国际法英文名词解释（通用6篇）
篇1：国际法英文名词解释
英文 | 中文 | 名词解释 |
international private law | 国际私法 | 是以直接规范和间接规范相结合来调整平等主体之间的国际民商事法律关系并解决涉外民商事法律冲突的法律部门 |
civil and commercial legal relations with(involving)foreign elements = international civil and commercial legal relations | 具（含）有涉外（国际）因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系 | 指主体、客体和内容（权利与义务）这三要素至少有一个或一个以上的因素与国外有联系的民商事法律关系 |
conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law | 冲突规范 法律适用规范 法律选择规范 国际私法规范 | 它是指明某种国际民商事法律关系应适用何种法律的规范 |
substantive rules | 实体规范 | |
Rule of law | 法律规范 | |
substance | 实体问题 | 如果一个问题被识别为程序问题，就适用法院地法，如果被识别为实体问题，要根据冲突规范选择所适用的法律 |
procedure | 程序问题 | |
right | 权利（问题）/实体问题 | |
remedy | 救济（问题）/程序问题 | |
Statues of limitation | 时效问题 | P116 |
conflict of laws | 法律冲突/法律抵触 | 多数英美学者认为，法律冲突只是法官头脑中矛盾的反映，这个矛盾就是法官应该选择哪一个法域的法律。简而言之，法律冲突就是法律选择上的矛盾。所以，英美学者常常把法律冲突问题称为法律选择问题（choice of law） 我国有的学者认为，“法律冲突乃是因内容不一致的两个或两个以上国家的法律同时适用在某一种涉外民商事法律关系上产生的法律抵触现象。”李浩培教授认为“法律冲突”的提法太严重、太过分了一点，因而更倾向于使用“法律抵触”，即“各国民商法相互歧异的情况” 因此，冲突法学者所讲的法律冲突，主要是从国际民商事法律冲突的角度来概括的。如果从普遍的意义上来讲，法律冲突是指两个或两个以上的不同法律同时调整一个相同的社会关系而在这些法律之间产生矛盾的社会现象。 一般说来，只要不同法律对同一问题作了不同规定，当某种事实将这些不同的法律规定联系在一起的时候，法律冲突现象就有可能发生。 |
inter-regional conflict of laws | 法律的区际冲突 | 是一个国家内部不同法域之间的法律冲突。 依法律冲突的性质为标准，可分为空间上的法律冲突、时际法律冲突和人际法律冲突。空间上的法律冲突，就是不同地区之间的法律冲突，包括国际法律冲突和区际法律冲突。国际法律冲突是不同国家之间的法律冲突。 |
personal supremacy | 属人优越权 | 属人管辖权。又称属人优越权，是指国家对于具有其国籍的人，具有管辖的权利，而无论他们在国内还是国外。除自然人外，国家行使属人管辖权的对象在不同程度上还包括具有该国国籍的法人，以及船舶、航空器或航天器。 |
territorial supremacy | 属地优越权 | 属地管辖权。又称属地优越权，是指国家对其领土及领土内的一切人、物和事件，都有管辖的权利，除非国际法另有规定。这是国家行使管辖权的首要依据，除非国际法另有规定，属地管辖权优于其他管辖权类型。 |
uniform substantive rules | （国际）统一实体法规范 | 国际统一实体规范，更确切地说是国际统一实体私法规范。这种规范就是国际条约和国际惯例中具体规定国际民商事法律关系当事人的实体权利与义务的规范。从整体上讲，国际统一实体规范的出现晚于冲突规范。 |
The Hague Conference of Private International law | 海牙国际私法会议 | |
autonomie de la volonté = L’autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will | 意思自治原则 | 法国的法则区别说：代表人物——杜摩兰。他主张把法则分为人法、物法和行为法三类，但他认为只有在不依据双方当事人的自主意思时，才有必要作这种划分。他极力主张扩大“人法”的适用范围。特别重要的是，杜摩兰在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中提出了“意思自治”原则。他认为，在契约关系中，应该适用当事人自主选择的习惯法，若当事人于契约中未作明示选择，法院应推定其默示意思，即根据整个案情的各种迹象来判断双方当事人意思之所在，以确定应当适用的法律。 |
autonomy of will | 意思自治原则 | 民商事法律适用中的“意思自治原则”： ①只有法律允许当事人意思自治的，当事人的法律选择才有效，且法律适用中的意思自治不受实际联系原则的限制（法律另有规定的除外）——法律适用中的“意思自治原则”是一种授权性规定，不是一种禁止性规定，只有有授权才有效；有授权就没有限制，选择突破实际联系原则 ②当事人意思自治的最晚时间为一审法庭辩论结束终结前，各方当事人援引相同法律且未提出法律适用异议的，视为已经达成意思自治——行为方式达成意思一致是可以的，两个条件：各方当事人均援引了相同法律且任何一方当事人没有对援引的法律提出法律适用的异议 ③国际条约（包括尚未对中国生效的国际条约）可以成为当事人意思自治的对象，但不得损害中国的社会公共利益，且不违反我国法律的强制性规定——国际条约包括了中国已经加入的和中国没有加入的国际条约，都可以成为当事人意思自治的对象 |
lex cause = applicable law | 准据法 | 是国际私法的一个特有概念。它是指经冲突规范指引用来解决国际民商事争议的具体实体法规则 |
lex personalis | 属人法 | 是以法律关系当事人的国籍、住所或惯常居所作为连接点的系属公式。属人法一般用来解决人的身份、能力及亲属、继承关系等方面的民事法律冲突 属人法的两大派别：本国法和住所地法。这俩书上都没给解释，看看就好了，我复制的百度百科 |
lex patriae | 本国法/国籍国法 | 本国法是“住所地法”的对称。一个系属公式。涉外民事关系当事人国籍所属国法。属人法的一种。经常用来解决当事人身份关系、权利能力和行为能力以及其他和人身有关的法律冲突问题 |
lex domicilii | 住所地法 | 住所地法，涉外民商事法律关系当事人住所所在地国家的法律。属人法的一种理解 |
lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs | 物之所在地法 | 是民事法律关系的客体物所在国家的法律，它常用来解决有关物权，特别是不动产物权的法律冲突问题 |
lex loci actus | 行为地法 | 是指法律行为发生地所属法域的法律。由于法律行为的多样性，行为地法派生出了下列常见的系属公式：合同缔结地法、合同履行地法、婚姻举行地法、侵权行为地法 |
locus regit actum | 场所支配行为 | 场所支配行为是国际私法中的一项冲突规则，由意大利法学家巴特鲁斯所创立。认为法律行为方式应由行为地法来决定，只要某一行为符合行为地法的规定，那么世界各国都应承认它的合法性。 |
lex loci contractus | 合同缔结地法 | 一般用来解决合同的成立、合同内容的合法性、合同的方式等方面的法律冲突问题 |
lex loci solutionis | 合同履行地法 | 一般用来解决合同内容，特别是合同履行方面的法律冲突问题 |
lex loci delicti | 侵权行为地法 | 一般用来解决涉外婚姻关系尤其是婚姻方式方面的法律冲突问题 |
lex loci celebration | 婚姻举行地法 | 一般用以解决涉外婚姻关系尤其是婚姻方式方面的法律冲突问题 |
lex voluntatis | 当事人合意选择的法律 | 是指双方当事人自行选择的那个法域的法律。采用这一系属公式时，表明法律承认当事人有选择法律的自主权，故叫做“意思自治”原则。它主要用来解决涉外合同的法律适用问题 |
lex fori | 法院地法 | 是审理国际民商事案件的法院所在国家的法律。他常用来解决国际民事诉讼程序方面的法律冲突的问题 艾伦茨威格。国际私法赖以建立和发展的基础是优先适用法院地法，适用外国法只是一个例外 |
law of the flag | 旗国法 | 就是旗帜所属国家的法律，它常用来解决船舶、航空器在运输过程中发生纠纷时的法律冲突问题 |
law of the place of the most significant relationship | 最密切联系地法 | 是与国际民商事关系有最密切联系的国家的法律。它起源于萨维尼的“法律关系本座说”，真正得到确立和发展则是近几十年内的事情。目前，他既是一项法律选择的指导原则，又作为系属公式大量出现于冲突规范中，适用于许多不同性质的国际民商事关系，尤其适用于涉外合同关系 |
habitual residence | 惯常居所 | “惯常居所”这个概念在法律规范中最早出现在海牙国际私法会议制定的国际条约中，其目的是协调大陆法国家的“国籍”主张和英美法国家的“住所”主张。所以，不少嗨呀国际私法条约和其他国际条约对管辖权问题和法律适用问题都采用了“惯常居所”标准 惯常居所是指行为人有多个居所,而其经常居住的场所。 |
category = object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts | 范围 连接对象 问题的分类 起作用的事实 | 是指冲突规范所要调整的民商事关系或所要解决的法律问题 |
point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground | 连结点 =连结因素 =连结根据 | 连结点是冲突规范借以确定国际民商事关系应当适用什么法律的根据 |
attribution | 系属 | 是规定冲突规范中“范围”所应适用的法律。它指令法院在处理某一具体国际民商事关系时应如何适用法律，或允许当事人或法院在冲突规范规定的范围内选择应适用的法律。其词语结构常表现为“……适用……法律”或“……依……法律”。例如，在“侵权行为的损害赔偿，适用侵权行为地法律”这条冲突规范中，“侵权行为的损害赔偿”是范围，“适用侵权行为地法律”是系属 |
