模块三关于主题单元教案作业

2024-06-29

模块三关于主题单元教案作业(精选5篇)

篇1:模块三关于主题单元教案作业

模块三(1)关于主题单元教案的作业

学员:XXX

一、主题单元教案的主要设计要素?

1、主题学习概述

2、主题学习目标:知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观

3、主题单元问题设计

4、专题划分(学习活动过程):活动专题概述、本专题学习成果、对应课标(本专题所达到的课程标准)、本专题的问题设计、所需教学材料和资源、学习活动设计(针对该专题所选择的活动形式及过程)、教学评价。

二、结合自己的工作实际,思考这则主题单元的教案与传统的教案有哪些相似和不同之处?

相同点:两者都有教学概述,教学目标,教学过程,教学评价

不同点:

1、传统的教学方式紧跟教材走,按部就班,一课一课的组织学生教学,在主题单元的设计中,充分体现了教学的灵活性,有机的整合了教学内容,即源于教材又灵活的使用教材。

2、传统教案和主题单元教案在设计上都有了明显的变化,传统教案主要通过教学重点和难点来设计的,而主题单元的设计以教学资源为基点,以教和学为重点,精心设计,突出主题单元的特点,注重了学习的内容的开放性和综合性。

3、除保留传统的一些教学形式,如实验法,讲授法等等,主题单元教案在教学形式上尽量采用贴近学生生活、形象生动、张弛有度的典型案例,以教师引导定位为起点,以案例分析为主线,以学生思考、交流、表达、总结及小组分工合作探究“网络安全漫画”为主要活动形式,力争达到学生面临网络安全问题时能思想重视、态度从容、认识客观和应对有方的教学效果。

由此可见,主题单元的设计,以大胆开放的问题设计,引领学生自主实践活动,自主探究,大大促进了教学多元化与智能化的发展。

篇2:模块三关于主题单元教案作业

答:主题单元教案的主要设计要素:学习目标、内容、学习活动组织形式、教学评价、学习资源。具体为:

确定主题:确定主题及核心概念;

描述目标:对主题单元的多样目标进行描述; 单元划分:将主题划分为若干个单元;

对应标准:分析清楚主题单元的内容以及对应的课程标准;

设计成果、规划任务:设计主题单元可包含的学习成果以及学习任务; 设计过程:根据学习成果及学习任务设计相应的学习过程; 创建资源:为主题单元设计和创建资源;

设计评价:设计不用的学习活动过程所适合的评价方式

2.结合自己的工作实际,思考这则主题单元的教案与传统的教案有哪些相似和不同之处? 答:

相似之处:都包含三维目标,教学设计等元素。在每一个主题之下,包括专题学习目标,专题问题、专题教学过程。不同之处: 1.教材内容和学习活动的关系:传统的教学方式是一课一课的按照教材内容组织学习活动,在主题单元的设计中,则可以将相关的多个教材内容作为一个有机的整体来看,从而在设计活动时可以打破教材内容的束缚,设计若干专题来组织学习活动,这样既源于教材,又不拘泥于教材,而是用主题活动的形式展开。

2.传授知识与培养能力的关系:把教材课文转变成专题后,可以采用问题情境来引领学生开展活动,一方面学生的自主活动掌握相关的知识,另一方面更重要的是培养学生的能力。

3.课堂教学和课外延伸的关系:主题单元的设计还要注意学习内容的开放性和综合性。围绕知识拓展的内容在教材中是无法穷尽的,只有通过组织开放的主题活动,将教材内容延伸到课外才能有更大的收获,当然这样的延伸必须基于本课教学的基础,有目的,有针对性,符合学生的年龄特点。

4.常规手段与技术整合的关系:在设计主题单元的时候还要考虑活动的多样性和技术的应用。除保留传统的一些教学形式,如实验法,讲授法等等,同样还可以合理有效的运用信息技术手段组织活动,比如以让学生在上网了解相关的知识,这比仅靠阅读教材要丰富的多,还可以让学生把家庭用电情况的数据输入电脑,绘制成统计图表进行计算和分析,也可以用PPT的形式汇报调查结果,用WORD或画图软件制作宣传海报等。这些活动形式都是传统学习活动中很难替代的,也是培养学生多元智能的有效途径。

