff and workers and the joint venture company.Article 49
The joint venture company shall allot an amount of money totally 2% of all the salaries of the staff and workers of the joint venture company as trade union‘s funds which shall be used by the trade union in accordance with the “Managerial Rules for the Trade Union Funds” formulated by the All China Federation of Trade Union.第十章 期限、终止、清算
第五十条 合营期限为 年。自营业执照签发之日起计算。
如经双方同意，董事会会议一致通过，可以在合营公司期满前六个月，向原审批机构申请延长合营公司期限。
第五十一条 甲，乙方如一致认为终止合营符合各方最大利益时，可提前终止合营。但应在终止前九十天经董事会会议决定，并报原审批机构批准。
第五十二条 发生下列情况这一时，甲、乙任何一方有权依法终止合营。
1.合营公司期限届满；
2.合营公司严重亏损，天力继续经营；
3.由于不可抗力造成严重损失，以致无力继续经营；
4.双方中任何一方无力或不能履行本合同和章程所规定的义务，致使合营公司无法继续
经营；
5.合营公司未达到预计的经营目的，同时已无发展前途。
第五十三条 合营期满或提前终止合营时，董事会应提出清算程序、原则和清算委员会人选，组成清算委员会，对合营公司财产进行清算。
第五十四条 清算委员会任务是对合营公司的财产、债权、债务进行全面清查，编制资产负债表和财产目录，制定清算方案，提请董事会通过后执行。
第五十五条 清算委员会对合营公司的债务全部清偿后，其剩余的财产按甲、乙方在注册资本中的出资比例进行分配。
第五十六条 清算结束后，合营公司应向审批机构提出报告，并向原登记机构办理注销登记手续，缴回营业执照，同时对外公告。
第五十七条 合营公司结业后，其各种账册，由甲方保存。
Chapter 10 Duration，Termination and Liquidation of the Joint Venture
Article 50
The duration of the joint venture company is ___________ years.The establishment of the joint venture company shall start from the date on which the business license of the joint venture company is issued.An application for the extension of the duration.proposed by one party and unanimously approved by the board of directors，shall be submitted to the original examining and approving authority 6 months prior to the expiry date of the joint venture.Article 51
With the agreement between both parties on the termination which should be pursuing the best benefits for the parties，the joint venture will be terminated.In this case，the decision for the termination shall be made by the board meeting 90 days before the date of termination of the joint venture，and be submitted to the original examining and approving authority.Article52
When the following situations happened，either party have right to terminate the joint venture：
1）expiration of the duration of the joint venture company；
2）inability to continue operations due to heavy losses；
3）inability to continue operations due to heavy losses caused by the Force Majeure；
4）inability to continue operations due to the failure of the party to fulfill its obligations prescribed in the contract and the Articles of Association；
5）failure to obtain the desired objectives of the operation and no prospects for the future development of the joint venture company.Article 53
Upon the expiration of the duration or termination of the joint venture company，the board of directors shall work out procedures and principles for the liquidation，nominate candidates for the liquidation committee for liquidating the assets of the joint venture company.Article 54
The task of the liquidation committee are： to conduct through check of the property of the joint venture company，its claims and indebtedness； to work out the statement of assets and liabilities and list of property； to formulate a liquidation plan.All these shall be carried out upon the approval of the board of directors.Article 55
The remaining property after the clearance of debts of the joint venture company shall be carried out upon the approval of the board of directors.Article 56
On completion of the liquidation，the joint venture company shall submit a liquidation report to the original examining and approving authority，go through the formalities for nullifying its registration in the original registration office and hand in its business license，at the same time，make an announcement to the public.Article 57
After winding up of the joint venture company，its accounting books shall be left in the care of Party A.第十一章 规章制度
第五十八条 合营公司董事会制定的规章制度有：
1.经营管理制度（包括所属各个管理部门的职责与工作程序）；
2.职工守则；
3.劳动工资制度；
4.职工考勤、升级与奖惩制度；
5.职工福利制度；
6.财务制度；
7.其它必要的规章制度。
Chapter 11 Regulations
Article 58
Following are the rules and regulations formulated by the board of directors of the joint venture company：
1）Management regulations，including the powers and functions of the managerial branches and its working rules and procedures；
2）Rules for the staff and workers；
3）System of labor and salary；
4）System of work attendance record，promotion and awards and penalty for the staff and workers；
5）Detailed rules of staff and worker‘s welfare；
6）Financial system；
7）Liquidation procedures upon the dissolution of the joint venture company；
8）Other necessary rules and regulations.第十二章 适用法律
第五十九条 本章程的订立、效力、解释、履行均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
Chapter l2 Applicable Law
Article 59
The formation of this contract，its validity，interpretation，execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by the relevant laws of the People‘s Republic of china.第十三章 附则
第六十条 本章程的修改。必须经董事会会议一致通过决议，并报原审批机构批准。
第六十一条 本章程用中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。上述两种文本如有不符，以中文本为准。
第六十二条 本章程须经中华人民共和国对外经济贸易委员会批准才能行效。
第六十三条 本章程于××年×月×日由甲、乙双方的授权代表在中国北京签字。
中国×公司 ×国×××公司
代表签字： 代表签字：
职务： 职务：
年 月 日
Chapter 13 Supplementary Articles
Article 60
The amendment to the Articles of Association shall be unanimously agreed and decided by the board of directors and submitted to the original examining and approving authority for approval.Article 61
The contract shall be written in Chinese and in English.Both languages are equally authentic.In events of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions，the Chinese version shall prevail.Article 62
The Articles of Association shall come into effect upon the approval by People‘s Republic China.The same applies ×× Economic Relation and Trade Commission，in the events of amendments.Article 63
The Articles of Association is signed in province（city）China by the authorized representatives of both parties on DD/MM/YY
Representative signature：
Position：
Date：
篇2：中外美术史对照
回答中外记者提问
Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press
外交部长王毅就中国外交政策和对外关系回答中外记者提问
Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press...........................................................................1 《人民日报》记者...................................................................................................................4 王毅........................................................................................................................................4 路透社记者...............................................................................................................................5 王毅........................................................................................................................................5 中央电视台记者.......................................................................................................................6 王毅........................................................................................................................................7 彭博社记者...............................................................................................................................7 王毅........................................................................................................................................7 《中国日报》记者...................................................................................................................9 王毅........................................................................................................................................9 俄罗斯国际通讯社记者...........................................................................................................9 王毅........................................................................................................................................9 《环球时报》者.....................................................................................................................10 王毅......................................................................................................................................10 哈萨克通讯社记者.................................................................................................................11 王毅......................................................................................................................................11 北京电视台记者.....................................................................................................................12 王毅......................................................................................................................................12 澎湃新闻记者.........................................................................................................................13 王毅......................................................................................................................................13 新加坡《海峡时报》记者.....................................................................................................14 王毅......................................................................................................................................14 中国国际电视台记者.............................................................................................................15 王毅......................................................................................................................................15 共同社记者.............................................................................................................................16 王毅......................................................................................................................................17 凤凰卫视记者.........................................................................................................................17 王毅......................................................................................................................................17 印度报业托拉斯记者.............................................................................................................18 王毅......................................................................................................................................18 中国国际广播电台记者.........................................................................................................19 2 王毅......................................................................................................................................19 法国法兰西广播公司记者.....................................................................................................19 王毅......................................................................................................................................19 中新社记者.............................................................................................................................20 王毅......................................................................................................................................20 俄通-塔斯社记者...................................................................................................................22 王毅......................................................................................................................................22 中评社记者.............................................................................................................................23 王毅......................................................................................................................................23 埃菲社记者.............................................................................................................................24 王毅......................................................................................................................................24 新华社记者.............................................................................................................................24 王毅......................................................................................................................................25
2018年3月8日，十三届全国人大一次会议在两会新闻中心举行记者会，邀请外交部长王毅就中国外交政策和对外关系回答中外记者提问。
On 8 March 2018, the First Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress held a press conference.Foreign Minister Wang Yi answered questions on China’s foreign policy and external relations.王毅：各位记者朋友，大家上午好！首先，我要向在场的女记者们并向所有女同胞们致以节日的祝福。同时，我也要借此机会向所有关心和支持中国外交的中外记者朋友们表示感谢，中国外交取得的成绩里有你们付出的一份辛劳和贡献。大家辛苦了！现在，我愿意回答大家的提问。
Wang Yi: Dear members of the press, good morning.At the outset, I wish to extend festive greetings to all women, particularly the female journalists in this room.I also wish to thank the press, Chinese and foreign, for having shown understanding and support for China’s foreign policy and external relations.Everything we have accomplished, you have played a part.Thank you!Now I am ready to take your questions.《人民日报》记者：党的十八大以来，外交工作取得了前所未有的重大成就，赢得了全国人民普遍赞誉。2018年是十九大之后的开局之年，你能否透露今年的中国外交将有哪些亮点？
People’s Daily: Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has made unprecedented progress in its foreign relations, which is widely praised across the country.Following the 19th Party Congress, what will be the highlights of China’s diplomatic agenda this year?
王毅：党的十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央正确领导下，我们走出了一条具有中国特色、中国气派、中国风格的大国外交之路，为维护国家主权和人民利益，为服务国内改革发展大局发挥了重要作用，取得了历史性成就。去年10月，总书记在中共十九大报告中强调，我们要同各国一道，共同建设新型国际关系、共同构建人类命运共同体，这就是新时代中国特色大国外交的目标。
Wang Yi: Under the outstanding leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core since the 18th Party Congress, we have traveled on a road of major-country diplomacy that reflects China’s distinct vision, style and values.Producing historic accomplishments, our diplomatic efforts have been instrumental to upholding national sovereignty and interests, and to facilitating domestic reform and development.Last October, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in his report to the 19th Party Congress that China will work with other countries to foster a new type of international relations and to build a global community with a shared future.This is the aim of China’s major-country diplomacy in the new era.2018年是贯彻落实十九大精神的开局之年。中国外交将在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，拿出新作为，展现新气象。今年的中国外交亮点主要体现在四大主场活动上。
The year 2018 kicks off efforts to implement the decisions of the 19th Party Congress.Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we in the diplomatic service will take new steps and make new strides.The main highlights of China’s diplomatic calendar will include the following four events we are going to host: 一是4月在海南举行博鳌亚洲论坛年会，主旋律是改革开放。今年恰逢中国改革开放40周年，本届年会将总结改革开放成功经验，展示新时代深化改革、扩大开放的新前景。
First, the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference, which will take place in Hainan this April and focus on reform and opening-up.In this 40th anniversary year of reform and opening-up, we will review China’s successful experience and sketch new possibilities for reform and opening-up in the new era.二是6月在青岛举行上海合作组织峰会，主旋律是弘扬―上海精神‖。扩员后的上合组织将重温互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展的―上海精神‖，开启上合组织发展壮大的新征程。
Second, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit, which will take place in Qingdao this June and focus on revitalizing the Shanghai Spirit.The expanded SCO will rededicate itself to the Shanghai Spirit of mutual trust and benefit, equal-footed consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations and pursuit of common development.The summit will set the SCO on a new journey of consolidation and growth.三是9月在北京举行中非合作论坛峰会，主旋律是―一带一路‖。非洲各国的兄弟姐妹将会以峰会为契机，全方位参与―一带一路‖建设，为中非全面战略伙伴关系注入新动力。
Third, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Summit, which will take place in Beijing this September and focus on the Belt and Road Initiative.A great opportunity for our African brothers and sisters to participate fully in the BRI, the Summit will give new impetus to the China-Africa comprehensive strategic partnership.四是11月在上海首次举行中国国际进口博览会，主旋律是市场开放。中国将向世界张开双臂，展现市场潜力，欢迎各国参与和分享中国发展的新机遇。
Fourth, the first China International Import Expo, which will take place in Shanghai this November and focus on further market opening.China will embrace the world with open arms and enormous market potential.All will be welcome to access and benefit from the new opportunities of China’s development.2018年中国外交的大幕已经拉开，新时代的中国外交将为中国自身发展营造更好外部环境，为人类进步事业提供更多正能量。
China’s diplomatic agenda for 2018 are unfolding even as we speak.In the new era, we will work even harder to see that China will enjoy a better environment for development and make greater contributions to human progress.路透社记者：中国可以发挥什么作用鼓励朝美进行直接谈判？中方是否认为美方应该撤离驻韩的美军？
Reuters: What role does China have to facilitate direct talks between North Korea and the United States? Does China believe that the US needs to withdraw its military forces in South Korea?