formula of attribution | 系属公式 | 就是把一些解决法律冲突的规则固定化，使它成为国际上公认的或为大多数国家所采用的处理原则，以便解决同类性质的法律关系的法律适用问题 |
unilateral conflict rules | 单边冲突规范 | 用来直接规定适用某国法律的规范。它既可以明确规定适用内国法，也可以明确规定适用外国法 |
bilateral conflict rules = all-side conflict rules | 双边冲突规范 | 指并不明确规定适用内国法还是外国法，而只规定一个可推定的系属，再根据此系属，结合实际情况去寻找适用的某一个国家的法律的冲突规范 |
double rules for regulating the conflict of laws | 重叠适用的冲突规范 | 就是其系属中有两个或两个以上的连接点，它们所指引的准据法同时适用于某一国际民商事关系的冲突规范 |
choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws | 选择适用的冲突规范 | 其系属中有两个或两个以上的连接点，但只选择其中之一来调整有关的国际民商事关系的冲突规范 无条件的选择适用的冲突规范。在这种规范中，人们可以任意或无条件地选择系属中有两个或两个以上的连接点，但只选择其中之一来调整有关的国际民商事关系的冲突规范 有条件的选择适用的冲突规范。是指系属中有两个或两个以上的连接点，但只允许依顺序或有条件地选择其中之一来调整某一国际民商事关系的冲突规范 |
preliminary question = incidental problem | 先决问题 =附带问题 | 是指一国法院在处理涉外案件的某一项争讼问题时，如果必须以解决另外一个问题为先决条件，便可以把该争讼问题称为“本问题”或“主要问题”，而把需要首先解决的另一问题称为“先决问题”或“附带问题” |
principal question | 主要问题/本问题 | 如上（我也不懂在说什么） |
jurisdiction-selecting rules | 管辖权选择方法 | 书p111 |
Presumptions | 推定 | 分为事实推定和法律推定 |
Presumptions of fact | 事实的推定 | 根据已知的事实进行推断 |
Presumptions of law | 法律的推定 | 根据法律的规定进行推断 |
Characterization = qualification = classification = identification | 识别/定性/分类 | 依据一定的法律观念，对有关的事实构成作出“定性”或“分类”。将其归入一定的法律范畴，从而确定应援用哪一条冲突规范的认识过程 |
Movable property | 动产 | 可以移动的物，其处所常常带有短暂性和偶然性 |
Immovable property | 不动产 | 不能移动或移动就会损失其经济价值的物 |
Personal property v.Real property | 不知道是啥 她她那个文档里有 但我没找到 | |
Renvoi | 反致 | 有广义和狭义之分，广义的反致包括狭义的反致、转致、间接反致和外国法院说 |
Remission = renvoi au premier degré | 直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致 | 对于某一国际私法案件，法院按照本国的冲突规范本应适用外国法，而该外国法中的冲突规范指定应适用法院地法，结果法院适用了法院地国的实体法 |
Transmission = renvoi au second degré | 转致/二级反致 | 对于某一国际私法案件，甲国法院按照本国的冲突规范本应适用乙国法，乙国的冲突规范又指定适用丙国法，甲国法院因此适用了丙国实体法 |
Indirect remission | 间接反致/大反致 | 对于某一国际私法案件，甲国法院依本国的冲突规范应适用乙国法，依乙国的冲突规范又应适用丙国法，而因丙国的冲突规范又因适用甲国法，甲国法院因此适用本国的实体法作为准据法 |
Double renvoi = foreign court theory | 双重反致/外国法院说 | 英国特有的反致制度，英国法官在处理特定的国际私法案件时，如果依英国的冲突规范应适用某一外国法，英国法官应‘设身处地“地将自己视为在外国审判，根据该外国的冲突规范，并依外国对反致的态度，决定应适用的冲突规范 |
Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points of contact | 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点 | 是指国际民商事关系的当事人为利用某一冲突规范，故意制造某种连接点的构成要素，避开本应适用的强制性或禁止性法律规则，从而使对自己有利的法律得以适用的一种逃法或脱法行为 |
The reservation of public order | 公共秩序保留制度 | 一国法院依冲突规范应该适用外国法时，或者依法应该承认与执行外国法院判决或仲裁裁决时，或者依法应该提供司法协助时，因这种适用、承认与执行或者提供司法协助会与法院地国的重大利益、基本政策、法律的基本原则或道德的基本观念相抵触而有权排除和拒绝的 |
Substantial contact | 实质的联系 | |
The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law | 外国法（内容）的查明/外国法的证明 | 是指一国法院在审理国际民商事案件时，如果依本国的冲突规范应适用某一外国实体法，如何查明该外国法关于这一特定问题的规定的问题。 |
Nationality | 国籍 | 我国学者比较赞成李浩培教授的观点：“国籍是指一个人作为特定国家的成员而隶属于这个国家的一种法律上的身份。“ |
dependency | 法定住所/从属住所 | 即自然人依法律规定而取得的住所 |
Residence | 居所 | 暂住或客居之地 |
Habitual resident | 习惯居所/惯常居所 | 持续一定时间的经常的实际居住 |
Legal person | 法人 | 指按照法定程序设立，有一定的组织机构和独立的财产，并能以自己的名义享有民事权利和承担民事义务的社会组织 |
Public body | 公共团体 | |
State immunity | 国家豁免 | 包括司法豁免和执行豁免两种 |
Immunity from jurisdiction = immunity ratione personae | 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免 | 不得将国家作为被告，不得将国家财产作为诉讼标的在外国法院起诉。因为这种豁免主要涉及国家的法律人格 |
Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae | 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免 | 对国家所有的财产不能再别国法院采取诉讼保全措施和强制执行措施，即使国家通过明示或暗示的方式放弃司法管辖豁免，也并不意味着其同时放弃诉讼程序豁免和执行豁免 |
The doctrine of absolute immunity | 绝对豁免理论 | 一种最古老的国家豁免理论。该理论认为，一个国家，不论其行为的性质如何，在他国享有绝对的豁免，除非该国放弃其豁免权。 |
The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity | 限制豁免论/职能豁免论 | 主张把国家的行为分为主权行为和非主权行为。主权行为享有豁免权，非主权行为不享有豁免权 |
Immunity of state property | 国家财产豁免 | 在国际民事交往中，一个国家及其财产享有不受其他国家管辖与执行措施的权利 |
National treatment | 国民待遇 | 指内国给予外国人的待遇和给予本国人的待遇相同，即在同样条件下外国人和内国人所享有的权利和承担的义务相同 |
Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN | 最惠国待遇 | 指施惠国给予受惠国的待遇不低于施惠国已经给予或将来给予任何第三国的待遇 |
Preferential treatment | 优惠待遇 | 指一国为了某种目的给予外国及其自然人法人以特定优惠的一种待遇 |
Non-discriminate treatment | 非歧视待遇 | 指有关国家约定互相不把对其他国家或仅对个别国家施加的限制加在对方身上，从而是自己不处于比其他国家更差的地位 |
Capacity for right | （民事）权利能力 | |
Allgemeine Rechtsfähigkeit | 一般权利能力 | 自然人在法律上能够享有权利和承担义务的资格 |
Besondere Rechtsfähigkeit | 特别权利能力 | 一个人能够享有某种个别的或者特定的权利的资格和能力 |
Declaration of absence | 宣告失踪 | 指法院依法认定离开自己的住所没有任何消息满法定期间的公民失踪的法律制度 |
Declaration of death | 宣告死亡/推定死亡 | 指公民下落不明超过法律规定时间，经利害关系人申请，由司法机构依照法定程序和方式宣告该公民死亡的一种法律推定制度 |
Right in rem | 物权 | 指由法律确认的主体直接支配物并排除他人干涉的权利 |
Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae | 物之所在地法 | 物权关系客体物所在地的法律 |
Shares | 股份 | |
Nationalization | 国有化 | 指主权国家或政府依据本国法律，将某些原属私人（包括外国自然人法人）占有的财产和权利收归国有，由国家或它的机构加以控制和使用的一种法律措施 |
Requisition | 征用 | 政府在经济情况下为了公共利益而在一定期限内对私人财产予以征收使用，并给予一定补偿的一种措施 |
Confiscation | 没收 | 政府将私人财产永远收为公有，不给予任何补偿的一种措施 |