5.教案制作方面:传统教案和主题单元教案的制作在信息整合下,无论从教学任务及对象设计,教学目标设计,教学策略设计,教学过程设计及教学评价方面都提升了许多。传统教案的制作一般都是为了完成教学任务根据教学重点设计的。但是主题单元的设计需要以素材积累为基础,精心制作为重点,以教和学为核心。设计出来一般有以下优点:整体风格统一,画面简洁,云翔流畅。两者之间重要的一点联系是主题单元的设计是以设计好的传统教案为基础的。制作一个优秀的主题单元教案必须从好的传统教案入手。

篇3:交流主题单元选题(模块三讨论)

(请您结合工作实际,初步设想您要设计的主题单元教案的主题)

主题单元教学是根据课程实施的水平目标,确立若干个教学主题,教师遵循学生学习的一般规律,以主题为线索,开发和重组相关的教学内容,进行连续课时单元教学的教学方式。开展单元主题教学体现学习领域水平目标达成的针对性、知识技能教学的连贯性和生本化、生活化等特性,将整个教学置于具体的生活情境之中,有利于学生对知识技能的意义建构,重视学生技能的综合运用的实践体验,提高学生理解和运用知识和技能的能力和意识。

单元主题教学的优势在于:一是主题富于单元学习一个完整的儿童化、生活化的学习情境,便于学生完整的理解学习内容和建构知识技能;二是避免教学情境、内容、形式的频繁变换,节省教学组织时间;三是充分激发教师参与课程资源的开发和利用的主动性。

九年级上册 《隆中对》这篇策论表现了诸葛亮“未出茅庐已知天下事”的天才预见和雄才伟略。

《出师表》本表文表达了诸葛亮劝说后主广开言路,严明赏罚,亲贤远佞,继承遗志,复兴汉室的决心。

《词五首》五首词代表了词发展的不同时期和流派,通过学习了解词的常见题材和风格,提高审美能力。

二、主题教学分析

1、主题单元教学设计要求老师转变观念,整体把握教材 单元主题教学是以一个单元为一个整体,引导学生从整体入手,整体把握,紧扣单元训练项目把相关知识联为一条教学线索,使单元整体运转。在教学活动中充分体现以学生为主体,展示学生是学习和发展的主体,引导学生自主学习,自主探究,主动发展,注重能力的培养,促进学生自主实践活动,使学生的个体主体性定能达到很好的尊重和展现。所以教师在进行单元主题教学设计时,要做到:

(1)要通盘规划教学的目标、内容、教学过程以及评估标准,要特别重视学生自身素养全面发展。

(2)按单元主题教学的整体目标要求,确定分年级、分阶段、分单元的具体教学目标,把握单元整合的切入口;

(3)根据内容的不同特点,设计不同类型的主题教学,使“主题”各有特色;

(4)不能只停留在口头上要培养学生创造性能力,要从自交流主题单元选题 模块三讨论 身做起,构建创新思维模式,为学生学习、研究及自主发展奠定坚实的基础;

(5)不能只沿用原有的一些教学手段,要充分运用新的教学手段,如计算机、多媒体、互联网;

2、单元主题教学设计遵循由主导到主学,坚持自主发展原则

在进行单元主题教学设计时,老师要正确处理好学生主体性和教师主导性两者的关系。教师要精心设计单元教学过程,课型设计注重由老师主导到学生主学的过程落实。

3、单元主题教学设计坚持开放的、活动的、具有探究性教学原则

单元主题教学坚持整体性、活动性、开放性、探究性、主体性和综合性。整体策划单元教学、着力组织各类教学活动、全力开放学习场所、充分体现学生的主体性、努力寻求知识与能力的综合。这些使学生从封闭的教学空间走向了社会大课堂,从单一的课本信息来源变为多渠道、全方位的感知、接受,使他们以主人翁的姿态积极投入各项活动。

4、精心设计单元活动主题,充分调动学生主观能动性,促进学生自主发展

在单元主题教学中,单元活动主题是贯穿整个单元教学的主线,单元活动主题的设计,要考虑到学生思维活动的实际情况,达到掌握单元训练重点的目的。在单元教学之前,教师要通读整交流主题单元选题 模块三讨论 个单元的内容,围绕单元,通盘设计活动主题。