王毅：半岛问题是当前国际社会最关注的一个话题。朝韩双方抓住冬奥会契机，展开一系列密集互动，南北关系迅速解冻，为冰封已久的半岛局势注入了久违的暖流。发生这样的变化有人似乎感到困惑，其实是情理之中。冬奥会期间，朝鲜没有进行新的 5 核导试验，美韩也暂停了针对朝方的军演。事实证明，中方提出的―双暂停‖倡议是一剂对症下药的良方，为南北改善关系营造了最基本的条件。
Wang Yi: This is the hottest topic right now.Seizing the opportunity of the PyeongChang Olympics, the DPRK and the ROK have had a succession of interactions and achieved a rapid thaw in their relations, reversing the long-standing chill on the Korean Peninsula.The recent developments may seem baffling to some people, but are actually within the bounds of reason.During the Winter Games, the DPRK did not conduct any nuclear test and the US and the ROK suspended their joint exercises targeting the DPRK.This proves that China’s ―suspension for suspension‖ proposal was the right prescription for the problem and created basic conditions for the improvement of inter-Korean relations.现在，半岛问题的解决终于朝着正确方向迈出了重要一步。我们对朝韩双方为此作出的努力予以充分肯定和支持。接下来的关键，是各方积极呼应，形成合力，共同把半岛局势重新纳入和平稳定的轨道，把半岛核问题重新纳入对话解决的轨道。为此，我们呼吁各方尤其是美朝双方尽快进行接触和对话。各方沿着―双轨并进‖的思路，既坚持半岛无核化目标，又积极构建半岛和平机制。在推进无核化的进程中同步对等解决各方包括朝方的合理安全关切。这既是中方的一贯立场，也是联合国安理会决议中确定的目标。
The Korean Peninsula issue has finally taken an important step in the right direction.China fully commends and supports the efforts made by the two Koreas.To return the Peninsula to peace and stability and the nuclear issue to the track of dialogue, these initial steps must be followed up by corresponding and concerted efforts by the parties.To this end, we call on the parties, particularly the US and the DPRK, to engage in dialogue sooner rather than later.We encourage all to follow the dual-track approach of remaining committed to the goal of denuclearization and working actively to establish a peace mechanism on the Peninsula.The parties’ legitimate security concerns, including those of the DPRK, can be addressed in exchange for and in tandem with progress towards denuclearization.This is China’s long-standing position and also the vision set forth in the relevant Security Council resolutions.冰冻三尺非一日之寒。尽管隧道的尽头已经显露曙光，但前行的道路不可能一帆风顺。历史经验告诉我们，每当半岛局势出现缓和时，各种干扰就会如影随形，接踵而来。现在又到了检验各方是不是真心希望解决半岛核问题的关键时刻。和平必须争取，机遇需要把握。各方应以半岛和平大局为重，以本地区人民安危为重，拿出政治勇气，作出政治决断，尽快开展一切必要和有益的双多边接触，全力推动重启和平解决半岛核问题的对话谈判。中方将为此继续作出不懈努力。
Of course, it takes more than one cold day to freeze three feet of ice.Despite light at the end of the tunnel, the journey ahead won’t be smooth.History has reminded us time and again that whenever tensions subsided on the Peninsula, the situation would be clouded by various interferences.Now is a crucial moment for testing the sincerity of the parties.Every effort must be made for peace, and the opportunity must be seized.It falls to all parties to bear in mind the imperative of peace and the well-being of people in the region.All must demonstrate political courage and make a political decision to expeditiously carry out all necessary and useful engagements, both bilateral and plurilateral, and to do their best to restart dialogue and negotiation for the peaceful settlement of the nuclear issue.China will continue to make unremitting efforts for this outcome.中央电视台记者：党的十八大以来，总书记亲力亲为开展元首外交，推动我国国际地位和影响得到历史性提升。你怎么看待中国元首外交的重要作用和影响？
China Central Television: In the last five years, President Xi has been fully engaged in China’s foreign policy.His personal diplomacy has enhanced China’s standing and international influence like never before.How do you see the role and impact of the diplomacy conducted by President Xi as head of state?
王毅：元首外交是国际交往的最高形态，有着其他交往无法替代的重要作用和战略价值。党的十八大以来，习近平主席作为中国特色大国外交的总设计师，亲自擘画和推进了精彩纷呈的元首外交，遍访世界57个国家，接待了110多位外国元首访华。这些重大外交活动，不仅极大增进了国际社会对中国的了解，有效提升了中国的国际地位和影响，也为解决当今许多全球性问题指明了方向。而习主席本人的领袖风范和人格魅力，使许多不同社会制度、文化背景的领导人都成为了他的好朋友，成为了中国的好朋友。
Wang Yi: Head-of-state diplomacy as the highest form of state-to-state interaction plays a pivotal role and has irreplaceable strategic value.Since 2012, President Xi Jinping has been the chief architect of China’s distinctive major-country diplomacy.He was personally involved in the planning and conduct of head-of-state diplomacy, which by all accounts has been brilliant.To date, President Xi has visited 57 countries in different parts of the world and received more than 110 foreign heads of state.These important visits and meetings go a long way towards deepening the world’s understanding of China, enhancing China’s profile and influence, and facilitating the solution of many global problems.President Xi’s leadership and charisma has earned him – and his country – many good friends among foreign leaders who represent a diverse range of cultures and social systems.2018年，除了主持四大主场活动之外，习主席还将赴南非、巴布亚新几内亚和阿根廷出席金砖国家领导人峰会、亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议以及二十国集团领导人会晤。我们相信，习主席亲力亲为的元首外交将会进一步展现为人民谋福、为国家负责、为世界担当的博大情怀，书写新时代中国特色大国外交的崭新篇章。
In the year ahead, President Xi will host the four diplomatic events I mentioned earlier, and he will also attend the BRICS Summit in South Africa, the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Papua New Guinea and the G20 Summit in Argentina.We believe that President Xi’s personal diplomacy will make a positive and responsible contribution to the well-being of his people, the interests of China and the welfare of the world.It will write a whole new chapter of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in the new era.彭博社记者：关于美中贸易战，美方表示愿意采取一切工具防止中国破坏国际竞争。请问中国是否愿意采取一切工具反击？
Bloomberg: The US says it will use all available tools to prevent China from undermining international competition.Will China respond in kind?
王毅：作为外长，我有责任首先重申中方对美政策。中美双方达成的重要共识是，双方都认为，中美在维护世界和平、稳定、繁荣方面拥有广泛共同利益和重要责任。双方将在互利互惠基础上拓展各领域合作，在相互尊重基础上管控好分歧矛盾，加强两国人民之间的相互了解和友谊，合作应对重大地区和全球性挑战，推动中美关系持续健康稳定发展。
Wang Yi: Let me first reiterate China’s policy towards the United States.China and the US are agreed that we share broad interests and important responsibilities for global peace, stability and prosperity.Our two countries are to carry out broad-based cooperation on the basis of mutual benefit, manage our differences on the basis of mutual respect, deepen mutual understanding and friendship between our people, and work together to address major regional and global challenges.We ought to work for the sustained, healthy and steady growth of our relations.中美之间主要是合作。两国人民之间有着非常广泛和密切的交往。美国盖洛普民调最新数字表明，美国民众对中国的好感度超过了50%，这是近30年来最高的。我希望大家更要看到这些积极因素。作为世界上最大的发展中国家和最大的发达国家，中美合作将造福两国，惠及世界。如果说中美之间有竞争的话，也应该是良性和积极竞争，这在国际交往中也是正常的。换句话说，中美可以有竞争，不必做对手，更需当伙伴。Cooperation is the main thrust of China-US relations.Our people enjoy close and extensive exchanges.According to the latest Gallup poll, more than 50 percent of Americans have a favorable view of China, the highest rate in nearly three decades.I hope people will pay more attention to such positive things.As the largest developing country and developed country, China and America working together will benefit not just our own countries, but also the whole world.If there is any competition between us, which is natural, it has to be healthy and positive.We may have competition, but we don’t have to be rivals.Instead, we should strive to be partners.中国将坚持走自己选择的发展道路，中国的发展振兴不可阻挡，这已是国际社会的普遍认知。美国一些人认为中国因此要取代美国在国际上的作用，这是根本性的战略误判。我们走的是中国特色社会主义道路，核心要义是坚持和平发展，成功之处在于合作共赢，这与传统大国曾经走过的路完全不同，正在得到越来越多国家的认同和欢迎。中国越发展，越能为世界做贡献。中国实现自身现代化的路还很长，不会也不必去取代美国的作用。双方应在遵守中美三个联合公报和双方各项共识的基础上相互尊重，优势互补，合作共赢。中美关系数十年来历经风雨，但对话与合作始终是主线，因为这是唯一明智也是现实的选择。
China is determined to stay on the path it has chosen, and China’s development and revitalization is unstoppable.This is the consensus of the international community.Some Americans allege that China will replace America’s role in the world.This strategic conclusion is fundamentally wrong.China is on the path of socialism with distinctive Chinese characteristics.Its success is underpinned by its commitment to peaceful development and win-win cooperation.China’s path is completely different from that of traditional powers and, as such, is commended and welcomed by a growing number of countries.The truth is, the more China develops, the more contribution it can make to the world.China is on a long march to modernization.It has no need or intention to displace America.China and America must respect each other, combine our strengths and pursue win-win cooperation on the basis of the three joint communiqués and our common understandings.China-US relations have gone through a lot in the past few decades, but dialogue and cooperation has always carried the day.It is the wise thing to do;there can be no alternative.至于中美之间的贸易摩擦。历史的经验教训证明，打贸易战从来都不是解决问题的正确途径。尤其在全球化的今天，选择贸易战更是抓错了药方，结果只会损人害己，中方必将作出正当和必要的反应。作为两个利益高度融合的大国，作为世界第一和第二大经济体，中美既要对两国人民负责，也要为世界各国负责。双方还是应当心平气和地坐下来，通过平等和建设性对话，共同找出一个互利双赢的办法。
As for our trade frictions, history teaches that trade war is never the right solution.In a globalized world, it is particularly unhelpful, as it will harm the initiator as well as the target country.In the event of a trade war, China will make a justified and necessary response.The bottom line is, as the world’s largest economies, China’s and America’s interests are deeply entwined.We must bear in mind not just the interests of our own people, but also the well-being of the world.When all is said and done, we hope China and America will have a calm and constructive dialogue as equals, and find a win-win solution.《中国日报》记者：外界议论说中国已经改变了不干涉内政原则，将更多干预他国和地区事务，这是否正成为中国外交新趋势？
China Daily: We hear a view that China has abandoned its long-standing policy of non-interference in favor of a more interventionist approach.Are we seeing a new trend in China’s foreign policy?
王毅：作为安理会常任理事国，中国始终把维护国际和平作为自己应尽的责任。早在上世纪50年代，我们就为和平解决印度支那问题作出过重要贡献。而今天的中国，更应为解决地区和国际热点问题积极发挥作用。这既是我们应该做的，也是各方的普遍期待。
Wang Yi: As a permanent member of the UN Security Council,China takes seriously its responsibility for maintaining international peace.Even in the 1950s, we made an important contribution to the peaceful settlement of the Indochina issue.Today, China is in a much better position to help resolve various regional and international issues.We are ready to play our part;indeed, the world expects no less from us.中国参与解决热点问题，有着鲜明的中国特色，始终坚持有所为也有所不为。归纳起来有三条，即和平性、正当性和建设性。和平性就是坚持政治解决方向，主张通过对话谈判解决任何矛盾分歧，坚决反对使用武力；正当性就是坚持不干涉内政原则，尊重当事国的主权和意愿，坚决反对强加于人；建设性就是坚持客观公正立场，根据事情本身的是非曲直开展斡旋调停，坚决反对谋取私利。这三个特色，来源于中国优秀的文化传统，植根于中国外交的成功实践，符合联合国宪章的宗旨和原则，也为解决各种冲突和挑战提供了正确导向和积极借鉴。
In helping to settle various flashpoints, we follow a distinctly Chinese approach.There are things we will do and there are things we won’t do.Put simply, our approach is at once peaceful, justifiable and constructive.First, we prefer a political settlement of disputes through dialogue and negotiation, and firmly reject the use of force.Second, we respect other countries’ sovereignty and wish, and never meddle in their internal affairs.Indeed, we firmly reject imposing one’s own view on others.Third, we do our best to be fair and objective and proceed from the merits of the matter.We firmly reject pursuing private ends.Our approach is rooted in traditional Chinese culture and our successful diplomatic practice.In keeping with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, it shows the right way and provides a good example for resolving conflicts and challenges in the world.俄罗斯国际通讯社记者：俄罗斯将于3月18日举行总统选举，你对选举结果有何预期？如何看待中俄关系前景？
RIA Novosti: Russia’s presidential election is scheduled for 18 March.What do you think the result is going to be? How does China view the prospects of China-Russia relations?
王毅：俄罗斯总统选举是俄罗斯国家和人民的大事。我们看到，在普京总统领导下，近年来俄罗斯的国家发展取得了重要成就，普京总统始终得到俄罗斯人民的坚定支持。我们相信，俄罗斯人民一定会再次作出正确的选择，俄罗斯民族也一定会在国家振兴 9 道路上继续阔步前行。俄罗斯民族是一个有韧性、有坚持、能抗压的民族。我们祝福俄罗斯，祝福俄罗斯人民。
Wang Yi: The presidential election is of vital importance to Russia and its people.We note that President Putin has overseen important strides in Russia’s development and he has strong support from his people.We trust the Russian people will again make the right choice and advance steadily towards national revitalization.The Russian people are resilient, principled and resistant to pressure.Our best wishes for Russia and the Russian people!
至于中俄关系的前景，我们充满信心。我们的信心来自于两国元首结下的深厚友谊和互信，这将是继续引领两国关系发展的根本保障。我们的信心还来自于双方各领域务实合作的不断深化，来自于在彼此核心利益上坚定的相互支持，来自于在国际事务中的密切协作以及两国各界日益频繁的交流往来。总之，中俄全面战略协作伙伴关系稳如泰山。请你向俄罗斯的朋友们转达一句话，中俄深化合作没有止境，中俄关系没有最好只有更好。
We have great confidence in the future of China-Russia relations.Our confidence comes from the strong friendship and trust between our presidents, which is fundamental to the further growth of our relationship.It also comes from the deepening of our cooperation in so many fields, our firm support for each other’s core interests, our close coordination on international affairs and the growing exchanges between our two societies.In short, the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination is as unshakable as a mountain.I ask you to convey this to our friends in Russia: the sky is the limit for Sino-Russian cooperation, and we must continue to make the relationship even better than it already is.《环球时报》记者：近年来，中国各领域影响不断上升，十九大后国人对未来更加充满期待，但国际上也有人炒作新一轮―中国威胁论‖。你如何回应上述说法？
Global Times: China’s influence has been on the rise across the board.The 19th Party Congress gives Chinese people greater expectations about their future.However, some in the world are again trying to paint China as a threat.How would you counter this claim?