Expropriation | 征收 | 政府为了公共利益需求依法将私人财产或企业收归公有，可能给予补偿也可能不给予补偿的一种措施 |
Trusts | 信托 | 委托人将财产权转移于受托人，受托人依信托文件所定，为受益人或特定目的而管理和处分信托财产的法律关系 |
Trust property | 信托财产 | 分为动产和不动产 |
The doctrine of the most significant relationship | 最密切联系原则 | 在合同的法律适用方面，最密切联系原则是指，合同应适用的法律是合同在经济意义或其他社会意义上集中地定位于的某一国家的法律 |
The most real connection | 最真实联系 | Sorry没找到 |
Contracting states | 缔约国 | 主权国家间就某项事件达成共识并签订相关条约，条约制定国以及志愿加入或者遵守并同意签约的其他主权国家，都属于此条约的缔约国，缔约国是就某项条约共同签订的国家以及后来愿意遵守此条约而签约加入的国家，它是以条约为基础，所有签署的国家都是以条约为共同纲领，简单说，就是签署共同条约并在该条约约束下的国家就是该条约的缔约国。 中文名缔约国 |
Reservation | 保留 | 一国于签署、批准、接受、赞同或加入条约时所作的片面声明，不论措辞或名称如何，其目的在于摒除或更改条约中若干规定对该国适用时的法律效果 |
Production sharing contract | 产品分成合同 | |
The service contract | 服务合同 | |
The law of the place of the tort | 侵权行为地法 | 一般用来解决涉外侵权行为之债的法律冲突问题 |
The place of acting | 加害行为实施地 | P210 |
The place of injury | 加害结果发生地 | P210 |
The law of the forum | 法院地法 | 审理国际民商事案件的法院所在国家的法律 |
A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability | 重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则 | 没给出直接名词解释，书上P210，《日本法例规定》和英国菲利普诉艾尔一案 |
Unjust enrichment | 不当得利 | 指没有法律上的原因而取得利益，致他人受损害的事实 |
Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency | 无因管理 | 是指未受委托，又无义务，而为他人管理财产或事务，因而支出劳务或费用，可要求他人返还的债权债务关系 |
Quasi-contractual obligation | 准合同之债 | 应该在第十二章第一节？ |
True successor | 真正的继承人 | 书上都没有这个名词，我找不到 |
International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale | 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权 | 确定某一特定的国际民事案件由哪一个国家的法院管辖 |
Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne | 国内管辖权/特别的管辖权 | 在确定了国际管辖权之后，确定该案件由该国的哪一类法院，或哪个地方的法院，或哪一级别的法院来审理 |
Competence generale directe | 直接的一般管辖权 | 指我国法院依据我国国际民事诉讼立法中的有关规定确定对某一具体的国际民事案件是否具有管辖权 |
Competence generale indirecte | 间接的一般管辖权 | 指外国的国际民事诉讼程序在我国领域内有没有效力的问题 |
篇2：国际法英文名词解释
RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
EX WORKS EXW(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller‟s premises or at another named place(i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.).The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller.The rule should be used with care as: a)The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so.If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.b)A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance.Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.c)The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods.However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, assistance in obtaining any export licence, or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods.Where applicable, the seller must provide, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any information in the possession of the seller that is required for the security clearance of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle.If no specific point has been agreed within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the export of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when A4 and A7 have been complied with.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller has no obligation to the buyer.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must: a)pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at its disposal or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;c)pay, where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export;and d)reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing assistance as envisaged in A2.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, and counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the export and/or import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.Free Carrier FCA(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller‟s premises or another named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point.If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the seller‟s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery.If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery.FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place on the agreed date or within the agreed period.Delivery is completed: a)If the named place is the seller‟s premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the buyer.b)In any other case, when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer on the seller‟s means of transport ready for unloading.If no specific point has been notified by the buyer under B7 d)within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place of delivery, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.Unless