5、在单元主题教学设计中,要积极营造浓厚的自主学习氛围。

学生是学习的主体,自主学习本是学生发自内心的客观需要。在单元主题教学中,只有营造浓厚的自主学习氛围,唤起学生的主体意识,激起学习需要,学生才能真正去调动自身的学习潜能,进行自主学习。

三、主题教学的实施

在教材的研习中,我们一定要确合学生的实际去拟定课文教学目标,从而确定教学的重难点。要想真正地把课文上好,我们就必须要吃透教材,对这篇课文我们要有我们自己的理解,要理清我们的教学思路。语文教学目标的设置,教师必须首先考虑到作者,编者的意图和语文教学的总导向性,考虑到学生的接受能力,尤其是课时目标,它应该是整个语文教学过程中的一个小小的链节,所有的课时目标之和就等于整个语文教学的总目标的完成。所以每一个课时目标必须像指南针一样坚定不移地指向语文教学的总目标。

四、教学应达到的效果

充分领会课文所具有的丰富文化内涵。首先要帮助学生扫除文字障碍,掌握文言词汇,积累一些常用的文言词,注意体会文言文和现代汉语词汇的差别,注意总结文言规律(通假字 活用词 古今异义词 多音多义词 同义词)准确理解字词句的含交流主题单元选题 模块三讨论 义、读懂文章的内容,准确地翻译文言文句(文言特殊句式 句子的语气),把握文章的思想感情。在这个单元的教学中,教师要注意引导学生结合时代背景、社会风貌,体会历史人物的思想感情和历史作用,脱离特定环境审视人物的做法是不足取的。

总之,在单元主题教学设计中,要处理好单元主题教学中主题与主题之间相对独立又相互联系的问题,要思考它们的知识与能力目标如何在教学中有序、有层次地完成,在知识、情感、能力上有效地保证单元主题教学的相对独立性和知识能力目标的完整性和系列性。

篇4:模块三关于主题单元教案作业

Plotting a story 1.Retell the story Fog 2.What kind of story do you like to read?

1.What is a plot?

2.The three parts.1.Do part A and B on page 12

2.Listening

3.Analyze the plot of the story Fog

Identifying different elements of a comic strip How can we tell a story? speech bubble, thought bubbles, sound bubbles and caption

Preparing a surprise ending Step1: Check the homework Step2: Lead-in.Talk about the endings of the students’ stories.Step3: Practice

1.Do part A and B on page 15

2.Ask students to add a surprise ending to the given passage.Using adjectives and adverbs in stories Step1: Lead-in

篇5:模块三关于主题单元教案作业

1. sense

a. 感官(可数名词)

People who can’t see often have a fine sense of hearing.

My sense of sight is not so good as it used to be.

b. 感觉(不可数名词),意义

He has no sense of time.

She has a lively sense of humor.

This is a word with several senses.

c. 感到,察觉到(动词)

We sensed the tension in the conference room.

I sensed that I was not welcome.

相关的词组及句型:

in a sense make sense make no sense make sense of

common sense There is no sense in doing sth.

2. affect/effect

The change in climate may affect your health.

She was affected to tears.

The sight affected her to tears.

have an effect on/upon

take effect bring/come/put…into effect

3. fail

1. He had done his best but failed.

2. The news that Tom had failed (in) his exams surprised us.

3. The famous pop star failed to show up at the concert.

failure

After many failures, he succeeded in the end.

He is a failure as an artist, but a success as an art teacher.

4. confuse

We tried to confuse the enemies.

Don’t give me so much information-you are confusing me.

Don’t confuse the black and the white.

I always confuse you with your sister-you look so alike.

5. more than

The stone weighs more than ten tons.

Bamboo is used for more than building.

She was more than happy to see you.

She more than hesitated to promise that

She was more shy than unfriendly.

Reading

1. wonder

v.想知道,惊讶

I wonder if you’d give me some advice.

I wonder how you came to miss your way.

