英语新闻中常用的节缩词

英语新闻中常用的节缩词（共7篇）

篇1：英语新闻中常用的节缩词

英语写作中常用的过渡词

1.表示时间过渡

before，after，afterwards，now，then，later，soon，next，earlier，gradually，suddenly，finally，immediately

2.表示空间过渡

near，far(from)，in(the)front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，around，outside，inside，on one side

3.表示程度过渡

also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，another，first，second，finally

4.表示比较过渡

in the same way，on contrast，just like，just as，but，still，yet，however，even though，in spite of，on the other hand

5.表示目的过渡

in order to，for this reason/purpose，so that，so as to

6.表示原因和结果过渡

because，since，so，as a result，therefore，then，thus，otherwise

7.表示强调过渡

in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，without any doubt，truly，to repeat，above all，the most important

8.表示解释说明过渡

for example，for instance，in fact，actually，in this case，for，to tell the truth

9.表示总结过渡

finally，at last，in a word，all in all，in brief，as has been shown.

篇2：英语新闻中常用的节缩词

1.表文章结构顺序：First of all，Firstly/First，Secondly/Second…

And then，Finally，In the end，At last

2.表并列补充关系：What is more，Besides，Moreover，Furthermore，In additionAs well as,not only…but(also), including,3.表转折对比关系：However，On the contrary，but,Although+clause(从句)，In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand…Some…，while others…,as for, so…that…

4.表 因 果 关 系：Because，As,So，Thus，Therefore，As a result

5.表换一种方式表达：In other words,that is to say,6.表进行举例说明：For example；For instance；such as+n/doing

7.表 陈 述 事 实：In fact,frankly speaking,8.表达自己观点：As far as I know/concerned，In my opinion,personally,as to me

9.表总结：In short，In a word，In conclusion，In summary,all in all,briefly/ in brief;generally speaking,as you know, as is known to all

良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

A.Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and

disadvantages．(用于说明某物的正反两面）

B.Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.（用

于比较/对比两事物）

C.Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the

city and in thecountryside.（人们关于生活在城市还是农村的优缺点的看法不同）（用于表达看法）

D.As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily

life.（用于说明某物的重要性）

E.Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.（反问语气，更有吸引力，增强说服力）（用法广泛）

文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：定语从句、状语从句、动名词做主语等。

宾语从句举例：I believe Tianjin will be more beautiful and prosperous。

状语从句举例：If everyone does something for the environment,our hometown willbecomeclean and beautiful。

动名词做主语举例：Reading books in the sun is bad for our eyes。

=It’s bad for our eyes to read books in the sun。

定语从句举例：Although I have many different pens,the pen which my father sent me is my favorite one.常用状语从句句型：

1)时间：when，not…until，as soon as

2)目的：so that+clause(从句）;to do(为了)

3)结果：so…that+clause，too…to do(太……以至于……)

4)条件：if，unless(除非)，as long as(只要)

5)让步：though，although，even though，even if

No matter what/when/where/who/which/how

6)比较：as…as…，not so…as…，than

其他句型：

It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道

It is suggested that 据建议 It is estimated that 据估计

It is proved that 据证明 It is learned that 据了解

It is acknowledged that 据大家公认

众所周知： as is known to all, +句子 as we all know, +句子

it is generally/ publicly known / considered that…

There is no doubt that 毫无疑问…

There is no need to do 没必要做…

There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义

表示喜欢和感兴趣：like / love doing /enjoy doing

be fond of doing 喜欢做… be keen on n./doing热衷于做……

have delight in doing.做……很高兴

prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B

be addicted to doing 沉迷于……

prefer doing sth.to doing sth.be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing

fall in love with 深深喜欢做某事

try to do努力做… strive to do 努力做…

try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…

make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做…

do what sb can(do)to do 尽力做…

spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做…

do what / everything sb.can to do 尽某人全力做…

intend / plan to do 打算做…be going to do 打算做…

decide to do 决定做…determine to do 决定做…

be determined to do 决定做…make up one’s mind to do 下定决心做…want to do 想做… would like to do 想做…