the buyer notifies the seller otherwise, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails in accordance with B7 to notify the nomination of a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4 or to give notice;or b)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period;or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer fails to nominate a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4, or(ii)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, or(iii)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request，risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must notify the seller of a)the name of the carrier or another person nominated as envisaged in A4 within sufficient time as to enable the seller to deliver the goods in accordance with that article;b)where necessary, the selected time within the period agreed for delivery when the carrier or person nominated will take the goods;c)the mode of transport to be used by the person nominated;and d)the point of taking delivery within the named place.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE PAID TO CPT(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for the carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO CIP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer‟s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or an airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CIP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other Formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller must obtain at its own expense cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover as provided by Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer‟s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses(A)or(B)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses, and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10%(i.e., 110%)and shall be in the currency of the contract.The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A and A5 to at least the named place of destination.The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b);and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage;and f)the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer‟s request under A3 and B3.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.A8 Delivery document If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4 as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAT(insert named terminal at port or place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination.“Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the terminal and, if possible, a specific point within the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure a contract of carriage that matches this choice precisely.Moreover, if the parties intend the seller to bear the risks and costs involved in transporting and handling the goods from the terminal to another place, then the DAP or DDP rules should be used.DAT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named terminal at the agreed port or place of destination.If a specific terminal is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must unload the goods from the arriving means of transport and must then deliver them by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal referred to in A3 a)at the port or place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery at the named terminal, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED AT PLACE DAP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.If the parties wish the seller to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty and carry out any import customs formalities, the DDP term should be used.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED DUTY PAID DDP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance.If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used.Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller‟s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country.RULES FOR SEA AND IINLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FAS(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel(e.g., on a quay or a barge)nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port.The seller is required either to deliver the goods alongside the ship or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel.In such situations, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used.FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them alongside the ship nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.If the parties have agreed that delivery should take place within a period, the buyer has the option to choose the date within that period.