We wondered at/about the speed, with which it arrived.

n.惊讶(不可数);奇迹(可数)

He looked at the picture in wonder.

do/work wonders

the seven wonders of the world

It’s a wonder that he is still alive.

(It’s) no wonder you can’t sleep when you eat so much.

2. this/that adv. -----so

Don’t take what she said that seriously.

Can living in a foreign country change a person that much?

Never stay out this late, or you won’t be allowed to go out in the evening any more.

that pron.

The effect teachers have on children is greater than that of parents.

The book I bought yesterday is more interesting than that he has.

3. observe

She has observed the stars all her life. (观察)

Did you observe anything strange in the man’s conduct? (注意)

She observed a man walking in the opposite direction. (注意)

They did not observe Christine come in and go upstairs. (注意)

We must observe the rules of the road. (遵守)

How many holidays do we observe every year? (庆祝)

4. stare at/look at/glare at/glance at

The teacher stared at the class into silence.

He looked sadly at the dying dog.

“Who broke the window?” the teacher said angrily, glaring at the students.

She glanced at the face of the strange man.

5. desert

v. 丢弃,抛弃

He deserted his friends in need.

The country had been at war for many years and the temple was deserted and the houses fell to pieces.

n. 沙漠

Such animals can’t live in the desert.

adj. deserted

类似的(作明词和动词)词语:tear, record, import, increase, progress, produce

6. set off

All the family set off in search of the missing boy.

Our manager will set off for Australia next week.

They will set off on a journey to Africa.

The bomb could set off by the slightest touch. (爆炸)

set out to do sth set about doing sth

7. beat-beat-beaten

敲击,击打,连续不断的跳动

The father beat his son black and blue.

His heart beats very fast.

The rain beat against the windows.

The bird beat its wings and flew away.

The wave beat the shore all the time.

打败

He beat me at chess.

8. wish for

It is no use wishing for things you can’t have.

I wish that he would be well soon.

I wish to finish the job as soon as possible.

I wish him to return the book to me soon.

Wish you a good trip to Hangzhou.

Wish you all well.

9. with 的复合结构

He looked at me up and down with his eyes wide open.

They often go climbing with bags on their backs.

He left hurriedly with his little daughter crying at home.

The thief was brought in with his hands tied back.

I can’t play chess with you with so much homework to do.

10. watch out

“Watch out!” he shouted when he saw the boy standing on top of the chair.

Watch out for a tall man in a black hat.

You have to watch out for fast traffic along here.

11. pay back/pay for/pay off

I am certain that he will pay back every cent he owes you.

The man wanted me to pay him for the damage.

At last the old man paid off his son’s debts.

His efforts paid off.

12. freeze (froze, frozen)

It may freeze tonight.

They almost froze to death.

freezing air frozen chicken be frozen with

13. contact

Finally he managed to get into contact with them.

My job was to make contact with the local people.

I’ll contact Jones and get his reaction.

I shall contact you by telephone on Friday.

Word power

1. go 由好向不好,正常向不正常转化

The fish went bad.

The girl went blind at the age of 10.

Something went wrong with my motorbike.

mad, hard, pale, hungry

2. afford

a. 负担得起(……费用)

Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.

In those days they couldn’t afford to call in a doctor.

b. 抽出时间做

Are you going to afford the time for a holiday?

c. 提供,给予

Music affords me great pleasure.

The trees afford a pleasant shade.

d. 做得到,经得起

He said he really could’t afford to wait another day.

We can’t afford to offend our employer.

afford 通常与can/could/be able to连用

注意以下afford的搭配

afford sth afford to do

afford sb sth afford sth to sb.

3. mostly

a) mainly, in most cases 主要地,大部分 b) most of the time 通常

Most of the Americans use their cars mostly for their jobs.

Our weather has been mostly warm.

4. develop

a. 发展,养成,培养

China is developing very fast.

He has developed the habit of making notes while listening to the lecture.

They provide good materials for developing the students’ reading skill.

b. 发育,成长,形成

Plants develop from seeds.

He developed into a strong leader.

c. 冲洗

I think these photos will look nice when they are developed.

Let’s have these pictures developed.

5. turn to 变成,转向,求助

They had great difficulty in turning desert to green land.