hope to do 希望做…expect to do 期待着做…

wish to do 希望做…consider doing 考虑做…

look forward to doing 盼望做… keep on doing 坚持做…

dream of doing 梦想做…can’t help doing 情不自禁地做…

keep / stop / prevent sb.from doing 阻止某人做…

be busy(in)doing 或be busy with + 名词 忙于做…

have trouble / have problem / have difficulty(in)doing 或 with + 名词 做…有困难

spend time / money(in)doing 或spend time / money on + 名词 花费时间做…have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心

get used to/ be accustomed to doing习惯做某事

系动词

系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词及其搭配使用。系动词大致可分为三类：

1）表示具有某种性质、特征或处于某种状态的系动词，如：be，appear，seem，look，taste，sound，feel，smell等。例如：

The story of his life sounds interesting．

他的生平听起来很有趣。

The plan looks good on paper，but will it work？

这个计划从纸面上看不错，但能行得通吗？

The house appeared deserted．

那所房子看来无人居住

2）表示状态变化的系动词，如：become，come，fall，get，go，grow，turn，run，turn out等。例如：

Leaves turn yellow in the autumn．

树叶在秋天变黄。

The post of headmaster fell／became vacant．

校长的位子空了下来。

The sound of the music grew faint as the band marched away．

音乐声随着乐队走远而渐渐减弱。

3）表示某种持续状态的系动词，如： keep，remain，stay，rest，lie，stand等。例如：Few of the houses there remained standing after the earthquake．

地震过后，那里没有几所房子没有倒塌。

The book lay open on the table．

那本书摊开放在桌子上。

The weather has stayed warm all week．

天气整个星期都很暖和。

注意：（1）系动词后跟什么样的表语并不是任意的，有一些固定搭配需特别记忆。如：get ready（准备好了），get dark［（天）变黑］，turn red ／yellow（变红／黄），go bad ／mad（变坏／变疯），go wrong（出错），keep silent（保持沉默），come true（实现了），fall asleep（睡着了），fall ill（生病），等。

（2）系动词没有进行时

（3）系动词没有被动语态。

系动词练习：

3.It _______ like the singing of the birds.A.sounds B.looks C.smells D.tastes

4.This kind of cake tastes _______.The cookies taste ____ and sell _____

A.good B.well C.to be good D.to be well

5.The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______.A.sad, sad B.sadly, sadly C.sad, sadly D.sadly, sad

6.This kind of paper _______ nice.A.feel B.felt C.is feeling D.feels

篇3：英语体育新闻中常用习语的翻译

有关赛马运动的习语

give and take。“give and take”源于18世纪中叶的赛马活动。当时, 英国有一种赛马项目是按照马的高度来判断马的负重。超过负重标准高度的马, 其负重自然就大于标准的负重量。不到标准高度的马, 其负重自然就小于标准的负重量。比赛的奖杯叫做give and take plate或give and take。后来该习语逐渐用来表示“公平交换”;“互谅互让”;“交换意见”。例如:

With Michael, it speaks a lot to his family’s strength that he has respect for adults and the ability to give and take. (拿乔丹来说, 家庭的力量很重要。在家庭的影响下, 他尊重他人, 既会付出又懂得如何索取。)

President’s spoke to Republieans at their issues conference in Baltimore, Maryland and some of the give and take in an extraordinary exchange with his political opposition. (美国之音记者罗宾逊就奥巴马总统在马里兰州巴尔的摩举行的会议上对共和党人发表的讲话, 以及奥巴马总统和他的政治对手之间的意见交换发回了报道。)

dark horse。“dark horse”源于19世纪的赛马活动, 如果人们不清楚一匹马的种源和它的比赛记录, 就把它称为dark horse, 就是说, 人们预料这匹马不会获胜, 但是有时它也会出人意料地获胜。比喻实力难测的竞争对手或出人意料的获胜者。与dark horse含义不大相同的有一个词underdog, 它指的也是在比赛中一个没有什么希望获胜的选手。例如:

Who will be the dark horse of this year’s World Cup Football Match? (谁将会是今年世界杯足球赛中的黑马?)