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary..B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, or fails to take the goods or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.FOB FREE ON BOARD FOB(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such situations, the FCA rule should be used.FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.COST AND FREIGHT CFR(insert named port of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer.If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition, the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.CFR may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such circumstances, the CPT rule should be used.CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;
篇3：国际法英文名词解释
文中将这些短语表达分八类列出, 并附加一些简短的分析说明和必要的英中翻译。当然, 该文只限于为英语教学 (或自学) 提供一手资料, 至于这些短语中of前后两部分的逻辑关系 (及英中翻译) 等深层次问题, 有兴趣的读者可参见文献[3-6]等自行学习研究;另外, 有关英文报纸的阅读技巧问题, 可参见文献[7-8]等。最后还需要说明几点:1) 所列短语表达均保持原貌, 未加改动, 只是经过挑选/比较/归类便于叙述而已;2) 在例句中, 这些短语改为斜体以与句子的其它部分相区别;3) 短语后面括弧内为作者给出的参考译文或注解。
1 关于描述某地状况的表达
1.1 城市 (city)
这类表达的最简单形式是"the city of"后跟城市名, 如the city of Toronto (多伦多市) 。有些时候, 只见地名而无"the city of"字样, 可能是认为该城市人人皆知, 无须指明。
常见的情况是, 词city前有多个限定词, 以详细描述该市的地理位置, 特点及所属国家/州等, 如:
1) the southern city of Volgograd (南方城市Volgograd) ,
2) the ancient city of Pompeii (古城Pompeii) ,
3) the Italian city of Perugia (意大利城市Perugia) ,
4) the northern Syrian city of Aleppo (叙利亚北方城市Aleppo) ,
5) the snowbound Siberian city of Kransoyarsk (为雪所困的西伯利亚城市Kransoyarsk) ,
6) Russia's southern city of Volgograd (俄罗斯南方城市Volgograd;该形式不加定冠词the) ,
7) the flight's destination city of Constantine (该航班的目的地城市Constantine) .
这种情况下, 词city起着承接的作用, 这可能是它不能被省略的第二个原因。另外, 比较可以看出, 多个限定词一起出现会有个排列次序问题。
1.2 其它
表示地方行政单位的其它词, 如:province (省) , state (州) , town (城镇) , village (村庄) , 也有与city相同的用法。具体例子如: (1) the western province of Anber, (2) the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, (3) the volatile northwestern town of Bannu, 和 (4) the village of Plaster Rock。
表示地方行政单位以外的一些其它词也可有类似用法。具体例子如: (1) the Swiss resort of Davos, (2) the commercial hub of Shanghai, (3) Ukraine's Black Sea peninsula of Crimea, (4) the Ukrainian region of Crimea, 和 (5) the French Atlantic port of SaintNazaire。
2 关于某种婚姻关系及其持续时间的表达
四个有代表性的短语是: (1) his wife of 43 years (同他结婚43年的妻子) , (2) her husband of eight days (同她结婚8天的丈夫) , (3) his partner of 15 years (与他同居15年的伴侣) , 和 (4) her boyfriend of 13 years。可以看出, 介词of之前为在双方婚姻关系中某一方所扮演的角色, 其后为这种关系的持续时间。
3 关于某 (些) 人的居住地或所属机构的表达
居住地可为某市/某国/某地区/某间屋子/某街道。各种情况下的表达选例如下:
1) Edward Kular, 84, of Toronto (多伦多84岁居民Edward Kular) , (2) fourth-seeded Li Na of China (4号种子中国的李娜) , (3) the young people of Africa (非洲的青年人) , (4) residents of the area north of Dupont and south of Eglinton (Dupont大街以北与Eglinton大街以南所夹区域的居民) , (5) residents of that home (那间屋子的居民) , (6) a resident of 15 Windsor Rd. (Windsor路15号的一位居民) ; (7) Det.Mark Benallick of the sex crimes unit (性犯罪部的警探Mark Benallick) , (8) Trish Krale of the airport authority (机场当局的Trish Krale) .
这类意思的表达, 几乎未见有使用介词at, in或from的。
4 关于年龄的表达
年龄的表达可谓多样化。含有of的表达常见有以下几种形式:
1) at the age of+数字:Dr.Henry died at the age of 90.
2) the age of+数字+years old:He said she was somewhere between the age of 50 and 53 years old.
3) 数字+years of age:Are you a healthy male or female 18years of age or older?
值得一提的是, 还时常见到另外两种不含of的简单表达形式。它们既不含of也没有定冠词the, 只使用aged (有时后跟years) 和at age引出年龄。例如: (1) British actress Kate O'Mara died in England on Sunday aged 74, (2) Children aged 6-12 years are needed for a research study, (3) She died last month at age 29。
5 关于某种类型文化 (culture) 的表达
见到的有: (1) a culture of fear, (2) a culture of abuse, (3) a culture of rape, 和 (4) the pot culture of California。
这类短语的英中翻译会存在因翻译不当而难以理解问题。曾在多伦多的某中文网站上看到一篇题为“安省负债累累:公务员高管高薪惹怒百姓”的报道。文中有这样一句话:“该报告又形容TDSB存在“恐惧的文化”, 以致职员都害怕公开发表意见。”, 其中“恐惧的文化”一词有点费解。该中文报道的依据是加拿大安省审计长发表的2013年度审计报告;报告中指出TDSB (多伦多教育局) 存在culture of fear问题。Metro News Toronto的一篇相关报道中有一句话是这样写的:“The audit also raises the issue of a'culture of fear'about speaking up when problems arise”。看完这篇英文报道全文后我才明白, 原来在TDSB内长期存在一种不正之风, 即每当遇到问题时大家都害怕公开发表意见。再简单一点说, 该报告所揭示的一个问题就是TDSB内存在fear。因此, 中译该短语时, 若将“恐惧的文化”中的“的”字省去 (甚至在整文中译的情况下连“文化”也一起省去) , 则既可免去中文理解上的困难, 又无偏离原文本意之嫌。总之, 这个例子从另一角度反映了深入学习研究of的用法及其相应翻译技巧的必要性。
6 关于某活动/事件及其持续时间的表达
这类表达中的时间名词放在介词of之前, 突出了某活动/事件的持续时间或指明其时间段。这些表达可用作句子的主语, 宾语和介词宾语。几个含有这类表达的有代表性的句子如下:
1) Months of looting, raping and killing since has brought reprisals by Christian militias.