Who can I turn to when I am in trouble?

If you meet with some new words, don’t always turn to the dictionary for help.

Grammar and usage

1. reduce

A. 减少;缩减

He reduced his weight by 5 kilograms.

The price of these shoes has been reduced.

B. 落到某种境地;化为,变为

Hunger reduced them to stealing.

The bombs reduced the city to ruins.

reduce to order 使恢复秩序

reduce to silence 使安静下来

reduce to tears 使哭了起来

2. add

a. Add a few names to the list.

b. If you add 4 to 3, you get 7.

c. I should add that we are very happy to stay with you. (补充)

d. Her arrival added to our pleasure.

e. Add up these figures, please.

f. The bills add up to exactly $100.

add to 增加;扩建 add…to…把…加到…

add up 加起来 add up to 加起来总计

3. make the most of

a. We must make the most of the fine weather.

b. The students are making the most of the time to do the experiment.

make the best of make full use of make good use of

4. ignore 忽视,不管,不注意

They ignored traffic regulations.

Jack completely ignores all these facts as though they never existed.

5. rather than 而不是

a. I think you, rather than Mary, are to be punished.

b. Rather than fish, we’ll have fried eggs and meat for lunch.

c. The color seems green rather than blue.

d. He would rather walk than drive.

e. I’d prefer to stay indoors rather than go out.

Exercise about noun clauses

1. They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China.

A. which B. that C. whom D. when

2. The fact___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true.

A. that B. which C. when D. what

3. I have no idea ____he will come back.

A. where B. when C. what D. that

4. The news ___ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to be false.

A. that B. when C. what D. how

5. One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right.

A. what that B. that which

C. that what D. which that

6. Word has come ___ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.

A. what B. whether c. that D. which

7. The question is ____the film is worth seeing.

A. if B. what C. whether D. how

8. They received orders _____ the work be done at once.

A .which B. when C. / D .that

9. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.

A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because

10. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.

A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because

11. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.

A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if

12. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.

A. which B. where C. what D. that

13. I have the information ____.

A. of what he’ll come soon B. that he’ll come soon

C. of that he’ll come soon D. his coming soon

16. --- Can I help you?

-- Yes, do you know ____?

A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus

C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes

17. He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.

A. that B. if C. what D. that if

18. They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.

A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what

答案:BABAC CCDCA BDBAA DDA

Task

1. This/It is the first/ last time (that) sb. +现在完成时

This/It was the first/ last time (that) sb. +过去完成时

1) 这是我第一次听她唱歌。

This is the first time that I have heard her sing.

2) 这是我们第二次见面了。

This was the second time we had met each other.

2. He was very interesting to listen to.

Your brother is pleasant to work with.

The boy is difficult to teach.

The bed is comfortable to sleep in.

difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, heavy, important…

3. Suddenly, the lightening came very close and I could hear the

thunder overhead.

come 表示“达到某种条件或状态”

1) The bottle came open in my bag.

2) My family always comes first.

come true come to life come to an end

4. Mr. Liu Weihai is making good progress.

The ship made slow progress through the rough sea.

Jean has made great progress in English.

5. be grateful to sb. /for sth.

我非常感谢所有老师的帮助。

I’m extremely grateful to all the teachers for their help

如能提供信息我们将感激不尽。

We would be grateful for any information you can give us.

He was grateful that she didn’t tell his parents about the incident.

他感到庆幸的是她未将此事告诉他父母。

重要词组

天变黑 grow dark

在远处 in the distance

起航到目的地 set sail for our destination

成功地登上救生艇 manage to get on a lifeboat

消失 go missing

听起来像 sound like

环游世界 travel all around the world

听到头顶的雷声hear the thunder overhead

Project

1. chance 表示“可能性;机会;冒险”

chance/chances of doing sth 做… 的可能

有可能周末弄到票吗?

Is there any chance of getting the tickets at the weekend?

have/stand a chance of (doing sth) 有...的希望;有可能成功

她拿到驾照的希望渺茫.

she has a slim/slight chance of getting the driving license.

chance of sth … 的可能性

手术成功的可能性是很大的。

The operation has a good chance of success.