As a dark horse, what’s your idea during your contest? (作为黑马, 在比赛中你是怎么想的?)

football widow。“football widow”这个习语是指每逢重大足球赛事, 男人为了足球, 可以不做家务, 不陪妻子逛街, 不与妻子说话, 于是一个形象的称号“足球寡妇”便戴到了球迷太太身上。例如:

Let’s play bridge or go shopping this weekend.I’m sick of being a football widow. (这个周末打桥牌或去购物吧, 老让我当足球寡妇, 我都烦死了。)

go-to-guy。“go-to-guy”源于球类比赛。在球类比赛中, 持球人经常将球传给最有可能投篮或最有可能射门成功的球员, 故名。现常常用来比喻“热门红人”。例如:

As his game grows, so will his opportunities as a go-toguy in crunch time. (不过随着比赛能力的提高, 他会慢慢成为在关键时刻值得信赖的球员。)

Repeat champions become stars and“go-to-guys”for media scriveners who need quotes to flesh out news stories. (屡屡折桂的冠军成了明星, 成了媒体撰稿人的“热门红人”。这些撰稿人需要拿他们的话来充实新闻报道。)

Monday-morning quarterback。quarterback是橄榄球队的一个主要角色“四分位”。进攻的时候, 由他指挥本球队的球员。20世纪30年代, 每星期一上班男人们都会在办公室里讨论周末看的球赛, 有人往往会说, 若由他来负责某个球队, 这个球队会打得更好, 这种人被叫做Monday-morning quarterback, 是汉语里的“事后诸葛亮”的意思。例如:

Why didn’t you say anything at that time, you Mondaymorning quarterback! (你当时怎么不说, 净整马后炮的事!)

get to first base。棒球是美国最为普及的体育运动项目之一, 素有美国国球之称。棒球场成直角扇形, 设有四个垒位:一垒 (first base) 、二垒 (second base) 、三垒 (third base) 、四垒 (home base) 。攻队队员在本垒依次用棒击守队投手投来的球, 并乘机跑垒, 能跑完一、二、三垒后回到本垒者得一分。击球手如能安全跑到第一垒, 就有得分的可能, 即取得初步成功。Get to first base原义为“跑到第一垒”, 现表示“取得初步成功”或“跨出第一步”。例如:

Richard got to first base. (理查德跑到第一垒。)

See, if you can’t close on the telephone appointments, you can’t even get to first base.And become good at it. (你看, 如果你不能成交电话预约, 你甚至连第一垒都上不了。要精于此道。)

She was lucky even to get to first base with that crazy scheme of hers. (甚至能够将她那个不切实际的计划开了个良好的头, 她都很幸运了。)

有关拳击运动的习语

down and out。在拳击运动比赛中, 一方拳击手被对方击倒后, 裁判马上开始数秒, 如果数到十还不能站起来, 就被判为失败, 就得退出拳击台。这就叫“down and out”。现在该习语比喻为“无能为力”、“穷困潦倒”、“筋疲力尽”。例如:

when we succumb to the pain, he may make us depressed, down and out, even to die in despair. (当我们屈服于痛苦的时候, 他可能使我们沮丧、潦倒, 甚至在绝望中走向灭亡。)

That’s why most of them do not have a stable income.Some are even down and out.Their music was also not accepted by most of the people in China, this comparatively conservative and aging country. (因此, 摇滚乐手中的大部分经济来源极其不稳定, 甚至穷困潦倒, 他们所创作的音乐在中国这个相对保守、相对老龄化的国家里也不被大多数受众所接受, 他们生活在夹缝中。)

stick one’s neck out (stick one’s chin out) 。在拳击运动比赛中, 拳击手在比赛时若把下巴伸前, 就会招致对方痛击, 甚至很可能被对方一下击倒。如果拳击手的下巴经受住了打击, 没有被对方打倒, 就是take something on the chin。现在这个习语多用其比喻意, 指“挨揍”、“勇敢地接受惩罚或痛苦”的意思。因此, 该习语后来常常用来比喻“冒风险”或“招麻烦”。例如:

I admire our congressman——he’s one politician who’s not afraid to stick his neck out and say what he really thinks, even if it costs him some votes. (我很钦佩我们的国会议员。他是一个敢于冒着风险说自己心里话的政治家, 尽管那样做会使他失去一些选票。)

pull one’s punches。在拳击运动比赛中, 拳击手每打一拳都应该使出全部力气, 才能把对手打倒。如果一个拳击手有意不用力去打, 而是手下留情, 有所保留, 那么他就是在pull one’s punches了。因此, pull one’s punches的含义就是“故意不用力打”。现比喻“谨慎地行动”或“婉转地讲话”。

In this game, he pulled his punches. (在这场比赛中, 他故意不用力打。)

My English teacher doesn’t pull any punches when it comes to discipline.She maintains an orderly classroom. (每当涉及纪律, 我的英语老师批评起人来毫不留情。她保持住一个有序的教室。)

Straight from the shoulder。在拳击比赛中, 拳击手只有出拳又狠又重才能给对手以最大的打击。人们都觉得直接从肩部 (shoulder) 出拳猛击对手是很有力的, 并且能打得又快又准。Straight from the shoulder指比赛中狠狠地打, 后引申为“直截了当的”、“不客气的”等意思。例如:

I spoke straight from the shoulder and told her, I didn’t like the way she treated me yesterday. (我直截了当地告诉她, 我不喜欢她昨天那样对我。)

I want to talk straight from the shoulder-your work isnot good enough. (我要坦率地说, 你的工作做得不够好。)

throw one’s hat in the ring。在过去, 拳击手是巡回比赛的, 观众可以向获胜者提出挑战, 方法非常简单, 把帽子 (hat) 扔在拳击台 (ring, 一般是用绳子围起来的方形台子) 上就可以了, 这样就等于宣布自己要参加比赛。现在多用throw one’s hat in the ring的比喻意, 表示“参加竞赛、比赛、讨论等”。例如:

Linda decided to throw his hat in the ring in 2008Beijing Olympic Games. (林丹决定参加2008年北京奥运会比赛。)

有关田径运动的习语

jump the gun。“jump the gun”意为“抢跑, 提前行动”。常指在田径赛跑比赛中, 发令枪还没有响就跑了出去。现比喻过早地行动, 尤其指在没有经过认真考虑时去做某事。例如:

I didn’t want to jump the gun by saying the agreement would increase jobs for Americans. (我不想过早地说, 这个协议会为美国增加就业机会。)

体育运动项目习语运用于新闻报道的例子很多, 由于篇幅的限制, 在此就不一一赘述。笔者真诚地希望此文能对广大的新闻爱好者和体育工作者在阅读有关英语体育新闻报道时有所帮助。在体育新闻报道中, 新闻工作者若能将体育运动习语用于新闻报道中, 不仅可以给新闻读者带来愉悦的感受, 帮助其快速理解新闻时事, 也可给新闻语言增添新颖幽默的格调, 获得最佳的表达效果。

参考文献

[1].樊云:《体育英语中常用习语的翻译》, 《中国西部科技》, 2007 (9) 。

[2].杜思民:《论中西方词语文化内涵的差异》, 《新闻爱好者》, 2011 (6) 。

[3].李明月:《体育报道中的几个英语常用习语》, 《大学英语》, 2001 (1) 。

[4].杜思民:《新闻导语汉译中语言的文化差异》, 《新闻爱好者》, 2010 (10) 。

[5].胡文仲:《英语习语与英美文化》, 北京, 外语教学与研究出版社, 2001年版。

篇4：2、英语写作中常用过渡词

英语写作中常用过渡词

1、句子写作

（1）Coordinating conjunctions/coordinators（并列连词）

and, but, nor, or, so, yet, however, for, as well as, both……and……, not only……but also……, either……or……, neither……nor……, nevertheless,（2）Subordinating conjunctions/subordinators（从属连词）

after, as long as, if, in so far as, since, because, in case, in order that, as, before, once, as if, every time, till, provided(that), so(that), now that, until, while, though, although, unless, when, lest, whereas,（3）Other connective words（其它连接词）

what, which, that, how, who, whose, where, when, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, wherever，2、段落写作