2) 15 days of solitary confinement causes significant harm to people.
3) My days of writing about women in their 20s and 30s are over.
4) The delays have forced her to miss the first days of classes at Lakehead University.
5) After weeks or months of agonizing over which university program to pursue, you're faced with yet another formidable decision—where to apply.
6) Teens living on the street might be lured toward prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home.
7) Residents of the Indian capital woke on Wednesday to a third day of thick gray smog.
7 关于降雨/雪量及风速的表达
关于降雨/雪的量, 常见的是数字放在of之前, 如450 mm of rain, 60 to 91 cm of snow;而未见有放在其后的。关于风速, 常见的是数字放在of之后, 如winds of up to 225 km/h;有见数字在前但省去of的, 如90 km/h winds。
8 与十个感兴趣的词有关的表达
这十个感兴趣的词分别是business, challenge, day, fortune, idea, issue, job, policy, practice和problem。这些词均在of之前, 词前亦可附加一些限定词。下面是含有相应短语的例句。
1) business:The business of recycling plastics in Ontario is a valuable endeavour involving non-governmental organizations.
2) challenge:It is one of the challenges of being a police office.
3) day: (a) The annual day of celebrating cannabis culture has ramped up into mainstream political activism. (b) Cyber Monday has become the biggest online shopping day of the year.
4) fortune:He will deeply be missed by everyone who had the good fortune of knowing him.
5) idea:Mayor Rob Ford isn't high on the idea of getting into the marijuana legalization debate any time soon.
6) issue:The parties are willing to discuss issues of access to needy people, the liberation of prisoners and local ceasefires.
7) job: (a) They didn't do a very good job of keeping the graves up. (b) He flew to Australia to interview for the job of wildlife caretaker.
8) policy: (a) Israel decided on Sunday to end a decades-old policy of issuing gas masks to the public. (b) He talked about the austerity policy of his government.
9) practice:The Conservative government's practice of not allowing aid dollars to go towards those organizations has sparked heated criticism.
(10) problem:The growing problem of childhood obesity has been compounded by the increasing technologies.
以上八个部分列出的这些短语及例句, 均取自当地英文报纸, 应该都是反映当今社会风情的地道的英文表达。因此, 对一般英文水平的中国人来说, 它们是不可多得的学习资料。发表这些学习资料的目的只有一个, 就是期望通过学习和借鉴这些表达, 改进我们的英语说/写技能, 流利地讲出地道的英语, 不太费力地写出地道的英文文章。需要指出的是, 由于这些短语及例句均出自报纸上的新闻报道, 从英语语言学的角度看, 它们也可能会存在写作不规范与用词不恰当 (badly worded) 问题, 但这不属于本文的讨论范围。
摘要：分八个部分给出一些由英语介词of构成的名词性短语, 并附加简短的分析说明和必要的英中翻译。这些短语表达均是从加拿大多伦多当地的两份英文日报 (24 Hours Toronto和Metro News Toronto) 上的新闻报道中搜集来的一手资料。这些表达及其中of的用法对某些学英文的人来说可能是陌生的;因此, 熟悉这些无疑会帮助他们更多地掌握地道英文。
关键词：英语介词,of,名词性短语,of用法
参考文献
[1]24 Hours Toronto[EB/OL].http://eedition.toronto.24hrs.ca/epa-per/viewer.aspx.
[2]Metro News Toronto[EB/OL].http://metronews.ca/news/toron-to/.
[3]魏志中.浅释英语介词of的用法[J].辽宁工学院学报:社会科学版, 2001, 3 (1) :70-74.
[4]许雪妹.英语介词of的几种用法和翻译[J].北京第二外国语学院学报, 1996, (5) :36-41.
[5]樊军.英语介词OF语义多义性及其翻译[J].宜宾学院学报, 2007 (5) :117-120.
[6]吴国权.试析介词of的意义及用法[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报, 1998, 18 (1) :48-52.
[7]王丽菲.关于英语阅读中阅读技巧的研究[J].海外英语, 2012 (24) :122-123.