王毅：过去几十年，西方一直在对中国作出各种评判和预测，归纳起来无非一种是―中国崩溃论‖，一种是―中国威胁论‖。随着中国的持续发展，―中国崩溃论‖自己先崩溃了，变成了一个国际笑柄。―中国威胁论‖虽然有了新的翻版，但却更加不得人心。因为事实胜于雄辩。
Wang Yi: For decades, the West has made all kinds of assessments and predictions about China.To some Westerners, China is either ―collapsing‖ or ―threatening‖.As China continues to grow, the first theory has collapsed and become an international laughing stock.Meanwhile, proponents of the second theory have conjured up new versions, which find dwindling support because facts speak louder than words.事实是什么？那就是：中国是全球经济增长的主要贡献者，年均贡献率达到30%以上，超过美国、日本以及欧元区国家的总和；中国是全球减贫事业的主要贡献者，贡献率超过70%，创造了人类历史上的奇迹；中国是维护世界和平的主要贡献者，成为安理会五常中派出联合国维和人员最多的国家，维和经费出资居世界第二位；此外，在过去5年中，中国还通过提出共建―一带一路‖等重大倡议，成为参与全球治理、维护贸易自由化和开放型世界经济的主要贡献者。
What are the facts? For years, China has been the leading engine of global growth.At more than 30 percent, China’s annual contribution is bigger than that of America, Japan and the Eurozone combined.China accounts for more than 70 percent of poverty reduction worldwide, a miracle in human history.As the largest source of peacekeeping personnel among the permanent members of the Security Council and the second largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping budget, China is bearing a weighty responsibility for maintaining world peace.Not to mention that in the last five years, with its Belt and Road Initiative and other major proposals, China has come to the fore in championing global governance, free trade and an open global economy.对于这些事实，只要不怀有偏见，不奉行双重标准，从中看到的决不是什么威胁，而是满满的机遇。所谓―中国威胁论‖可以休矣。
From these solid facts, those who do not have bias or practice double standards will see in China not a threat, but plenty of opportunities.It’s time the ―China threat theory‖ was laid to rest.哈萨克通讯社记者：5年来，―一带一路‖倡议取得了很大进展。但有个别西方人也对倡议透明度及是否符合国际规则有疑虑。请问中方如何回应？
Kazinform: Since its launch five years ago, the Belt and Road Initiative has made a lot of progress.However, some Westerners seem to harbor doubts about its transparency and conformity with international rules.What is China’s response?
王毅：―一带一路‖是中国提出的阳光倡议，共商、共建、共享是推进―一带一路‖的黄金法则。这六个字决定了―一带一路‖合作具有鲜明的平等性、开放性和普惠性。也就是说，无论是规划合作蓝图还是实施具体项目，都由参与方商量着办，一切都在阳光下运行。没有一家独大，而是各方平等参与；没有暗箱操作，而是坚持公开透明；没有赢者通吃，而是谋求互利共赢。
Wang Yi: The Belt and Road is a transparent initiative launched by China.It follows the ―golden rule‖ of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits.Belt and Road cooperation aims to be equal-footed, inclusive and beneficial to all.The planning and implementation of BRI projects have been discussed by the participants in the open.No country is dominating the process;all parties have an equal say.There is no back-room deal;everything is transparent.There is no ―winner takes all‖;every project delivers win-win results.去年5月，140多个国家的代表出席―一带一路‖国际合作高峰论坛，这是国际社会对―一带一路‖投出的―信任票‖和―支持票‖。迄今已有80多个国家和国际组织与中方签署了共建―一带一路‖合作协议，一大批合作项目正在全面推进，为当地经济社会发展发挥了雪中送炭作用。比如，中国在巴基斯坦开工建设的十余座电站，将彻底解决巴国内缺电限电的历史困境，仅其中一座电站就满足了上千万民众的日常需求。中国企业收购陷入困境的塞尔维亚钢厂，不到一年就扭亏为盈，不仅保住了5000多人的就业，还使整个城市浴火重生。中国企业接手希腊最大港口的经营，货物吞吐量迅速回升，重新跻身欧洲大港行列。中国和法国联手在英国建设核电站，成为―一带一路‖高新技术项目合作的典范。
Last May, the representatives of more than 140 countries participated in the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation.The turnout is a clear vote of confidence from the international community.To date, more than 80 countries and international organizations have signed BRI agreements with China.A large number of BRI projects are well underway and adding needed momentum to the economic and social development of our partner countries.For example, China is building over a dozen power stations for Pakistan, the largest of which is supplying electricity to tens of millions of Pakistanis.When all of them are completed, power cuts and shortages will be a thing of the past in Pakistan.In Serbia, a Chinese enterprise bought a troubled steel mill and turned it around in less than a year, both saving more than 5,000 local jobs and helping to re-energize the city in which the steel mill is located.In Greece, a Chinese group took over the operation of its largest seaport, ramped up the container volume and put it back in the same league as Europe’s largest ports.China is also partnering with France to build a nuclear power plant in the UK, a stellar example of high-tech cooperation under the BRI.―一带一路‖是全球公共产品，当然遵守国际规则；―一带一路‖是国际合作平台，自然按照市场规律行事。去年高峰论坛发表的联合公报已对此作出公开承诺，并且强调要统筹好经济、社会、金融和环境之间的关系，增强合作项目的可持续性。我们真诚欢迎各方为―一带一路‖建言献策，共同把―一带一路‖建设好，推进好。不仅加强各国基础设施的―硬联通‖，也要开展政策、规则和标准的―软联通‖；不仅接地气，还要高标准；不仅效益好，而且高质量；不仅惠及中国，更要造福世界。
As a global public good, the BRI of course abides by international rules.As a platform for international cooperation, it naturally follows market principles.The joint communiqué of last year’s forum committed to this and emphasized the importance of economic, social, fiscal and environmental sustainability of projects.We sincerely ask for ideas from all parties, so that we will together make a success of the Belt and Road Initiative.Our goal is not only to strengthen the physical connectivity of infrastructure, but also to improve the institutional connectivity of policies, rules and standards.BRI projects must be high-standard as well as results-oriented, high-quality as well as economically viable, beneficial to the world as well as to China.北京电视台记者：李克强总理在政府工作报告中指出，今年是贯彻十九大精神开局之年，是改革开放40周年，是决胜全面建成小康社会、实施―十三五‖规划承上启下的关键一年。请问外交部在服务国家发展方面会有哪些举措？
Beijing TV: Premier Li Keqiang emphasized in his government work report that 2018 will kick off efforts to put the decisions of the 19th Party Congress into action.It is the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up, and a crucial year for securing a decisive victory in establishing a moderately prosperous society in all respects and for implementing the 13th Five-Year Plan.What will the Ministry of Foreign Affairs do in 2018 to facilitate China’s development goals?
王毅：中国仍是发展中国家，服务国内发展是中国特色大国外交分内的事。面对新的历史使命和时代要求，外交部将按照中央的统一部署，更加积极有为地做好服务发展这篇大文章。
Wang Yi: China still being a developing country, facilitating domestic development is part and parcel of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.Keeping in mind our new mission and what is expected of us, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will implement the decisions of the central leadership and be more active in facilitating domestic development.我们将适应新形势，按照高质量发展的需要，为―走出去‖、―引进来‖，扩大对外合作创造更有利条件，为国内发展营造更良好国际环境。
We will adapt to the new landscape of high-quality development to create a more favorable environment for external cooperation, including ―bringing in‖ and ―going global‖, and for domestic development.12
我们将破解新课题，紧扣社会主要矛盾变化，打造地方省区市全球推介活动的增强版，并将创办反映重大改革开放举措的专题推介，更有针对性地讲好中国的故事。比如今年我们将向全球推介雄安新区。扶贫工作外交部也从不缺位，将为打赢脱贫攻坚战贡献一份力量。
We will tackle the new challenges presented by the evolution of the principal contradiction facing Chinese society.To tell China’s stories in a more compelling way, we will both upgrade the presentation of Chinese provinces and launch a new series on the major initiatives of reform and opening-up.For example, later this year we will host an event to present the Xiongan New Area to the world.In addition, the MFA has been and will continue to be fully engaged in poverty alleviation and do its bit for winning the nationwide battle against poverty.我们还将落实新要求，发挥好外交部和驻外机构遍布全球的优势，为―一带一路‖建设铺路架桥，维护好我国海外利益。
We will meet the new requirements and leverage our diplomatic and consular assets across the globe to facilitate the Belt and Road Initiative and protect China’s overseas interests.总之，推进新时代中国特色大国外交，我们既要当对外工作的―排头兵‖，也要做服务发展的―实干家‖。
All in all, in advancing major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we aim to be not just the pacesetter of China’s international engagement, but also a solid contributor to domestic development.澎湃新闻记者：今年是中国—东盟建立战略伙伴关系15周年，中方对发展中国—东盟关系有什么设想？
The Paper: This year marks the 15th anniversary of the strategic partnership between China and ASEAN.How will China take forward the relationship?
王毅：今年是中国—东盟建立战略伙伴关系15周年，具有继往开来的重要意义。Wang Yi: As we celebrate the 15th anniversary, 2018 is of particular importance for the future of China-ASEAN strategic partnership.15年来，中国—东盟合作从小到大，硕果累累。中国连续9年保持东盟第一大贸易伙伴地位。去年双方贸易额突破5000亿美元，人员往来突破4000万人次，为中国和东盟各国近20亿民众带来了实实在在利益。中国—东盟合作已经成为亚太区域合作中最为成功和最具活力的典范。
The last 15 years have seen China-ASEAN cooperation go from strength to strength and bear rich fruits.For nine years running, China has been ASEAN’s largest trading partner.Last year, our trade exceeded 500 billion dollars and two-way visits totaled 40 million, all of which brought real benefits to our combined population of nearly 2 billion.Indeed, China-ASEAN cooperation is the most successful and dynamic in the Asian-Pacific region.13 2018年，我们将继续把东盟放在对外合作议程的首页，打造更高水平的战略伙伴关系，构建更紧密的命运共同体。我们将推进三项重点任务：一是规划新蓝图。制定《中国—东盟战略伙伴关系2030年愿景》，实现―一带一路‖倡议和东盟发展规划更好的对接。二是培育新亮点。在政治安全、经贸、社会人文三大支柱下开辟更多合作领域，增加更多合作项目，取得更多合作成果。三是打造新高地。进一步培育澜湄流域经济发展带，构建同东盟东部增长区的合作框架，支持东盟共同体建设，推动区域全面经济伙伴关系协定早日达成。
In the year ahead, we will continue to give the highest priority to cooperation with ASEAN, upgrade our strategic partnership and build a more close-knit community of shared destiny.We have three priorities.First, we will work out a new blueprint of cooperation.The proposed China-ASEAN Strategic Partnership Vision 2030 will lead to better coordination between the Belt and Road Initiative and ASEAN’s development plans.Second, we will foster new highlights of cooperation.Cooperation will be broadened in the political and security, economic and trade, and social and people-to-people areas, with more projects and outcomes in the pipeline.Third, we will forge new platforms of cooperation.Efforts will be made to build a Lancang-Mekong economic development belt, establish a cooperation framework with the East ASEAN Growth Area, support ASEAN community-building, and conclude the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership as soon as possible.新加坡《海峡时报》记者：南海形势平静，但也有人担心中国在南海岛礁建设导致军事化。中国和东盟国家今年年内达成―南海行为准则‖的可能性大吗？
The Straits Times: The South China Sea is calm now, but there are still concerns over reports of China’s continuing militarization of its islands in the South China Sea.Are the talks with ASEAN countries for a code of conduct likely to be completed this year?
王毅：中国维护南海和平稳定的决心不可动摇，诚意始终如一。我们处理南海问题的立足点，是对中国人民负责，对历史事实负责，对地区和平负责，对国际法治负责。这一立场坚如磐石，一以贯之。
Wang Yi: When it comes to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea, China’s resolve is as strong as its commitment is deep.China’s approach to the South China Sea issue is a responsible one that takes into account the interests of the Chinese people, the facts of history, the imperative of regional peace and the international rule of law.This position is firm and consistent.当前南海面临的首先是机遇。南海形势明显趋稳向好。中国和东盟国家达成高度一致，愿意通过制定―南海行为准则‖，共同维护目前得来不易的安定局面。几天前，中国与东盟国家就准则的案文进行了首次磋商，取得积极进展，并且商定年内至少再举行3 14 次磋商。中国和东盟国家有意愿，也有能力以自主方式制定出符合地区实际、各方共同遵守的地区规则。
With situation in the South China Sea turning for the better, China and ASEAN countries face a golden opportunity.We all agree to develop a code of conduct in the South China Sea to preserve its hard-won tranquility.Last week, our officials held an inaugural round of consultation on the COC text and made encouraging progress.At least three more rounds have been envisaged for the remainder of this year.China and ASEAN countries are willing and able to draft regional rules on our own, rules which will meet our region’s imperatives and be adhered to by all.当前南海面临的主要挑战是，一些外部势力反而对南海风平浪静心有不甘，总想挑动是非，唯恐天下不乱，说到军事化，动辄把全副武装的舰船飞机派到南海炫耀武力，这才是影响南海和平稳定的最大干扰因素。
There are also challenges in the South China Sea.Some outside forces are not happy with the prevailing calm and try to stir up trouble and muddle the waters.Their frequent show of force with fully-armed aircraft and naval vessels is the most destabilizing factor for peace and stability in our region.青山遮不住，毕竟东流去。新的一年里，我们将同东盟国家一起，抓住机遇，拓展合作，排除干扰，化解挑战，珍惜双方努力取得的成果，加快准则的磋商进程，积极探索构建南海沿岸国合作机制，共同把南海建设成和平之海、合作之海。
It is useful to heed the wisdom of a Chinese verse, ―Green hills cannot stop the river flowing;to the vast ocean it keeps advancing.‖ In the year ahead, China will work with ASEAN countries to seize the opportunity, broaden cooperation, prevent interference and overcome challenges.Cherishing what we have worked so hard to achieve, China and ASEAN countries will speed up the COC consultation, actively explore a mechanism of cooperation among the coastal states, and promote peace and cooperation in the South China Sea.中国国际电视台记者：今年中国将在时隔12年后再次主办中非合作论坛峰会,你对峰会成果有何预期？新时代的中国如何继续坚持对非真实亲诚理念？
China Global Television Network: In 2018, for the very first time in 12 years, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation will once again be hosted by China.What outcome do you expect from that summit? I am also wondering how China stays true to its policy on honesty and amicability towards Africa in the new era?