（1）Time（时间）

after a short time, after a long time, at the same time, at last, before, then, lately, meanwhile, nowadays, shortly, recently, afterwards, since, now then, during, in due time, temporarily, presently, thereafter, after a while, afterward, again, also, and, then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last lately, meanwhile, moreover, next now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when, as, while（2）Sequence（顺序）

first of all, last of all, to begin with, at the end of, in the first place, in the second place, at length, last, lastly, eventually, next, firstly, secondly, first, second, etc.（3）Location（方位）

adjacent to, at the top, at the right, to the right, in the distance, far behind, far ahead, in the centre, nearby, in front of, opposite, straight, ahead, etc.（4）Argumentation（议论）

additionally, in addition, in addition to, and then, again, moreover, too, further, besides, further, furthermore, still, etc.（5）Comparison（比较）

in the same way, in the same fashion, in a similar manner, in a like manner, likewise, similarly, also, equally, again, in comparison, likewise, similarly, equally, however, likewise, in the same way（6）Contrast（对比）

in contrast, not withstanding, on the other hand, on the contrary, despite this, in spite of, otherwise, nevertheless, however, yet, fortunately, all this may be true, etc.（7）Demonstration（证明）

as a matter of fact, in fact that, as an example, for instance, to illustrate this, in other words, particularly, specifically, incidentally, etc.（8）Result（结果）

as a result, for this reason, accordingly, consequently, eventually, thereby, therefore, hence, thus, then, etc.（9）Purpose（目的）

for this purpose, for this reason, for a variety of reasons, with this objection, objectively, subjectively, etc.（10）Conclusion（结论/总结）

as I have said, as can be seen, as shown above, as a result, as noted, as stated, in conclusion, on the whole, indeed, thus, it goes without saying that, in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in fact, 大学英语四级英语写作应试技巧讲义 主讲：Malcolm Tsai

indeed, in short, in other words, of course, it is true specially, namely, in all, that is to summarize, thus, as has been said, altogether, in other words, finally, in simpler terms, in particular, that is, on the whole, to put it differently, therefore（11）Further logic表层进或进一步罗列

first, firstly, to begin with, second, secondly, to start with, third, thirdly, what‘s more, also, and then, and, equally important, besides, in addition, further, in the first place, still, furthermore, last, last but not the least, next, besides, too, moreover, finally（12）Examples or illustration表举例

for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, after all

（13）Explanation表解释

as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words

（14）Emphasis表强调

of course, indeed, above all, most important, emphasis certainly, in fact（15）Concession表让步

still, nevertheless, in spite of, all the same, even so, after all, concession granted, naturally, of course（16）Point-turning logic表转折

篇5：高中英语作文常用的连接词

“They are wasting resources, for example, time, energy and money.”

上面这句话不错，只是转折词“for example”不妥当；应当这样：

“They are wasting resources. For example, they use too much time, energy and money.”

不然就要换一换转折词，改用“such as”或“like”：

“They are wasting resources, such as (or like) time, energy and money.”

不管任何语言，转折词（transitional words）都表演着一个重要角色，就是：承先启后，使句子紧凑，段落相吸，对文章结构，有良性作用。然而有些人几乎不采用转折词的习惯，结果文句蓬松，高下文七零八乱，应该避免。

现在把高中英语作文中的主要转折词，分类列下，供大家参考。

Ⅰ表示“尤有进者”的意思：

Again, also, then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, next, in addition等，例句：

① Jason teaches diligently. Besides, he writes a lot.

② English is a useful language. For one thing, it is an official language in the UN. Then, it is widely used in business, science and technology.

Ⅱ表示“反见解”：

高中英语作文大全常见连词有But, however, still, yet, after all, for all that, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand等，例句：

③ Jim is intelligent but lazy.

④ Singapore is not a big country.On the contrary, it is very small.

Therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等，例句：

⑤ Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy.

⑥ Tom did not work hard; hence, he failed.