篇4：浅谈英文里的人名词
tantalize吊胃口
“吊胃口”的英文是tantalize，是个动词，形容词tantalizing是“吊人胃口的”。这个词源自坦塔洛斯（Tantalus），他是希腊神话主神宙斯（zeus）的儿子，传说他因泄漏天机，触犯天条，被罚站在深及下巴的河水中，头顶上有果树。他口渴想喝水，水位就往下降；肚子饿想吃果子，果树就往上升。就这样喝不着、吃不到，吊足了他的胃口，受尽了饥渴的折磨。后人把Tantalus的字尾-us去掉，加上动词的后缀-ize，造出了tantalize这个新词，贴切地描述了这种被吊足胃口之痛苦。
Procrustean削足适履的，强求一致的
“削足适履”这句成语指的是因鞋小脚大，为了穿上鞋子而把脚削小，这个恐怖的中国成语有个西方的版本。希腊神话里有个巨人，名叫普罗克汝斯忒斯（Procrustes），他开了家黑店，拦截行人羁留旅客。店内有张床，他把旅客绑在床上，身体太长就截其下肢，身体太短就把他硬拉到与床齐长。因为不管身高差异而强求跟床长一致，因此形容词Procrustean指的就是不管个别差异，削足适履、强求一致。
the Midas touch点石成金的本领
中国的神话故事里，仙人用手指头一点，石头就能变金子，这种“点石成金”的本领西方也有。迈达斯（Midas）是希腊神话里的国王，酒神狄奥尼索斯（Dionysus）赐予他点金术，凡是他手碰到的东西都能变成黄金：食物变黄金，饮料变黄金，连他自己的女儿也变成了黄金雕塑。这种“迈达斯之触”（the Midas touch）指的就是能轻而易举赚大钱，日进斗金的本领。
Pandora's box潘多拉的盒子，祸患之源
为了报复普罗米修斯（Prometheus）盗火给人类，天神宙斯（zeus）下令造了第一个女人潘多拉（Pandora），把她送到凡间。潘多拉带了一个盒子下凡，盒子里装满了各种灾难和祸患，她难忍好奇，把盒子打开，所有不好的东西都跑了出来，只有希望（hope）留了下来。是故，潘多拉的盒子（Pandora's box）就是祸患之源，打开潘多拉的盒子（open the Pandora's box）就指引起种种祸患。
Achilles' heel阿喀琉斯之踵，罩门，致命弱点
阿喀琉斯（Achilles）是希腊神话里的人物，古希腊诗人荷马（Homer）的史诗《伊利亚特》（Iliad）中有所记载。阿喀琉斯出生后，他母亲就握着他的脚踵，倒提着将他浸在冥河（Styx）的水中，以练就刀枪不入、金刚不坏之身，孰料脚踵没浸到冥河水，竟成了他往后的致命弱点。后人就用这Achilles’heel（阿喀琉斯之踵）来比喻一个人致命的弱点。
Pyrrhic Victory皮洛士式的胜利，付出惨痛代价所获得的胜利，惨胜
胜利不总是风风光光的，有时候虽然胜利了，自己却也付出了惨痛的代价，得到的只是个只有面子却没有里子的惨胜。古希腊伊庇鲁斯（Epirus）国的国王皮洛士（Pyrrhus）是个著名的将军和政治家，他率兵打败罗马军队，可是自己却也伤亡惨重，付出了极大的代价，英文词组Pyrrhic victory（皮洛士式的胜利）指的就是这种得不偿失的惨胜。
Cassandra卡珊德拉，没人相信的预言者
特洛伊（Troy）国王有个女儿叫卡珊德拉（cassandra），阿波罗（Apollo）赐予这位公主预言的能力，向她求爱却遭到抗拒，于是阿波罗下令，要大家不要相信她的预言。因此，卡珊德拉就成了一个悲剧性的角色：她明明知道凶事就要发生，发出预言向人示警，大家却拿她的警告当耳边风。她曾预言希腊人将用特洛伊木马（Trojanhorse）对特洛伊城进行屠城，却始终没人相信，最后特洛伊城真的被希腊人攻陷了。后人就以Cassandra来指“提出预言示警，却没人相信的人”。
篇5：电影名词解释（中英文对照）
第二次世界大战之后意大利知名的一种拍摄风格与电影内容。其特点在关怀人类对抗非人社会力的奋斗，以非职业演员在外景拍摄，从头至尾都以尖锐的写实主义来表达。
newsreel 新闻片
纪实性电影短片的一种。
non-camera film 非摄影电影
底片不经摄影机感光而创造出来的电影。
nonfiction film 非剧情片
不用捏造的情节或角色的电影。
nontheatrical film 非戏院电影
指针对特别观众制作，有限度发行的电影。
off camera 画外
一个镜头中没有出现在画面上的东西。
off register 震动效果
画面因摄影机之震动而造成摇晃效果。
off scene 画外音
声源来自画面以外的声音。
pan 横摇镜头
摄影机在定点上，对一场面作水平运动的拍摄方式。
pantheon directors 殿堂导演
指那些技法成熟，并具有特殊现实透视力与宽阔人生视野的杰出导演。 paramount pictures corporation 拉蒙电影公司
成立于19的一家美国电影制作和发行公司。
persuasive documentary 游说式纪录片
目标在游说观众接受某个观点的纪录片形式。
pg-rated movie 辅导级影片
美国电影分级中的一个级别。这种电影没有年龄限制，但小孩要有家长陪同观看。
pirated print 海盗版
未经版权所有人或法定发行人同意，而进行翻制的影片拷贝。
pixilation 实体动画
以人或实物为拍摄材料的一种动画影片。
playback 配乐拍摄
歌舞片常用的一种拍摄方式。
pressbook 宣传资料
为发行影片而准备的广告和促销资料册子。
process cinematography 放映合成
以放映在银幕上的影像为背景，配合前景中的真实人物来进行拍摄作业的特技摄影，按背景影像的放映方式，又分为前面放映合成和背面放映合成。
prodution 制作
电影工业三大分工项目之一：生产电影的过程。
props 道具
为properties的缩写，泛指场景中任何装饰、布置用的可移动物件。 rating 分级制
依据某种标准将影片加以分级的制度。美国的分级制由美国电影协会制订，包括四个等级：g级(普通级，年龄不限)、pg级(辅导级，年龄不限，但需有家长指导)、r级(限制级，十七岁以下的观众需有家长或成年监护人陪伴始得入场)、x级(十七岁以下观众禁止入场，年龄限制可视情况提高)。