王毅：对于中非关系，总书记曾精辟地指出：中国和非洲国家是患难之交，患难之交不能忘。因此，不管世界怎么变化，也不管别人说什么，中非之间的深厚友谊都牢不可破，中国对非真实亲诚的理念也不会改变。
Wang Yi: General Secretary Xi Jinping once made a powerful statement: ―China and Africa are friends tested by adversity.Such friends must never be forgotten.‖ So be assured: no matter how the world may change or what others may say, the profound friendship between China and Africa will remain unbreakable, and China’s promise of sincerity, real results, friendship and good faith will remain true.作为非洲国家的好兄弟，好伙伴，我们始终把非洲国家的需要和利益放在心上，想非洲之所想，急非洲之所急。非洲当前面临维护和平安全、促进振兴发展两大任务，中国将根据非洲国家实际需要，加大对非洲热点问题的斡旋，加强同非洲各国在反恐、打击海盗、防灾减灾等非传统安全领域合作，不断提高非洲国家维护自身和平与安全的能力。
As Africa’s brother and partner, China will always attach particular importance to the needs and interests of African countries.Africa’s concerns are China’s concerns, and its priorities are China’s priorities.Africa faces the twin challenges of maintaining peace and security and of promoting development and revitalization.In response to its needs, China will step up mediation in regional flashpoints.China will also enhance cooperation with African countries on unconventional security threats such as terrorism, piracy and natural disaster, and help them build capacity for ensuring their own peace and security.在构建人类命运共同体的新征程上，非洲是不可或缺的重要伙伴。我们欢迎非洲兄弟姐妹继续搭乘中国发展的快车。今年9月中非合作论坛峰会将在中国举行，各国领导人将在时隔12年后再次齐聚北京，共商新时代的中非合作大计。峰会主题将聚焦中非共建―一带一路‖，共筑中非命运共同体。我们将推动―一带一路‖与联合国2030可持续发展议程相对接，与非盟《2063年议程》相对接，与非洲各国发展战略相对接，让中非合作插上―一带一路‖的强劲翅膀，飞得更高，飞得更远。
In our new endeavor to build a global community with a shared future, Africa is an indispensable partner.China welcomes our African brothers and sisters to continue their ride on China’s fast train of development.The FOCAC summit scheduled for September will bring together Chinese and African leaders again, 12 years after their last gathering in Beijing.They will discuss China-Africa cooperation in the new era and focus on jointly advancing the Belt and Road Initiative and turning China and Africa into a community with a shared future.By aligning the Belt and Road Initiative with the UN’s 2030 Agenda, the AU’s Agenda 2063 and the development strategies of individual African countries, we will give wings to China-Africa cooperation to help it soar to greater heights.共同社记者：今年是《中日和平友好条约》缔结40周年，中日领导人是否实现互访？中方希望今后的中日关系如何发展？
Kyodo News: This year marks the 40th anniversary of the China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship.Will we see an exchange of visits between Chinese and Japanese leaders? How do you see the future of China-Japan relations?
王毅：这段时间，日本方面采取了更为清晰、更为积极的对华政策，中日关系出现难得的改善势头，中方对此表示欢迎。只要日方不犹豫、不折腾、不倒退，客观对待和认同中国的发展，中方愿意与日方相向而行，共同推动两国关系回到健康、稳定的发展轨道。
Wang Yi: In the recent period, Japan has adopted a clearer and more positive policy towards China, resulting in a precious improvement of relations.China welcomes this.If Japan does not prevaricate, flip-flop or backpedal, and instead comes to terms with China’s development and welcomes it, China will be willing to act in the same spirit and work with Japan to put our relationship back on the track of healthy and steady growth.今年是中日和平友好条约缔结40周年。40年前的条约，以法律形式确认了正确对待历史、坚持一个中国等中日关系正常化时规定的各项政治原则，明确了两国和平共处、世代友好的大方向。不忘初心，方得始终。40年后，站在承前启后的历史关口，希望日方能够政治上讲信用，行动上守规矩，切实维护好两国关系的政治基础，并且把―互为合作伙伴、互不构成威胁‖的政治共识真正落到实处。我相信，只要中日关系持续改善，两国高层往来自然水到渠成，和平友好也将重新成为两国关系的主旋律。Forty years ago, China and Japan signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship.It codified the political principles agreed in negotiating the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations, including handling history correctly and following the one-China policy.The treaty also enshrined our joint desire to live in peace and friendship forever.As a saying goes, never forget why you started, and you can accomplish your mission.Forty years on, at another crucial juncture of history, we hope Japan will have political credibility and act accordingly to cement the political foundation of our relations and give effect to the political understanding that ―China and Japan see each other as partners, not threats‖.I am hopeful that with the steady improvement of our relations, high-level visits will naturally come about, and peace and friendship will again be the dominant theme of China-Japan relations.凤凰卫视记者：中国如何看待美、日、印、澳四国加强合作的―印太‖战略？是否认为这是针对中国的―围堵‖？
Phoenix TV: What is China’s view on the ―Indo-Pacific strategy‖ pursued by the US, Japan, India and Australia? Do you see it as an attempt to ―contain‖ China?
王毅：这个世界上，各种话题层出不穷，花样翻新。就像太平洋和印度洋上的浪花，一时引人耳目，转瞬归于平寂。有些学者和媒体渲染所谓―印太战略‖是为了围堵中国，17 但四国官方立即表示无意针对任何国家。我希望他们说的是实话，也希望他们能言行一致。在当今时代，再挑起冷战已不合时宜，再搞小圈子对抗更没有市场。
Wang Yi: It seems there is never a shortage of headline-grabbing ideas.They are like the sea foam in the Pacific or Indian Ocean: they may get some attention, but soon will dissipate.Contrary to the claim made by some academics and media outlets that the ―Indo-Pacific strategy‖ aims to contain China, the four countries’ official position is that it targets no one.I hope they mean what they say and their action will match their rhetoric.Nowadays, stoking a new Cold War is out of sync with the times and inciting block confrontation will find no market.印度报业托拉斯记者：去年中印关系非常困难，中方希如何塑造今年的中印关系？ Press Trust of India: Last year has been a very difficult one in India-China relations.How do you see India-China relations shaping up this year?
王毅：中印关系保持着发展势头，也经历了你提到的困难和考验。在此过程中，中方既坚定维护了自身的正当权益，也积极顾全了两国关系大局。对于中印关系的发展前景，两国领导人已经达成了重要战略共识，那就是中印要龙象共舞，而不是龙象争斗；中印1+1不仅等于2，更等于11。
Wang Yi: Despite some tests and difficulties, the China-India relationship continues to grow.In the process, China has both upheld its legitimate rights and interests and taken care to preserve the relationship.Chinese and Indian leaders have developed a strategic vision for the future of our relations: the Chinese ―dragon‖ and the Indian ―elephant‖ must not fight each other, but dance with each other.In that case, one plus one will equal not only two, but also eleven.面对当前国际局势的百年变局，越来越多的有识之士认识到，两个超过10亿人口规模的发展中大国相继走向现代化，最重要的是相互理解，相互支持，最应避免的是相互猜忌，相互消耗。从这个意义上讲，中印之间迫切需要解决的问题就是互信。建立起政治互信，喜马拉雅山也阻挡不了相互加强友好交往。缺乏互信，一马平川也难使双方走到一起。我要告诉印度朋友的是，中印之间共识远多于分歧，利益远大于摩擦。中方愿意同印度继承弘扬友好传统，同印度人民交朋友、做伙伴。希望双方打开心结，相向而行。用信任代替猜忌，以对话管控分歧，靠合作开创未来。
The international situation is experiencing its biggest change in a century.More and more far-sighted people have come to realize that as the largest two developing countries become modernized – each with a population of more than one billion – China and India must do everything to empathize with and support each other and to avoid mutual suspicion and attrition.In this sense, mutual trust is the most precious commodity in China-India relations.With political trust, not even the Himalayas can stop us from strengthening friendly 18 exchanges;without it, not even level land can bring us together.Let me put this to our Indian friends: our shared understandings far outstrip our differences and our common interests far outweigh our frictions.China is willing and ready to inherit and take forward our traditional friendship and be a friend and partner of the Indian people.I hope the two sides will be free from mental inhibitions and meet each other halfway.Let us replace suspicion with trust, manage differences through dialogue, and build a future through cooperation.中国国际广播电台记者：―全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定‖11国商定于今天签署该协定，最早于2019年生效。你对此怎么看？
China Radio International: The 11 countries that make up the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership are expected to sign it today, and the CPTPP may take effect next year at the earliest.What is your thought on this?
王毅：中国没有参加CPTPP协定。但中国历来是贸易自由化的坚定支持者，也是亚太区域合作和经济一体化的重要参与方。2014年，正是在中国推动下，亚太经合组织领导人在北京正式启动了亚太自贸区进程，而中方积极参与的区域全面经济伙伴关系，也就是RCEP，是目前正在商谈的覆盖人口最多、成员构成最广的自贸安排。不管是RCEP还是CPTPP，只要顺应亚太区域经济一体化方向，符合透明、开放、包容原则，有利于维护以WTO为核心的全球自由贸易体系，中方都持积极态度。我们也希望亚太地区各种不同的自贸安排能够彼此沟通协调，形成良性互动，从各自角度为抵制贸易保护主义、构建开放型世界经济发挥建设性作用。
Wang Yi: China is not a party to the CPTPP.However, China has been a strong advocate of trade liberalization and a key player of Asia-Pacific cooperation and economic integration.In 2014, China persuaded APEC economies to kick off in Beijing the process of establishing a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific.China has also been working actively for the conclusion of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, a free trade pact that will cover more populations and involve more diverse economies than any similar initiative.China is positive about any open, transparent and inclusive arrangement that reinforces regional economic integration and a WTO-centered global free trade system, be it RCEP or CPTPP.We hope to see better communication, coordination and interaction between the various free trade initiatives in our region, so that they may complement one another, help resist trade protectionism and contribute to a more open global economy.法国法兰西广播公司记者：你认为法国能引领中国-欧盟关系方向吗？
Radio France: Do you think France could give a new direction to China-EU relations? 王毅：2018年是中欧建立全面战略伙伴关系15周年。年初，法国马克龙总统率先对中国进行国事访问，中法关系展现生机勃发的―龙马精神‖。英国梅首相接踵而来，中英关系打造―黄金时代‖的增强版。我们期待今年的中欧关系能够高开高走，迈上新台 19 阶，也乐见法国能为此发挥更积极作用。全球治理合作已成为中欧新的合作增长点，维护全球自由贸易体系是中欧的共同责任，商签中欧投资保护协定有必要提速前进。Wang Yi: This year will mark the 15th anniversary of the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership.The year started with President Macron paying a state visit to China and Sino-French relations in excellent shape.Then the visit of Prime Minister May kicked off efforts by China and the UK to upgrade their ―Golden Era‖ of relations.We hope at the end of the year, China-EU relations will be as strong as we have started it.We hope France will make a substantial contribution to the furtherance of China-EU cooperation.Global governance has emerged as a new dimension of such cooperation, China and the EU have a joint responsibility to safeguard the global free trade system, and negotiation needs to be speeded up to conclude a China-EU investment agreement.中欧之间也存在一些分歧，但双方都意识到，我们应多一些换位思考，多一些开放包容，多一些相互理解。就中方而言，我们始终重视欧洲，支持欧洲一体化，看好欧洲发展前景，愿意同欧洲合作，为当今充满不确定性的世界注入更多稳定性和正能量。There are also some disagreements between China and the EU.But both sides have realized the need to put oneself in the other’s shoes and to be more open, tolerant and understanding of each other.China has always appreciated the importance of Europe.We support European integration and have confidence in Europe’s future.Given all the uncertainty around us, China is ready to partner with Europe to provide more stability and make the world a better place.中新社记者：这几年国内民众对领保工作给予许多赞许，同时期待也更多，但也有舆论认为民众应该对领保工作要有理性认识。你对此怎么看？
China News Service: Chinese people are speaking favorably of the consular assistance and protection they are getting, but they also expect more to be done.At the same time, there are appeals for a more rational understanding of consular service.What is your view?