Ⅳ表现“比较关系”：

Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等，例句：

⑦ You cannot writes without a pen. Likewise, you cannot cook without rice.

⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class. Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class.

Ⅴ表示“举例示范”：

For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等，例句：

⑨ There are some common errors in his composition. For instance, it is wrong to use “he” to replace “the queen”.

Ⅵ表示“结束”：

To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等，如：

篇6：英语写作常用衔接词

1)先后次序关系：

at this time;first;second;at last;next；previously;simultaneously;eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing...；since then；first of all；afterwards;following this;preceding this.2)因果关系：

because；because of this；being that；another important factor／reason of...； since； as； for； in that...； owing to； due to； for the reason that...； in view of； the reason seems to be obvious;there are about...；for this reason;as a result of this； therefore；...and so...； consequently；as a result； thus； hence； so；so that...； in consequence； as a consequence； accordingly;inevitably;under these conditions;thereupon.3)转折关系：

but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of;yet...；and yet； but unless.4)并列关系：

and;also；too；as well as；either...，or...；both...and...5)(补充)递进关系：

furthermore；moreover；further；In this way ；still； not only...but also...； not...but...； in addition(to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides； as far as...is concerned;moreover；in other words；along this line of consideration；on the one hand...，on the other hand...； even； as a poplar saying goes...；in order to do it...;meanwhile； at the same time； accordingly； In the first place...，in the second place...;equally important;of even greater appeal.6)比较关系：

similarly;in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact...;like...； likewise； similarly important； apart from(doing)...；...rather than...，by doing so ；both…and...;in the same way;not only...but(also).7)对照(不同点)：

yet;still;for all of that;notwithstanding;rather;neither...nor;although;though;but;however;something is just the other way around；yet;conversely； unlike； opposed to;as opposed to ； in contrast(to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this；as opposed to this； nevertheless;contrary to； whereas； while；but on the other hand.8)举例关系: for example； for instance； in this case;namely； as you know； you may as／say； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is...;consider...； in particular；including...；for one thing...，for another...；put it simply；stated roughly； as an illustration，I will say...； a good example(of...)would be...；to detail this，I would like to...； It is interesting to note that...；in this situation;as proof;take the case of;take as example(something)； as for;as regards； as to； according to;on this occasion.9)强调关系：

in fact;especially；particularly；moreover；naturally;what is more important； in reality； certainly;of course;indeed;in particular；not to mention...；believe it or not；undeniably;other thing being equal；it is certain／sure that...；to be strict;to be true；by definition;definitely;undoubtedly;without a doubt;in truth, in any event(不论怎样);without reservation(毫无保留地);obviously, not only..but(also...), both...and...10)条件关系:

if；unless;lest；provided that；if it is the case；in this sense；once...；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all;if anything.11)归纳总结类：

in other words；on the whole;in sum;therefore；hence；in short；in brief；to sum up；in conclusion;in summary； to conclude； the conclusion can be drawn that...;for this reason;in short.12)地点关系：

beyond;opposite to;adjacent to;at the same place;there;over;in the middle;around;in front of;in the distance;farther;here and there;above;below;at the right;between;on this side.13)目的关系：

with this object;for this purpose;in order that;in this way, since;so that;on that account;in case;with a view to;for the same reason.14)重申关系：

in other words;that is to say;as I have said;again;once again.15)结果关系：

accordingly;thus;consequently;hence;therefore;thereupon;inevitably;under these conditions;as a result;as a consequence;because;because of;so that;not only...but(also...);so...as to.16)顺序关系：

first;second;thirdly;next;then;at the outset(在开始时)，following this;at this time;now;at this point;after;afterward;after this;subsequently;lastly;finally;consequently;before this;previously;preceding this;simultaneously;concurrently(同时).17)时间关系：

at once;immediately;at length;in the mean time;meanwhile;at the same time;in the end;then;soon;not long after;later;at once;at last;finally;some time ago;at present;all of a sudden;from this time on;from time to time;since then;when;whenever;next point;a few minutes later;formerly;as;once;since;occasionally;in a moment;shortly;whereupon;previously

写作模板: 辩论式议论文

模版1

Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 论据1.More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2