There is a chance that… 有可能=It is likely that…

There is a chance that I will be chosen for the team.

有可能我被选拔到队里。

市长没有可能改变主意。

There is no chance that the mayor will change his mind.

take a chance (on sth) 冒险

we took a chance on the weather and planned to have the party outside.

我们怀着天气可能会好的侥幸心理筹划到户外聚会。

2. compare… with/to…与…作比较 compare… to…把…比作

Cotton production rose by 30%, compared with last year.

与去年相比,棉花产量增长了30%。

与过去相比,我们的生活要好得多。

Compared with the past, out life is much better.

People often compare teachers to gardeners.

人们经常把老师比作园丁。

这位诗人把他的爱人比作红玫瑰.

The poet compared his lover to a red rose.

3. feed on 表示“以...为食, 以...为能源”

牛主要以草为食 .

Cows mainly feed on grass.

The new car feeding on solar energy is in great demand.

这种新型的以太阳能为能源的汽车需求量极大。

feed 还可表示 “喂…给…吃”,即 feed sth to sb 或 feed sb on/with sth

他的女儿用牛奶喂那只被遗弃的狗。

His daughter fed milk to the deserted dog .

4. be likely to 表示“可能”,常用以下结构:

sb. / sth. be likely to do… It’s (most / very) likely that…

adj. 很可能的,有希望的

She is very likely to ring me tonight.

Tian Liang is the most likely to be the champion.

It is very likely that the government will not support our advice.

adv. 很可能(用在most和very后)

They will very likely come by car.

注意:likely, possible, probable

5. deadly

adj. 极其危险的,致命的,极度的,非常的

The murdered man had many deadly enemies.

Cancer is a deadly disease.

adv. 非常,极其

I was a deadly boring play.

I was deadly sleepy.

die dying dead death deadly

6. jewellery (jewelry) 珠宝,首饰 n.(U)

jewel 宝石, 珠宝首饰 n. (C)

The rich lady has a great deal of gold_____________.

The family_______ are locked away in a safe(保险箱).

7. avoid表示“避开;避免”

通常用于 avoid sth avoid doing sth

In order to avoid failure, we had to work harder.

You should avoid mentioning anything that may embarrass her.

8. panic

n. 惊慌;恐慌

I got into a panic when I found a door was locked.

There was an immediate panic when the alarm sounded.

v. 受惊;惊慌 (panicked, panicked)

Don’t panic.

9. Hit the shark on the nose. 打在鲨鱼的鼻子上。

这是一种动词 + 宾语 + by (on, in) + the + 身体部位等的结构,此种类型常用的动词有:catch, pull, shake, seize, hit, take

He was wounded in the arm.

The ball hit the boy on the head.

He led the cow by the nose.

The old man shook him by the hand.

10. stick

He walks with the help of a walking stick.

Don’t stick your head out of the train window.

Don’t stick paper on the wall.

He got stuck in the mud.

The needle stuck in my finger.

stick to 坚持某种原则

If you stick to it long enough, you can fond the answer to the problem.

11. 倍数的表达方式有三种:

(1) A+ be + 倍数 + the + 长(宽,高)的名词形式+ of +B.

The new building is four times the size of the old one.

The new road is three times the width of the old one.

(2) A+ be(或其他动词) + 倍数 + adj /adv的比较级+ than +B.

The sun is a million times larger than the earth.

This boy runs three times faster than his brother.

(3) A+ be(或其他动词) + 倍数 +as + adj /adv的原级+ as +B.

The car runs three times as fast as I walk.

This factory produced three times as many cars this year as last year.

重要词组

1. 独特的感官 unique senses

2. 长期的进化过程 the long process of evolution

3. 在艰苦的环境中幸存 survive hard environment

4. 400种不同种类的鲨鱼 400 different types of sharks

5. 以人类为食 feed on humans

6. 减少被攻击的可能性 reduce the chances of being attacked

7. 避开大白鲨 avoid the great white shark

8. 在海中溺死 drown in the ocean

9. 一个致命的伤口 a deadly wound

上一篇:《超导磁浮列车》阅读及答案下一篇:神华宁煤董事长王俭关爱员工的安全和生命