王毅：领保是每年的必答题，关系到人民群众的利益，关系到千家万户的幸福。作为外交部，做好领保工作是我们义不容辞的责任。
Wang Yi: Consular assistance and protection seems to be a must-have question at my annual press conference.Indeed, it potentially concerns the interests and well-being of every Chinese and their family.Making a good job of it is the unshirkable responsibility of the foreign service.2017年，中国内地居民出境达到1.3亿人次。面对越来越繁重的领保任务，我们坚持以人民为中心，持续打造由法律支撑、机制建设、风险评估、安全预警、预防宣传和应急处置六大支柱构成的海外中国平安体系。去年一年，外交部总共处理了7万多起 20 领事保护与协助案件，包括从火山喷发的印尼巴厘岛协助游客安全回国，从遭遇飓风灾害的多米尼克把侨胞转移到平安地区。12308领保热线接听了17万通来电，比2016年增加了10万通。预防是最好的保护。外交部去年共发布各类海外安全提醒1000多条，把大量风险化解在公民踏出国门之前。
Last year, as many as 130 million mainlanders traveled overseas.Given the growing magnitude of their consular needs, we adopted a people-centered approach and built a system for ensuring their safety which consists of six pillars, namely, legal provisions, institution building, risk assessment, early warning, awareness raising and emergency response.In 2017, the MFA handled more than 70,000 cases of consular assistance and protection, including evacuating Chinese tourists stranded by the erupting volcano on Bali, Indonesia and getting our nationals to safety from hurricane-ravaged Dominica.The 12308 consular hotline handled 170,000 calls, 100,000 more than in 2016.Prevention is the best protection.Last year, the MFA issued more than 1,000 travel advisories, which significantly reduced our citizens’ risk exposure even before they traveled abroad.随着国家的发展和中外交流的增加，我们看到中国公民的素质在不断提高，依法维权的意识不断增强，维护国家形象的自觉也在不断提升，这为外交部做好领保工作提供了更有力的支持和帮助。
As China develops and interacts more with the world, the social etiquette and civility of its citizens are being enhanced.Nowadays they are more inclined to protect China’s reputation as well as their own rights.This new awareness has made our job easier.2018年，领保工作将在打造海外平安体系的道路上继续前行。我在这里宣布三个利民的好消息：
In 2018, we will further improve the system for ensuring the safety of Chinese nationals abroad.Here I have three pieces of good news for you:
第一是外交部正在推进领事保护与协助的立法工作，将在―两会‖之后向社会公开征求意见，欢迎大家踊跃参与，提出宝贵意见。
First, the MFA is working on draft legislation on consular protection and assistance.Public consultation will begin after the close of the NPC and CPPCC sessions.We welcome your input and suggestions.第二是我们将在已经开通的中国领事服务网、12308微信版、―领事之声‖微博等平台基础上，很快推出12308的手机APP，为大家提供更便捷的贴身服务。
Second, in addition to a dedicated website, the WeChat version of 12308 and the ―China Consular Affairs‖ account on Weibo, we will soon launch the 12308 smartphone app to make consular services more accessible to the people.21
第三是从明天开始中国所有驻外使领馆将统一大幅下调中国公民办理领事认证的费用，降幅达到三分之二，初步估算每年将为中国公民和企业节省上千万元人民币。Third, as from tomorrow, our diplomatic and consular missions around the world will slash consular legalization fees by as much as two-thirds.The fee reduction is expected to save Chinese citizens and businesses more than 10 million yuan every year.俄通-塔斯社记者：中方希望通过今年主办上合组织青岛峰会实现什么目标？ TASS: What does China hope to accomplish at the Qingdao Summit it will host?
王毅：上合组织是在中国诞生的，青岛峰会是扩员后的首次峰会。我们欢迎上合峰会再次在中国举行，期待上合组织从青岛再出发。我们愿与各成员方共同努力，推动峰会实现三大目标：
Wang Yi: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was born in China, and the Qingdao Summit will be the first one after the SCO admitted new members.We welcome the SCO back to China and expect it to embark on a new journey in Qingdao.China looks forward to working with other members to achieve three goals at the summit:
一是增强凝聚力。以互信、互利、平等、协商为核心的―上海精神‖，是上合组织创立时的初心所在。我们将与各成员一道，高举―上海精神‖这一旗帜，增进成员间的互信与团结，构建更加紧密的上合命运共同体。
First, making the SCO more cohesive.The Shanghai Spirit of mutual trust, mutual benefit and equal-footed consultation encapsulates the founding principle of our Organization.China will work with other members to uphold this spirit, enhance trust and solidarity, and build a more close-knit SCO community of shared future.二是提升行动力。务实高效、互利共赢的合作是上合组织发展的动力源泉。我们将和各成员一道，制定《上合组织成员国长期睦邻友好合作条约》未来5年实施纲要，签署批准一系列涉及安全、经贸、环保和人文等领域的决议与合作文件，助力成员国参与―一带一路‖建设，实现上合组织的全方位发展。
Second, making the SCO more effective.Our organization is driven by results-oriented, efficient and mutually beneficial cooperation.China will work with other members to promote its all-round development, including developing a five-year outline for the implementation of the Treaty on Long-term Good-neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation, concluding or ratifying a number of resolutions or documents concerning our security, economic, environmental and cultural cooperation, and advancing Belt and Road projects in SCO member states.22 三是扩大影响力。维护本地区乃至世界的和平稳定，是上合组织义不容辞的国际责任。我们将和各成员一道，积极回应国际社会期待，就重大国际和地区问题发出更响亮的上合声音，为区域合作和全球经济治理发挥更积极的上合作用。
Third, making the SCO more influential.Our Organization has a bounden duty to maintain peace and stability in our region and beyond.China will work with other members to help it meet international expectations, take a clearer stand on major international and regional issues, and play a more active role in regional cooperation and global economic governance.总之，青岛峰会将成为上合组织发展进程中一座新的里程碑，开启这一新型区域组织的新时代。
To sum up, we will make the Qingdao Summit a new milestone in the development of the SCO and launch this new type of regional organization into a new era.中评社记者：继冈比亚和圣普之后，巴拿马在去年选择同台湾―断交‖，与大陆建交。台湾舆论所担心的―雪崩式断交潮‖会否会出现？
China Review News: Following the example of Gambia as well as São Tomé and Príncipe, Panama decided last year to switch diplomatic relations from Taipei to Beijing.Will Taiwan face ―an avalanche of ruptured diplomatic ties‖, as its media have feared?
王毅：世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分，这已是国际社会多年来形成的共识。坚持一个中国原则，不与台湾进行官方往来也已成为各国遵循的国际准则之一。同唯一合法代表全中国的中华人民共和国政府建立外交关系，开展正常合作，显然是顺应时代潮流的正确选择，也完全符合这些国家和人民的自身和长远利益，当然是大势所趋，而且势不可挡。
Wang Yi: There is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.This has been the consensus of the international community for decades.Adhering to the one-China principle and not having official ties with Taiwan has become a generally observed norm in international relations.It is obviously a correct choice in line with the tide of history to establish diplomatic relations and carry out regular cooperation with the government of the People’s Republic of China, the sole legal representative of the whole of China.Such a choice would best serve the immediate and long-term interests of the countries and peoples in question.Of course it is the trend of the future, and no one can stop it.承认―九二共识‖、认同两岸同属一中是推进两岸关系向前发展的关键所在。解铃还须系铃人。台湾当局应该尽快回到―九二共识‖的正确轨道上来，这样两岸关系才能重新开辟和平发展的光明前景。
The key to unlocking the cross-Straits stalemate lies in recognizing the 1992 Consensus and acknowledging that the two sides of the Taiwan Straits belong to one and the same China.23 The party that has locked the door must unlock it.The Taiwan authorities should return to the 1992 Consensus as soon as possible.This correct move will usher in a bright future for the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.埃菲社记者：美方呼吁拉美国家警惕中国在该地区的影响。你怎么看？
Agencia EFE: The United States warned Latin American countries about the growing Chinese influence in the region.What is your response?
王毅：中拉合作是发展中国家之间的相互帮助和相互支持，不针对和取代谁，也无意动谁的奶酪。中拉合作之所以发展这么快，是因为符合拉美国家的需求，改善了拉美国家的民生，提高了拉美国家的自主发展能力。过去5年，习近平主席三次踏上拉美大陆，足迹遍及10个拉美国家。中拉合作不断拓展深化，提质升级。中国目前已是许多拉美国家的主要贸易伙伴，中国企业为拉美累计创造了180多万个就业岗位。中国古人云：―志合者，不以山海为远‖。这恰如其分地反映了当前的中拉关系。宽广的太平洋正把中拉双方联接在一起，成为跨越万水千山的合作伙伴。
Wang Yi: China and Latin American countries are helping and supporting each other as fellow developing countries.Our cooperation does not target or seek to replace anyone, and China is not going to move anyone’s ―cheese‖, so to speak.China’s cooperation with the region has grown rapidly because it suits its needs, improves lives there and boosts its capacity for self-driven growth.During the last five years, President Xi has visited Latin America and the Caribbean three times, taking in ten countries.Our cooperation has deepened, expanded and moved up the value chain.China has become a key trading partner for many in the hemisphere.Chinese businesses and investors have created more than 1.8 million local jobs.The Chinese saying ―nothing, not even mountains or oceans, can separate those with a shared goal‖ aptly describes the state of our relations with Latin America and the Caribbean.The vast Pacific Ocean binds us together, making us partners in cooperation, whatever may stand between us.新华社记者：总书记在十九大报告中指出，全面推进中国特色大国外交，推动建设新型国际关系，推动构建人类命运共同体。你如何展望今后一个时期的中国特色大国外交？
Xinhua News Agency: In his report to the 19th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi called for making all-round efforts in the pursuit of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and for building a new type of international relations and a global community with a shared future.How do you envisage China’s distinctive major-country diplomacy going forward?