People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版3

There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）.Some people are of the view that 观点1, while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 论据1.Furthermore, 论据2.Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 论据3.A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.图表式作文

It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are …(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, …(第一个原因).More importantly, …(第二个原因).Most important of all, …(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).提纲式作文

1． 对立观点式

A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？

B． 有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？

C．我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。

However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

2． 批驳观点式

A．一个错误观点。

B． 我不同意。

Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。

There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

3． 社会问题（现象）式

A．一个社会问题或者现象。

B． 产生的原因

C．对社会和我们生活的影响

D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）

E． 前景的预测。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。

There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。

X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。

A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.参照辩论式议论文的写法。

篇7：英语新闻中常用的节缩词

本文语料来源于国家语言监测与研究有声媒体中心2015年语料库,即从2015年1月至2015年12月一年的广播电视新闻、报纸新闻、网络新闻语料。报纸语料主要包括人民日报、北京青年报、中国青年报、北京晚报、新京报等主流报纸。网络语料主要来源于搜狐网、腾讯网、新浪网、凤凰网、网易网等主流媒体网站。广播电视语料主要来源于国家新闻联播、地方电视新闻节目及广播节目。具体选取情况如下:

本文将以大规模语料统计为基础,考察各类功能词在三大媒介新闻中的分布差异并探究造成差异分布的原因。

二、三大媒介新闻中的功能词分布考察

由表1可得,2015年报纸、广播电视、网络三大媒介新闻语料的总词数。下一步筛选出功能词总量在三大媒介新闻的分布,计算得出功能词在三大媒介各占的比例,结果如下:

由表2可得,功能词总量在报纸、广播电视、网络新闻语料中大约都占21%左右,即从整体看,功能词在不同媒介新闻的比例分布差别不大。

从整体看,功能词比例分布差距很小。那从各类来看,功能词在不同媒介新闻的分布的比例有没有差距呢?不同新闻媒介各类功能词词次比例分布如下:

由表3可得,连词、助词、介词这三类功能词在三大不同媒介新闻的比例分布差异不大。但广播电视新闻语料中副词的比例明显比报纸、网络低,不到报纸或者网络用量比例的一半。而广播电视类新闻语气词的用量又比报纸、网络高,大致相当于报纸或者网络用量比例的2倍。

三、三大媒介新闻中语气词分布比较

由表3得知广播电视新闻语料语气词词次比例大约是报纸、网络新闻的2倍。经过进一步统计,语气词词种数在报纸、广播电视、网络三大新闻媒介分布如下:

由表4可知,2015年报纸新闻语料包含42种语气词,广播电视新闻语料含有41种语气词,网络新闻语料含有43种语气词。即广播电视新闻语气词词次比例显著高于报纸、网络原因不是广播电视新闻语料中所使用的语气词词种多,而是在语气词词种数大致相同的情况下词频高。

(一)从语气词的标记功能阐释原因

广播电视新闻语气词词频使用率比报纸、网络高。究其原因,首先从三种新闻媒介的传播方式来看。报纸和网络新闻是讲究“看”的新闻,而电视新闻是“听”与“看”相结合的新闻,“听”的是播音员说出的话,“看”的不是静态的文字而是动态的画面。这两种不同的传播方式对新闻语句的长度会产生一定的影响。靠“听话”的广播电视新闻语句趋于短小,播音员播一遍,观众就可以听懂;报纸、网络语句可以更冗长,读者看不懂可以返回去重读一遍。而语气词的标记功能使得广播电视语句趋于短小、停顿的特点更容易实现。

1.语气词的停顿标记功能。

语气词用于句中可标示停顿,但停顿的时间长短不同。比较常见的是句中语气词后面加逗号。例如:

(1)但是这种模式呢,比如说外面有一些限制,不能起飞,那就会造成旅客在机上长时间等待。(2015年12月3日《北京交通新闻》)

(2)那么正因为审计提供了一个强大的震慑力,同时呢,通过审计,改进制度建设,那么腐败的机会减少了,漏洞堵住了,这也减少了腐败。(2015年12月13日《全国新闻联播》)