王毅：总书记在党的十九大报告中强调，中国共产党不仅要为中国人民谋幸福，也要为人类进步事业而奋斗。中国共产党始终把为人类作出新的更大贡献作为自己的使命。
Wang Yi: In his report to the 19th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the Communist Party of China will strive for both the well-being of the Chinese people and human progress.To make new and greater contributions for humanity is our Party’s abiding mission.秉持这样的信念和担当，我们将进一步拓展广阔的格局。中国将在为自身发展营造更好外部环境的同时，放眼全球、胸怀世界，与各国携手构建人类命运共同体，把建设相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系和持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界作为中国外交的总体方向和目标。
A committed and responsible China will adopt a more visionary foreign policy.While securing an enabling environment for its own development, China will be concerned with the welfare of humanity and partner with other countries to build a global community of shared future.Our vision is to forge a new type of international relations that features mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation and to build an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security and common prosperity.我们将进一步展现博大的胸怀。无论发展到什么程度，中国都会坚持大小国家一律平等，坚持尊重不同文明体制，坚持正确义利观，反对以大欺小，反对恃强凌弱。为弱小国家主持公道，帮助欠发达国家实现发展。
We will have a broader mind.No matter what stage of development it reaches, China will stand for the equality of all countries, large or small, and will respect different civilizations and systems.China will put the greater good before its self-interest, and oppose the practice of the big and strong bullying the small and weak.China will stand up for small and weak countries, and help less developed countries achieve better growth.我们将进一步发挥积极的作用。中国将顺应国际社会越来越多的期待，秉持共商共建共享的全球治理观，更加积极地参与全球治理体系的改革建设，更加建设性地参与地区和国际热点问题的政治解决，更加有效地与各方携手应对各种全球性挑战。And we will play a more active role.China will strive to meet growing international expectations and approach global governance on the basis of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits.China will be more active in helping to reform and improve the global governance system, find more constructive ways to settle regional and international issues by political means, and forge more effective partnerships to address various global challenges.25 大道之行，天下为公。我们将坚定不移维护好国家主权和民族尊严，坚定不移站在国际正义和人类进步一边，坚定不移做世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者。
An ancient Chinese classic teaches that ―when justice prevails, the world will be one community‖.We are determined to uphold our country’s sovereignty and dignity.We are determined to be on the side of international justice and human progress.We are determined to build world peace, contribute to global prosperity and uphold the international order.记者会历时2小时，近600名中外记者参加。
篇3：浅谈中外美术史教学
一中外美术史教学的现实状况
当前我国大多数的高等院校, 对于中外美术史的教授, 都是分开进行的, 中国美术史与外国美术史分别由不同的教师进行授课, 教授的课程进度不一样。多数高等院校的美术专业, 太过于强调学科教学体系的严谨与完整, 每个科目之间过分的孤立, 相互之间缺少了联系。而美术史纵向思维联系紧密, 中国美术史与外国美术史之间的交叉联系太少, 学生缺失了对于美术历史时间与地点上的概念, 不利于学生对于同时期国内外美术发展状况的了解与分析。很多学生对于历史上的美术发展现象与当时的时代背景之间的关系搞不清楚, 对于中外历史的时间对接上不是特别清楚, 整体上来说学生对于世界美术历史没有一个清晰的时间概念。学习美术史论的时候, 很多学生死记硬背, 仍然达不到理想的效果。导致这些问题的出现主要是由于中外美术史的教授内容与教授方式有关。
对于美术史课程的开设, 我们必须充分认识到, 美术史的课程进修的必要性, 只有意识到美术史的功能意义, 才能够激发学生学习美术理论的动力。学生的全面发展, 个人的文化修养与素质是必备的条件, 然而美术专业的学习加强其文化艺术修养的主要途径就是对于美术史理论的研究, 充分的了解历史上遗留下来的优秀美术作品, 从中感悟到人生哲理, 加深对人文哲学, 传统艺术的理解, 增强欣赏鉴别画作的能力, 提升个人的审美修养。
二对于中外美术史课程的整合
美术史依据历史的纵向发展为主要脉络, 教师按照历史纵向发展的主线, 将各个历史时期的画家、艺术作品、风格、审美特征、表达方式, 集合历史背景, 让学生了解各个历史时期的时代艺术、绘画特征、美术领域的发展与变化, 时代变迁对于绘画艺术的影响。另外, 要考虑到美术史课程的自身特征, 以及学生的实际状况, 具体情况具体分析, 展开对美术史教学体系的整改。
1高等院校中外美术史的教学要在学科之间整合
中、外美术史要实现比较教学。中、外美术史的学科整合, 要以主题相关的两个单元, 重组进行教学, 使相关的学习内容串联起来, 使前后学习的知识相互联系。任何事物只有在相互比较中, 才能凸显出特点, 用比较教学的方法, 省时、效果显著、知识面广、学生的思维跨度也大, 在学习过程中对所学知识印象深刻。在教学中, 教师要注意从多个角度引导学生的思维, 从不同的历史时期、时代特征、艺术种类、画派风格、作品类型等, 多方面、多层次的进行比较。可以是中国历史名画家之间艺术风格的比较, 也可是国内外相同时期的美术发展趋势之间的比较, 总之, 不管是横向交错还是纵向思考, 都要从不同的点和面找出中外美术史的不同部分, 或者是相似部分。中国与西方文化意识、民族传统、哲学理念等都不尽相同, 但是这不能是组织文化艺术交流的障碍。在美术史的教学过程中, 教师要合理的对中、外美术史做出比较, 能够发散学生的思维, 充分的发挥学生的想象力和创造力, 对于中国美术艺术与世界美术文化都要有个全面的了解意识, 利于学生在日后的绘画学习中, 形成自己的风格与方式。
2充分利用现代科技
美术史是一项理论性的学科, 相对来说是枯燥的, 运用多媒体技术, 制作ppt或者是动画模式, 将理论性的知识转变为图片格式, 图文并茂展示给学生, 引起学生的兴趣, 生动的媒体技术演示, 能使学生更加方便快捷的了解到美术史的理论知识, 生动的画面容易给人留下深刻的印象, 使美术史的教学起到事半功倍的效果。在欣赏古代画家遗作的时候, 能够更加清晰的让学生感受到作品的艺术魅力, 加深印象和理解。或者配以合适的音乐, 加强艺术作品的意境, 带动学生的情绪, 提升课堂的艺术氛围, 学生在不知不觉中, 接受美术历史。利于学生对作品思想内容的解读, 了解艺术作品的形式规律。
3美术史的教学要注重寻找史论依据
美术史的课程是在大一的时候就有设置, 此时学生对于绘画的学习阶段还是处在素描、色彩等系统的绘画训练, 对于美术史的认识基本上没有一个准确的概念, 多数的学生只是知道少数的知名艺术家以及零散的一些名作的名称。因此, 在美术史教学过程中, 要由浅入深, 循序渐进。美术史课程理论性强, 严谨、科学, 少不了枯燥的感觉, 在授课过程中, 要避免生搬硬套, 或者按照课本宣读, 会在开始就导致学生减少对美术史的兴趣, 反感美术史课程, 这样这门课程的设置就失去了它的意义。美术史的授课, 是需要慢慢渗透, 不同于素描与色彩等绘画创作或是训练, 是提升学生全面素质的重要环节。在进行美术史授课过程中, 可将学生在绘画训练时的素描或者是色彩, 用幻灯片的形式展示给学生, 用以比较和分析, 指出学生在绘画训练中的不足, 借鉴美术史中的史论依据。让学生自己发现美术史论的魅力以及在绘画训练中自身的不足。
4教学中要主次分明、有侧重点地进行教学
中国美术史与外国美术史都是属于记载世界艺术文化遗产的隶书, 不管是美术通史还是断代史, 都具有值得汲取的文化艺术价值, 但是在具体的课程教学中, 需要有重点的进行教与学, 并不是每个知识点都必须了然于心。有的历史知识可以简单了解, 例如中国美术史中, 史前、石器时代的一些知识, 可让学生自行了解, 在盛唐时期、两宋时期的美术历史一定要作为课程上的重点进行讲解。而国外的美术史, 中世纪以后, 尤其在意大利文艺复兴时期, 绘画与雕塑艺术走向了一个高峰时期, 对于这段历史, 需要学生深刻的了解, 并且要对大量的艺术作品进行鉴赏与学习。让学生在学习中领悟到艺术前辈们为艺术的奉献精神, 以及作品中的深刻精神内涵。
5美术史的教学不仅在课堂上进行, 在课外也要进行考察
课堂上的美术史学习, 仅仅是局限在教师讲解, 学生听看, 老师要带着学生走出去, 到本地的各大艺术馆, 文化馆参观考察, 欣赏更多的历史名家名作, 增加美术史知识, 扩展视野。
6提高学生的主动性
充分调动学生的学习热情, 实现教与学的互动, 理论与实践结合, 积极引导学生参与相应的实践活动, 多参与各个领域优秀艺术家的专题讲座, 从中学习更多的课外知识。
三中外美术史课程的价值功能
1对于绘画创作的思想产生影响
在20世纪, 社会处于动乱时期, 此时对于美术史理论的探索, 其研究内容随着社会潮流的变化而变化, 在满足社会需求的同时, 凸显了其社会功能, 在一定程度上偏于文化功能。在“五四”时期, 从康有为、陈独秀, 再到鲁迅的美术批评, 影响到了当时青年一代对于传统美术的认识, 激发了改革中国画的思想潮流。到建国后, 对于石谿、石涛、八大等画僧以及“扬州八怪”的研究, 特别的注重他们复古反叛的革新精神, 这成为20世纪时期改革中国画的历史依据, 也是一个时期内国画革新运动的体现。在当代的高校教育教学中, 民族化的呼声越来越高, 对于地域化的艺术遗作等历史遗迹的研究考察, 是一个时代对于美术史理论研究与艺术创作相结合的一种探究方式, 而且是随着时代潮流的变迁, 对于民族艺术成功的肯定与高度重视。
2促使绘画创作风格的转变
自西方文化流入中国以来, 受到西式美术的影响, 包括徐悲鸿在内的许多人都认为, 中西融合是必然趋势, 成为国画融合西方绘画方式的思想基础。中国的绘画风格出现了很大的转变, 中国的人物画中出现了面部阴影, 山水画中借鉴了西方的审美方式, 中国画开始出现新的局面。在20世纪50年代, 国内开始对苏联文艺理论进行宣传和研究, 使美术创作开始出现现实主义的创作方法。50年代末60年代初, 对于民族化的问题的探究, 使油画一度盛行“民族风”。绘画创作风格转变的因素有很多, 也许并不是因为理论的引导, 但是风格的转变, 势必与理论研究相呼应。
3中外美术史的理论研究服务于美术创作
中外美术史是一门独立的理论课程, 它的理论讲述离不开美术作品的阐述, 理论的建立是在美术创作之后。自20世纪50年代以来, 美术创作在很长的一段时间内主要是服务与社会, 而对于史论的研究反应的也是当时的社会需求。美术史中的评论, 是服务于绘画创作的另一表现形式。现如今, 对于美术史的服务功能是“古为今用, 洋为中用”。
四中外美术史课程对于学生的教育意义
第一, 有利于学生把握中外设计发展与绘画发展的脉络, 培养学生独立思考能力, 把握历史的发展规律。在汲取前人经验的基础上, 新生代能够从中受到启发, 对未来绘画与设计艺术的发展起到预测与引导作用。
第二, 有利于学生了解世界艺术文化, 提升审美与鉴赏能力。中外美术史课程的开设, 利于学生了解世界各国在不同的历史阶段, 美术领域的发展趋势, 并汲取各种流派的优点, 应用于日后的绘画创作中。
第三, 加强民族文化学习, 增强民族自豪感。当前高校教育, 应当提倡民族传统, 对于中国古代文化的教育是对古代经典进行鉴赏的主要途径。中国传统艺术文化博大精深, 具有很深的精神内涵和学术价值, 通过对中国美术史的研究, 增强对本民族的了解, 增加民族自豪感与荣誉感。
总之, 中外美术史的教学, 要注重对学生自身能力与素质的培养, 教学过程中要充分调动学生的学习热情, 充分发挥美术史课程的价值与魅力, 服务于学生, 服务于教育, 服务于绘画艺术。
参考文献
[1]刘辉.中外美术史教学的现状分析与学科课程整合.[J]美术界, 2009 (4) .
[2]冯文华.以能力本位为核心的高职美术师课程教学研究.[J].新乡教育学院学报.2008 (9) .
篇4：中外美术史对照
关键词：中外对照史学；高中历史；教学研究
中外对照史学是全球史观下高中历史教学的具体表现，其旨在通过中外史料对照使高中生进一步分析、判断、评价并探究历史事件，最终探讨并重新认识历史。中外对照史学这一方法的运用，既是历史新课改理念落实的需要，又是高中生历史综合能力培养的需要。因此，高中历史教学要立足学生实际与教学需要，大胆运用中外对照史学，以更好地帮助学生理解历史知识、培养历史能力。笔者结合教学实际，从中外对照史学有助于丰富历史素材与开阔学生视野、客观认识史实及培养探究能力等三方面，来论述其在高中历史教学中的运用。
一、中外对照史学有助于丰富高中历史教学素材、开阔学生视野
在高中历史教学中通过将中外史料进行对照研究，其一方面使高中历史教学素材更丰富，在中外多重史料的支撑下历史教学素材会变得更丰富，这有助于学生从丰富的史料中分析史实；另一方面这些史料的展示也让学生大大地开阔了视野，使高中生的历史知识得到拓展。因此，高中历史教学运用中外对照史学，会使学生大量地占有材料，对史料形成扎实的研究基础，增加了学生的历史素材，从而激发学生学习历史的积极性。
以“戊戌变法”为例，在中国史观下其主线为爱国主义、先进文化传播与新旧制度交织等，从变法的历史进步性来描述，从而推动学生历史素养的提升。但在中外对照史学下，外国对此却有不同的看法，尽管这些看法未必客观，却对这次变法事件作了有益的补充。如《剑桥中国晚清史·下卷》对这些变化也有专门的章节，不仅对康有为等知識分子诉求有较详细的介绍，而且还把“戊戌变法”失败看作是一次人文灾难，很好地与教材形成了互补。通过这样的中外史料对照，高中历史教学的素材得到丰富，学生的视野也从国内主流向世界主流看齐。
二、中外对照史学有助于高中生在学习中全面客观认识史实
在中外对照史学下极大地丰富了高中生史料积累，而通过这些史料的分析与探究，使其更全面客观地认识史实。由于中外各国的史学撰写视角不同，目的不同，自然对于同一历史事件的叙述也有差别，史料选择就更有可能完全不同。如上述“戊戌变法”对英国人而言，是中国向西方尤其是英国学习君主立宪的机会，但最终却以戊戌六君子血洒法场而结束。不管是对于变法性质还是变法结果，都是一次很大的挫折，因而被视为灾难。而只有通过对中、英两国史料的分析，高中生才能对这些事件有更全面客观的理解，从而更好地认识历史。
高中生通过两国史料的分析，加之其他历史素材如欧洲历
史、俄罗斯历史对此的描述，就能分析出朝鲜战争的本质及其象征意义，从而更全面客观地认识这一历史史实，形成自我对历史的判断与理解。
三、中外对照史学有助于高中生培养较强的探究能力
对中外史料进行分析、判断乃至评价的过程，都需要高中生对中外史料进行探究综合，从而不断地论证历史，使历史学习转化为历史探究活动。换言之，中国对照史学在高中历史教学的运用，就是一个历史探究的过程，其不但有助于学生论证史实，还有助于高中生向自主、合作、探究的学习方式转变，把历史教学从传授活动变成了探究活动，能增强学生探究能力的培养。在全球史观的影响下，对历史的探究不仅要从不同角度、多维度、多层次来进行，而且还要在中外史料对照下更好地辩证看待历史。这既是高中历史新课改的重要目标，也是高考历史综合能力考查的重中
之重。
综上，中外对照史学上的高中历史教学，要立足于对中外史料素材的客观解读，对照分析来探究历史真相，才能使学生在学习过程中更全面客观认识历史、开阔视野，并形成较强的探究能力来分析、甄别史料，引导学生形成正确的全球史观。
参考文献：
[1]王耶旃.探究全球史观在高中历史教学中的应用[J].新课程（下），2016（8）.