(3)各位司机朋友还是多留意吧,法律在那,别去趟雷。(2015年12月13日《新闻晚高峰》)

有些语气词出现在句中,但是后面没有跟逗号,例如:

(4)这个季节天气呀都适宜老人,越往那边越暖和,放松一下。(2015年3月31日《乌鲁木齐新闻》)

(5)比如有一类呢是关于军用车辆,这是整个的一个条目被完全取消了,另外呢在航空和船舶的一些配套的产品里面,也取消的比较多、比如一些通用的产品,像空调啊、气象雷达啊,(2015年12月13日《全国新闻联播》)

从例句(4)(5)中可以读出语气词后面虽然没有逗号,但读的时候仍有停顿,只是停顿的时间不如例句(1)(2)(3)停顿时间长,还不用加逗号。即不论句中语气词后面有没有加逗号,都有停顿功能。即语气词的加入使得新闻中较长的语句便于停顿,听起来更短小,也更便于观众理解。

2.语气词的信息标记功能

语气词用于句中除了具有停顿标记功能,还有信息标记功能。广播电视新闻主要是靠“听”的,这就要求句子不光精简短小,也要求句子最好能突出重点,语气词的信息标记功能恰好能做到这一点。专家前辈们在这方面也做过不少研究,最后得出的结论几乎都跟句子的话题有关。例如曹逢甫先生认为句中语气词“是判定汉语主题的可靠方法”。方梅则从信息论的角度论证了“句中语气词实际上是反应句子次要信息和重要信息划分的‘主位—述位’结构的标志。”她认为语气词前的部分是次要信息,语气词后的部分是重要信息。信息标记论比话题标记论更准确些。结合以上的例(2)中的语气词“呢”,“呢”之后是句子的重要信息“审计减少了腐败”。即语气词的信息标记功能能让观众聚焦重点,更好地契合了广播电视新闻节目句子既简练又能突出重点、吸引观众听众的特性。

四、三大媒介新闻中副词分布比较

由表3可得,广播电视新闻类副词词次比显著低于报纸、网络新闻。究其原因,对副词词种在三大媒介新闻分布比例进行了统计,结果如下:

由图1可得,广播电视新闻副词词种明显低于报纸、网络副词词种。广播电视新闻类副词词种为1372,报纸为1493,网络为1501。即广播电视新闻类副词词次比显著低于报纸、网络新闻的主要原因是副词在广播电视新闻中使用的词种少。

对比副词在广播电视、报纸、网络三大新闻媒介广播电视、报纸、网络新闻词种分布,最常用的前1000名副词词种基本相同,只是排列的先后顺序有细微差别。而广播电视新闻包含的副词词种比报纸、网络新闻少,具体副词词种对比如下所示:

由表5可得,广播电视新闻副词比报纸新闻副词少的词种,例如“少倾”“奋然”等,较书面语。广播电视新闻主要是靠“听”的,受众十分广泛,所以语言偏向于口语化,如果使用出现在报纸新闻中的副词“少倾”,知识水平受限的观众听不懂、看不懂。广播电视不像纸媒,书面形式读不懂可以读第二遍。并且报纸的受众基本都是有一定文化水平的。有学者调查得出网络新闻受众的文化水平与报纸类似,但网络新闻受众主要是年轻人,所以网络新闻更加新潮。作为修饰语的副词的选择自然也很有潮味,“自自”“颠颠儿”如果用在报纸、广播电视新闻中则显得不伦不类。所以作为受众群体最广泛的广播电视媒体,语言的选用通俗易懂,即选择三大媒介词频都很高的词语。所以广播电视新闻节目出现的副词都是三大媒介的交集词汇,这样的副词受众群体最为广泛,所以才会出现广播电视新闻副词的使用比报纸、网络少的现象。

参考文献

[1]陆俭明,马真.现代汉语虚词散论[M].北京:语文出版社,1999.

[2]齐沪杨.语气词与语气系统[M].安徽教育出版社,2002.

[3]邵敬敏.语气词“呢”在疑问句中的作用[J].中国语文.1994(6).