篇5：中外美术史对照
标准及纯度
一般化学试剂的品级 一级试剂 二级试剂 三级试剂 四级试剂 国内标准名称 优级纯（保证试剂）分析纯 化学纯 实验试剂 国内简写代号 GR AR CP LR 国内标签颜色 绿色 红色 蓝色 中黄色
国外标准简写代号
联邦德国E Merck 厂 GR（保证试剂）LAB（实验用）ORG（有机试剂）EP（特纯）PURE（纯）
联邦德国 DR THEOD OR SCHUGHRAT公司 AR（分析试剂）REINST（特纯）CP（化学纯）REIN（纯）LR（实验试剂）
联邦德国 RIEDEL ED HAEN（AG)公司 PA（分析试剂）PURE（纯）
英国BRITISH DRUG HOUSE 公司 AR STR（点滴试剂）LRLC（实验试剂）英国HOPKIN &WILLIAMS 公司 AR G P R PURE（一般试剂）
英国 LIGHT厂 GR、AR CP PURE L R
英国JUDEX厂 AR CP PURE E P PURIFIED（精制）
瑞士FLUKA厂 PURISS-PA（分析纯）PURUM-PA（分析纯）PURISS（高纯）PRACTPURE（实验纯）PURUM（纯）
前苏联（CCCP）XЧ（化学纯）ЧДA（分析纯）Ч（纯）X
意大利 CARLO ERBA厂 RP（分析试剂）RS（特殊试剂）LAB R（纯）
匈牙利（HUNGARY）GR、PA PSS（纯标准物质）EP（高纯）
日本（JAPAN）特级GR、AR 一级 EP PURE JP（日本药局方）
比利时 UNION CHIMICUE PA POURANAL-YSE（分析纯）PURE TOUT PURE（特纯）
美国（USE）AR ACS（美国化学协会）CP
篇6：中外美术史
1.理论著作《林泉高致》为哪位画家的得意之作郭熙。2.《踏歌图》是哪位画家的得意之作马远。
3.长沙楚墓中出土过两幅战国帛画，一幅是《人物龙风》帛画。另一幅是《人物御龙》帛画。
4.南朝画家、理论家谢赫在《画品》中提出的“六法”是:气韵生动；骨法用笔；应物象形；随类赋彩；经营位置；传移模写。5.水墨山水画之祖指的是王维。
6.花鸟画作为一门独特的画科是在哪一时期形成的宋代。7.青铜器中的“鼎”应归于哪一范畴之中礼器。
8.明代画坛上哪位画家在大写意花卉方面达到了较高的艺术水准徐渭。
9.“吴带当风”、“曹衣出水”样式的创造者分别是吴道子和曹仲达。
10.唐代画家张萱的代表作品是《捣练图》；《挥扇仕女图》的作者是周昉。
11.五代花鸟画家黄筌和徐熙分别创造了不同的绘画风格，人称“黄家富贵，徐熙野逸”
12.“元四家”是指:黄公望、吴镇、倪瓒和王蒙（山水画章法稠密）。（以四人为代表的院体山水画以清奇峭拔的形象好简括的笔墨章法塑造了空灵雅秀的江南山水，开创了南宋山水画艺术的新风格）14.南宋四家:以李唐、刘松年、马远、夏圭guī为代表的院体山水画,开创了山水画艺术的新风格.（他们强调以画“自娱”，注重主观性情的抒发，诗书画的结合达到统一和谐，在笔墨方面各有独特创造，使画面效果更加符合文人画的理想，成为中国山水画的新阶段，是后世文人画的典范）
15.清初四王 清初画坛的正统派，指王时敏、王鉴、王元祈和王翚四位山水画家。他们信奉董其昌的艺术主张，致力于摹古或在摹古中求变化，崇拜元四家，力图集古人大成。看重笔墨，却较少观察自然，在以临古为主的艺术实践中发展了干笔渴墨层层积染技法的艺术表现力。清初“四僧”指的是八大山人 髡残 石涛 弘仁 “岭南画派”代表画家有高剑父、高奇峰和陈树人。16.我国雕塑史上的第一个高峰期出现在唐代。
17.哪位名家明确地提出了“士人画”的概念以及与其代表的美学思想.李成。
18.有关山水画的理论著作《笔法记》其作者是荆浩。19.清初画坛上四位著名的和尚画家，人称“四僧”他们是:八大、石涛、髡残、弘仁。
21.哪一时期被誉为“青铜时代”夏商周。
23.在我国的画坛上，用线被称为“春云浮空，流水行也”的是哪一位名家顾恺之。
24.名作《韩熙载夜宴图》为哪位画家所作顾闳中。
25.阎立本《步辇图》、吴道子《送子天王图》、张萱 《捣练图》、周昉《簪花仕女图》、韩干《牧马图》、王羲之《兰亭》、王献之《洛神赋》、展子虔《游春图》顾恺之《女史箴图》、王维《袁安卧春图》、李思训《江泛楼阁图》、李昭道《明皇幸蜀图》。南朝书画家（陆探微、张僧繇）；北朝书画家（曹仲达、杨子华）北朝：曹衣出水——曹仲达 南朝：张家样——张僧繇 唐代：吴带当风——吴道子 周家样——周昉 张家样——张萱 26.“昭陵六骏”浮雕中具有情节性的作品是 飒露紫 27.《潇湘图》的作者是五代画家 董源
28.突破“黄家富贵”这种宫廷花鸟画成规的画家是北宋中后期的崔白
29.创造“秀骨清象”风格的画家是 陆探微
30.中国新石器时代最突出的美术创造是 陶器，其中最有代表性的是：仰韶文化
名词解释
仕女画中国古代人物画之一种。原指以封建社会中上层士大夫和妇女生活为题材的中国画；后为人物画科中专指描绘上层妇女生活为题材的一个分目。代表画家又张萱、周昉等。民间木板年画中的“美女画”，亦称“仕女画”。
《步辇图》中国唐代绘画作品。作者阎立本《步辇图》纵38.5厘米、横129.6厘米，绢本，重设色，无款，藏故宫博物院。《步辇图》描绘了唐贞观十四年，吐蕃王松赞干布派使臣禄东赞到长安请求与唐公主和亲，受到唐太宗李世民接见的情景。作品以细致精湛的手法，表现了不同人物的地位、身分和民族的不同特征，对人物神情性格的刻画尤为成功。作品设色典雅绚丽，线条流畅圆劲，构图错落富有变化，为唐代绘画的代表性作品。具有珍贵的历史和艺术价值。
马踏匈奴西汉霍去病墓前群雕的主体雕刻。作者运用寓意手法，以矫健的战马象征骠骑将军，以战马将匈奴将领踏翻在地的典型情节，赞颂霍去病在抗击匈奴战争中建树的奇功。
文人画指封建社会中文人士大夫创作的，鲜明反映他们生活理想和审美情趣的绘画，以别于民间画工和宫廷画院的绘画。特点是重视文化修养，强调笔墨趣味，追求诗、书、画、印结合，标榜“士气”和“逸品”。作为一种绘画思潮，初步形成于北宋中后期，成熟于元代“四大家”，后成为明、清绘画的主流。翰林图画院宋代宫廷绘画机构宋初建立，专为宫廷及皇室贵族服务，设有待诏、画学正、艺学、祗侯、画学生等职位。宋徽宗赵佶时又增设画学医培养宫廷绘画人材，画院制度已此时最为完备，规模最为兴盛。
曹衣出水，吴带当风中国画术语。北齐画家曹仲达所画人物，其体稠叠而衣服紧窄，犹如刚从水中出来。唐代画家吴道子所画人物，其势圆转而衣服飞扬，富于运动感、节奏感。故有“曹衣出水，吴带当风”之说。吴门画派 明代中期活动与苏州地区的文人画流派。该派继承和发展了崇尚笔墨意趣和“士气”“逸格”的元代文人画传统，致力于平和典雅、蕴蓄风流的艺术风格，体现自得其乐的精神生活。以有“吴门四家”之称的沈周、文徵明、唐寅、仇英为代表画家。
徐黄体异五代花鸟画以黄筌、徐熙为代表的两种风格流派，即所谓“黄家富贵，徐熙野逸”。黄筌所作多为宫廷中的奇禽名花，以极细的线条勾勒配以柔丽的赋色，线色相溶，几不见勾勒墨迹，情态生动逼真，具有精谨艳丽的富贵气象。徐熙多画自然中的画竹蔬果、禽鱼草虫，注重“落墨”，用笔不拘泥于精勾细描，而是信笔书写，略加色彩。画面清新雅致，野趣盎然。
外师造化，中得心源唐代画家张璪提出的绘画理论，强调艺术创作既要以大自然为师，又要经过艺术家内心的感受和孕育，它概括了艺术与现实的审美关系，为中国绘画奠定了基础。白阳青藤明代中叶的两位花鸟画大师。陈淳号白阳山人，其后的徐渭晚号青藤，画史上并称“白阳青藤”。他俩把写意花鸟画的发展推向了新的阶段，对明清写意花鸟画产生了极大的影响。南陈北崔指晚明人物画大家陈洪绶和崔子忠。他俩的人物画题材多为道释人物，造型夸张变换，饶有装饰意趣，笔法遒劲，设色古雅。
南北宗论明末董其昌提出的绘画理论。他以佛教禅宗分南北二宗为喻，推出了山水画的“南北宗论”，认为唐以后的山水画分为水墨与青绿两种风格流派。强调前者是文人画的正宗，后者则是利家（指职业画家）画的代表，进而“崇南抑北”，标榜文人画。虽然他对画史的概括并不完全符合历史实际，但提倡的美学观念产生了深远的影响，在将文人水墨画推向高峰的同时，也限制了中国绘画的多样性发展和创造。
昭陵六骏唐太宗陵墓前浮雕。刻划李世民征战时先后骑乘过的六匹骏马，即：飒露紫、拳毛騧、白蹄乌、特勒骠、青骓、什伐赤。分别选取侍立、徐行、奔驰等动态，风姿英武。作品具有强烈的体积感。
帛画古代画在丝织物上的绘画。其表现主题是引魂升天。人物造型带有风俗画性质，线描规整劲利，色彩绚烂谐调，具有装饰风味。代表有战国楚墓的《人物龙凤帛画》、长安马王堆汉墓帛画等。
浙派明代山水画流派之一。明初至武宗嘉靖时最为盛行。该派承继南宋院体，取法于李唐、马远、夏圭，多作斧劈皴，行笔有顿挫，形成水墨苍劲一体。代表画家有戴进、吴伟等。
青铜器发端于黄河流域，是红铜加锡的合金。分礼器、乐器、兵器、工具及车马器等四大类。其中礼器是统治阶段用以区别尊卑等级的器物。其品种有鼎、豆、尊、盘、钟等。
米氏云山宋代山水画派之一。又称“米家山水”。米芾所创，其子米友仁加以继承和发展。描绘云烟掩映的江南山川景色。采用泼墨法，参以积墨和泼墨，又常用焦墨提神，其精妙在于见笔见墨，属水墨大写意画法，自称“墨戏”。对水墨山水发展影响很大。
巴洛克艺术产生于16世纪末的意大利。包含有奇形怪状、矫揉造作之意。无论是建筑、雕刻、绘画都强调运动感、空间感、豪华感、激情感，有时还带点神秘感。雕刻和绘画多表现宗教题材。罗可可艺术18世界法国宫廷绘画风格。该绘画标榜的对所谓“纯美化”的追求，以呈现肉感的裸体、艳丽的色彩为目标，甜腻、繁琐、娇媚的画风是其普遍特征。因其产生路易十五统治时期，故又成为“路易十五式”。代表画家有华多、布歇等。洛可可和巴洛克风格洛可可和巴洛克风格都强调运动感，但前者追求抒情的律动，后者注重有力的旋转。相较而言，前者轻盈纤巧，极其女性化，后者雄伟健壮，充充满阳刚气。从发生上看，前者深受中国明清艺术的影响，后者与西方反宗教改革直接相关。
立体主义西方现代美术流派之一，1907年产生于法国。该派要求从画家的主观意念中，打破物象的自然形态，再进行重新的组合、装配。代表人物有毕加索、勃拉克等。
永乐宫壁画元代道教壁画的代表，永乐宫位于山西永济县，为元代所建，其壁画规模宏伟，形象生动，线描做莼菜条，施以重彩，局部做堆金沥粉，华美异常，可见吴道子画风之影响。威尼斯画派15-16世纪意大利文艺复兴时期的重要画派之一。该派受人文主义影响，题材愈益走向世俗化，其突出特征是对色彩的崇尚、对人体美的赞颂和对自然风景的生动描绘。代表画家有乔尔乔内、提香等。
扬州画派指清代中期活动在扬州地区的一批画家，又叫“扬州八怪”，有郑燮、金农、黄慎等人。他们发展了重视生活感受、强烈抒发性灵的阔笔写意画，尤其是写意花鸟画，冲击了当时流行的恽寿平正统花鸟画风，被称之为“怪”。
野兽主义西方现代美术流派之一。1905年产生于法国。该派画家不满于如实地描绘对象的传统画法，更多地追求自我体验和表现上的单纯化、概括性，注重表达对象的内在精神。代表人物有马蒂斯、鲁奥等。
新印象派即“分色主义”或“点彩派”。19世纪末出现于法国。该派发展了印象派的光色原理，在色彩表象上排斥物象的形体，按照科学规律以“色点”的形式呈现于画面上。代表画家有修拉、西涅克等。
哥特式 欧洲中世纪后期的基督教艺术，源于法国，遍及全欧洲，代表了中世纪艺术发展的高峰。其建筑具有轻盈、纤细的结构，广泛运用尖券、肋拱，以巨大的彩色玻璃花窗取代墙壁，使使得内部空间宽敞、明亮。总体感觉高耸挺拔，充满强烈的向上动感。代表建筑有法国巴黎圣母院。
浪漫主义浪漫主义是在同新古典主义的对抗中发展起来的，其特征是：①反对新古典主义艺术纯理性的冷静描写，主张充分表达自己的情感；②反对新古典主义艺术表现的类型化，强调创作个性，主张具体描绘表现对象的个性特征；③反对新古典主义推崇古代法则、崇尚传统，强调自由描绘，主张创造；④反对新古典主义以线和轮廓为主的素描造型，主张用光和色彩来创造饱满的艺术形象；⑤反对新古典主义雕塑般的严格的造型要求，强调画面构图的生动效果，主张奔放的笔触和有生命力的活动感。现实主义19世纪30——70年代，法国产生了强大的现实主义艺术思潮并涉及欧洲各国。现实主义艺术家反对艺术中的因袭保守和虚构臆造，主张以写实的手法来表现当时真实的社会生活。其特点有：①重现实 对历史题材和古典神话不感兴趣，常常直接刻画当代各阶层人物及其生活。赞美自然，歌颂劳动，深刻而全面的展现了现实生活的广阔画面。②重客观 反对主观臆造、反对粉饰现实，力主如实、客观的描绘人物和事件，不论他们是美的还是丑的。③重批判 着重表现社会底层人物的不幸生活，强调对当时社会黑暗面的鞭挞与批判，因此又被称为批判现实主义。
抽象表现主义第二次世界大战以后产生于美国纽约的艺术思潮，又称行动绘画或纽约画派。它强调作者行动的自由性和无目的性，把创作行为本身提高到重要位置。抽象表现主义艺术家大多反对以往绘画的完整性与技巧性，反对“形象”和“形式”，推崇即兴式的创作与技巧的自由发挥。以波洛克为代表。新古典主义18世纪中期至19世纪上半期兴起于法国而风靡西欧的艺术思潮。新古典主义借用古代英雄主义题材和表现形式，描绘现实斗争中的重大事件和英雄人物，直接为资产阶级夺取政权和巩固政权服务。它遵循古典法则，选择严肃主题，追求塑造的完美，坚持严格的素描和明朗的轮廓，极力减弱绘画的色彩要素。新古典主义绘画的杰出代表是大卫和安格尔。
古典主义17世纪流行于法国的艺术思潮，目的是歌颂王权、服务宫廷。①重理性。强调纯客观的描写，排斥情感与想象。② 重典型。强调普遍的典型的表现，排斥特殊的个性的表现。③重古代。推崇古希腊罗马的艺术传统，以历史、宗教和神话为题材。④重素描。注重以线和轮廓为主的素描造型，强调简练、明确、清晰的艺术语言。
文艺复兴文艺复兴原意是“在古典规范的影响下，艺术和文学的复兴”。在欧洲的历史上，实际是指14世纪到16世纪欧洲文化思想发展中的一个时期，其实质是以新兴资产阶级的人文主义为出发点的伟大的思想解放运动。最先萌芽于南部的意大利，随后推及北部的尼德兰和中部的德国地区。
正面律古埃及艺术具有严格的程式，其中最著名的是正面律。正面律表现在圆雕中，即人物无论站立或安坐，都需正面直对观众，头部和躯体保持笔直状态。表现在浮雕与壁画中，即人物头部为正侧面，眼、肩和胸为正面，腰部以下为正侧面。
《人物御龙图》此画为绢地长方形高37、5厘米，宽28百米；帛画内容是乘龙升天；《御龙图》以章线勾描设色平涂兼施渲染；这幅画技巧成熟人物形象准确神采生动，不公追求外部形貌的肖似，更注重通过对外貌的描写提示对象内存的精神气质。《人物龙凤帛画》此画于1949年在湖南陈家大山楚墓中发现,是我国现存最早的绘画之一.这副画高28厘米、宽20厘米,图中画一细腰女子,身穿宽袖长衣,头后挽这一个垂髻,衣服和冠都有装饰物.妇人两手向前伸出弯曲向上,作合掌状,左侧而立,女子左上方画有一展翅扬尾的凤鸟和一仅现一足的龙。
六要 五代画家荆浩在他重要的山水画理论著作《笔法记》中，提出了“六要”，即气、韵、思、景、笔、墨六个要素，在山水画领域发展了谢赫的六法论。
徐悲鸿精通中国画和油画，擅长画马，技法融合中西画法，运用多种工具及风格 创作。一生创作丰富，作品有体现西方学院派手法的肖像画、风景画、人物画、动物画等及传统中国风格的动物画、花鸟画等。
简答题
试述顾恺之在中国绘画史上的地位1）克服前代限于说教内容的缺点，广泛采用多样性题材2）明确提出了“传神”的重要性3）加强平列构图的变化，依靠画面人物相互关系的巧妙处理以显示人物的情思4）揉合汉画与西域的线条，创造“春蚕吐丝”般的线描风格5）在画法画理诸方面，体现出朴素的现实主义美学思想。
花鸟画中的“徐黄异体”各有什么特点？指五代西蜀画院画家黄筌和南唐画家徐熙的花鸟画风格。黄筌的风格1）取材多为宫廷珍禽瑞鸟，奇花怪石2）画法多采用“双钩填彩”，笔致工细3）画风富丽，设色鲜明。徐熙的风格1）取材多为民间汀花野竹，水鸟渊鱼2）作画重在用墨，兼勾带染，有“落墨花”之称3）设色不以晕淡为工，只是略加色彩。因此画史上有“黄家富贵，徐熙野逸”之说。
写出谢赫“六法”，并逐一加以简要解释1）气韵生动：生动地反映人物精神状态和性格特征2）骨法用笔：通过对人物外表的描绘而反映人物特征的笔法要求3）应物象形：准确地描绘对象的形状4）随类赋彩：按照对象的固有色彩来设色5）经营位置：指构思、构图6）转移模写：指绘画的临摹和复制。
元代画风转变主要表现在哪些方面？1）作画重视主观意兴心绪的表现，把形似和写实放在次要位置2）作品追求笔墨情趣，水墨画极为盛行3）把书法用笔融进绘画创作，丰富了点、线的表现力4）画上流行题写诗文，加强了作品的诗情画意。战国帛画反映的内容及艺术特点是什么？内容：反映了楚人祈求死后升天的幻想。特点：1）画面背景空白，构图突出龙凤飞升的形象2）以线造型，笔致圆转流畅3）形象皆为正侧面，基本比例正确4）龙凤造型具有一定的创造性和装饰趣味。简述后现代主义美术的基本特征1）企图突破审美范畴，打破艺术与生活的界限2）从传统艺术、现代主义艺术的形态学范畴转向方法论，用艺术表达多种思维方式3）从强调主观感情到转向客观世界4）对个性和风格的漠视或敌视5）从对工业、机械社会的反感到与工业机械的结合6）主张艺术平民化，广泛运用大众传播媒介。罗马式建筑的主要特点是什么？1）普遍采用类似古罗马的拱顶和梁柱结合的体系。（2）大量采用希腊罗马时代的“纪念碑式”雕刻装饰教堂3）具有封建城堡的特点4）建筑内部雕刻或绘画中的人物形象都被夸张和变形，表情恐怖、冷漠。构成中世纪艺术中特有的造型方式。
简述法国后印象主义美术的基本特征1）不满于客观主义的表现和片面地追求外光与色彩2）强调抒发自我感受，表现主观感情和情绪3）重视形和构成形的线条、色块和体、面4）创作特色表现为强烈的内心化和个性化。
宋代院体花鸟画的特征宋代院体花鸟画强调深入观察动植物形象情状，讲求“形似”，重视“法度”，亦提倡新意、巧思与诗情，形成了精神完备、“高洁为工”的风格特征。宋代院体花鸟画中既有精工富丽、设色浓重，表现宫廷中奇禽名花的黄氏体，也有清淡疏朗、淡彩着色，描写败荷凫雁的崔白体，但都工细写实、精妙入微。
清初“四僧”的绘画有何共同特点？“四僧”是指清初石涛、朱耷、髡残、弘仁四位出家为僧的画家。他们都是由明入清的遗民，以绘画寄托亡国之痛，抒发内心的强烈情感。四僧重视感受生活，观察自然和独抒性灵，不限于临摹，不囿于挪用古法。以个性鲜明的艺术，突破了四王派所表现的情感内容。以主客观结合、“尚意”又有法则的新手法突破了就程式，在发挥诗歌书法入画的效用并密切结合似与不似之间的形象上，发展了笔墨技法。艺术风貌虽各不相同，在当时都是十分新颖大胆的创造。
谈谈海派的艺术特色海派即上海画派，指清末民初在上海兴起，以赵之谦、任颐、吴昌硕等为代表的绘画流派。海派把诗、书、画、印一体的文人画传统与民间美术传统结合起来，将明清大写意水墨画技艺、金石艺术中刚健雄强的审美特色、强烈鲜艳的色彩融会贯通，描写民间喜闻乐见的题材，形成雅俗共赏的新风貌。简述“扬州八怪”的艺术特色“扬州八怪”是泛指清中期活动在扬州地区的一批画家，有郑燮、金农、黄慎等人。他们在商品社会的生存竞争中，恪守文人的文化情操和文人画的传统，以梅、兰、竹、菊、松、石等为主要庙会对象，除了表现诸如清高、孤傲、绝俗等思想外，还通过题诗写文，赋予作品以深刻的社会内容。在艺术上，扬州八怪发挥水墨特长，以简括手法塑造物象，笔墨纵横，锋芒显露，直抒胸臆，打破了成法约束，冲击了当时流行的恽寿平正统花鸟画风，被称之为“怪”。这些画家形成了反映时代变化的新风貌，发展了文人写意画。
董其昌的绘画理论及其影响 董其昌 “南北宗论”对山水画进行的分类,为我们提供了剖析绘画的哲学观念,他以禅喻画提倡文人画,强调画家的道德修养及思想境界,对中国画的发展产生了积极的影响.但“南北宗论”同时也助长了绘画上的宗派之争,存在着明显的负面影响
中国古代雕刻艺术的特点1）时代特点：在什么样的特定社会环境里就有什么样与之相适应的作品出现。没有游离于时代背景之外的艺术。如陵墓雕刻与佛教造像2）民族风格：古朴庄重、深沉雄大、气魄雄伟、想象神气、富于审美理想，是中国古代雕刻作品突出的特点。
中国古代建筑的基本特征有哪些？1）审美价值与政治伦理价值的统一 2）植根于深厚的传统文化，表现出鲜明的人文主义精神 3）总体性、综合型很强。
中国古代建筑艺术的形式特征有哪些？1）主要是群体组合的艺术 2）精巧的结构，优美的屋顶 3）灵活多变的室内空间 4）鲜明、艳丽的色彩
元代画风转变主要表现在哪些方面？1）作画重视主观意兴心绪的表现，把形似和写实放在次要位置2）作品追求笔墨情趣，水墨画极为盛行3）把书法用笔融进绘画创作，丰富了点、线的表现力4）画上流行题写诗文，加强了作品的诗情画意。春秋时期青铜器有什么特点春秋时期，奴隶制趋于瓦解，青铜器的造型设计也开始摆脱商周以后的神秘宗教气氛，而向清新活泼的风格发展1）器形由庄严、凝重变得奇巧、富丽，器物的纹饰也活泼多样起来，变质朴严谨为细腻新颖2）纹样形式除适合纹样和带状二方连续纹样外，新增加了网状四方连续纹样。
论述题
论述五代山水画的艺术特点及其代表人物。答题要点：五代时期山水画家深入自然，表现感受，创造出更真实的自然面貌，形成了以中原画家荆浩、关仝为代表的北方重峦峻岭和以南唐画家董源、巨然为代表的江南秀丽风光这两种不同的风格和画派，体现了五代山水画的巨大成就。前者气势宏伟、雄浑壮阔，后者平淡天真、秀美抒情。荆浩描绘了崇山峻岭，气势宏伟的北方山水。关仝写景绘形更为概括提炼，笔简气壮，景少意长，善画秋山、寒林、村居、野渡等景色。董源运用披麻皴和点苔法表现烟雾溟濛，江湖纵横的江南景色。巨然山水画笔墨秀润，善绘烟岚气象，充满田园景致。
论隋唐五代山水画的风格演变 答题要点：隋代，山水画从人物故事的背景中独立出来。展子虔的《游春图》是今传存最早的山水画，以青绿山水的风貌开创了我国山水画的端绪，并且初步探讨了“咫尺千里”的透视观。唐代山水画出现了青绿和水墨两种不同风格。山水画家李思训及其子李昭道的青绿山水画继承者展子虔的传统而发展。盛唐时期，山水画出现重大变革。诗人王维创水墨渲染山水，苏轼凭其“画中有诗，诗中有画”。五代时期山水画家深入自然，表现感受，创造出更真实的自然面貌，形成了以中原画家荆浩、关仝为代表的北方重峦峻岭和以南唐画家董源、巨然为代表的江南秀丽风光这两种不同的风格和画派，体现了五代山水画的巨大成就。前者气势宏伟、雄浑壮阔，后者平淡天真、秀美抒情。
试论宋代山水画的代表画家及作品特征。答题要点：北宋山水画以李成、范宽成就最高。他们继承并完善了五代北方山水画派的全景构图形式和雄伟画风，以一种更为具体和更富于个性特征的方式创造了更加接近自然的齐鲁山水或关陕山水。李成善画齐鲁山水，寒林平远、气象萧疏，有 《窠石读碑图》传世。范宽善画关陕山水，高山仰止，气象雄伟，有《西山行旅途》传世。南宋时期，画家们致力于塑造秀丽的江南山水形象。号称南宋四家的李唐、刘松年、马远、夏圭以清奇峭拔的形象和简括的笔墨章法开创了空灵雅秀的南宋院体山水画风。马、夏山水由于大胆剪裁，突破全景程式而画边角之景，因而被称为“马一角”“夏半边”。马远用笔请劲而外露，以《踏歌图》为代表作；夏圭用笔苍老，水墨淋漓，以《山水四断图》为代表作。