英国的分级是由“英国电影检查委员会”(british board of film censors)制订，分为：u级(普通级)、a级(需有家长指导)、aa级(十四岁以下青少年观众禁止入场)、x级(十八岁以下青少年观众禁止入场)。
reader 读稿员
电影公司编剧部门的职员，其工作是对可能为制作作来源的文字和戏剧材料厂加以阅读，并分出纲要，有时还要提出批评。
realism，realistic film 写实主义，写实主义电影
运用剧本、表演、服装与摄影来达到动作逼真、非幻想的效果。
realist cinema 写实主义电影
一种以创造现实这真貌的电影风格，特色是呈现出人以及人的生活区环境，对一些寻常琐事，常不惮繁琐地细细表达。
recordist 录音指导
在拍摄现场负责录音的技术人员，也称为“录音监督”。
rhythmic montage 节奏蒙太奇
变化节奏，以之带动主题内涵的一种剪接技巧。
rushes 毛片
每天拍摄的影片在当晚冲印出来的正片拷贝，第二天早上供导演、制片、摄影师和相关的工作人员，检查并确定所拍的东西是否完整。
scene 场，场景
由单一镜头或数个镜头组成的戏剧单位。
science-fiction film 科幻片
电影类型的一种，其特色的情节包含了科学奇想。乔治里叶的《月球之旅》是电影史上最早的一部科幻片。 screwball comedy 神经喜剧
始于1930年代的一种美国剧情片，特点是嘲讽、性坦白、罗曼史、滑稽突梯之情境，以来自不同社会阶层可爱的人物为号召，并涉及动作激烈的事件。
screwball comedy 脱线喜剧
在1930年中期出现的一处美国喜剧电影，描述的往往是荒唐绝伦、体编统尽失的家庭冲突或爱情冲突。
script 电影剧本
泛指以文字描述整部影片的人物和动作内容，所采取的各种写作形式。
setting 场景
整部或部分电影的拍摄场地。
shadow play 皮影戏
在一张半透明的布幕或纸幕背后，操作平面的皮革道具，利用灯光在幕上形成的剪影进行表演的一种艺术表演。最早起源于中国，是电影发明前的活动光影响到影像。
shooting script 分镜剧本
亦称为“导演剧本”，包含动作、对白，以及导演和摄影师的重要工作资料之剧本。
shot 镜头 摄影机单一一次的开机，也指开机所拍摄下来的那段影片。
slate 场记板
上面以粉笔写着场次、镜次、导演、片名、影片公司等资料的小木板，上缘还附有一段拍扳，上涂黑白相间条纹，一端可以开合，可以拍出清楚响声，以便剪接时声画同步作业的进行。
soap opera 肥皂剧
滥情的广播连续剧或电视连续剧。 sound boom 麦克风杆
一支供悬挂麦克风用的杆子，可延伸至场景上空随人或物之移动而移动。
sound effects 音效
为增进一场面之真实感、气氛或戏剧讯息，而加于声带上的杂音或声音。
sound track 声带
位于有声影片边缘的光学声轨或磁性声轨，可承载对白、旁白、音乐和音效。
special effects 特殊效果
不是以直接的电影拍摄技巧获取的镜头。包括需要使用轮廓遮幕、多重影像蒙太奇、分割银幕、画面渐量、模型等技巧的镜头。也应用于爆破、弹道效果和机械效果。
spectacle 大场面电影
具备华丽之美术而设计、史诗主题和雄伟场面等特色之电影。如：《宾汉》(1962)、《星际大战》(1977)、《窈窕淑女》(1964)、《大地震》(1975)。 splice 接合
接合两段影片的动作——使用的方法包括：粘合、接合、贴胶带，或以钉子或扣眼处理，亦指影片交叠或接合的部分。
squib 枪击效果
电影制作中的一种引爆装置，用来模拟中弹的状况。
stand in 定位替身在安排布景、设定摄影机位置、测光、调整灯光等繁琐过程中，暂时代替明星站在表演位置上的人。
star system 明星制度
透过强调领衔主演的演员而非影片的其他成分的宣传，来吸引观众的制度。
still 定格
电影镜头运用的技巧手法之一。其表为银幕上映出的活动影像骤然停止成为静止画面(呆照)。 stills 剧照
为了促销而自一电影场面中拍下来的，或从影片画面上取下的照片。
straight man 搭档谐星
在银幕上，以搭档方式演喜剧的谐星。
structural film，perceptual film 结构电影，知觉电影
使用或慢或快的摄影机运动、重复配音、极长的伸缩镜头、闪烁的影像或拍摄银幕上放映的影像的电影，目的在探讨电影媒体的结构。
studio film 片厂电影
在摄影棚内搭景拍摄而非实景拍摄的影片。
stuntman 特技演员
被雇用来替代电影演员表演需要特别体能、体力的技术动作或危险动作的人。 subjective time 主观时间
影片角色所经验或感觉的时间，经由摄影机运动和剪接来表现。
subtitles 翻译字幕
即印于影片下沿的对白翻译。
sun gun 太阳灯
一种可携带的手持轻电池灯具。
surrealist film 超现实主义电影
现代电影的一种运动，1920年兴起法国，主要是将意象做特异、不合逻辑的安排，以表现潜意识的种种状态。
suspense film 悬疑片
情节使人对主要人物的命运引起关切，而造成高度焦虑和紧张感的一种电影类型。
tail 尾片白片
一卷影片末端所接的一段不透明胶片，以确保影片完整的放映到最后一格，也对影片有保护作用。
talent scout 星探
指专事发掘那些具电影表演才能，而且有可能成为明星的伯乐。
teaser 片头，
开场戏指放在电影片头字幕前的一场戏，旨在引导观众对以后故事的兴趣。
thriller 惊悚片
以侦探、神秘事件、罪行、错综复杂的心理变态、或精神分裂状态为题材的一种电影类型。
timing 动作时机
在一场戏里头，导演或演员为达成某种节奏或其它效果，而对戏剧动作的表演时机特意去加以掌控之意。
titles 字幕
附加在影片上的种种文字，如影片的片名、演职员表、唱词、译文、对白、说明词以有人物介绍、地名和年代等。 trailer 预告片
将精华片段，经过刻意安排剪辑，以便制造出令人难忘的印象，而达到吸引人的效果的电影短片。
travelogue 观光影片
以各种有趣的风土民情为题材的一种纪录片。
treatment 故事剧本
电影剧本的一种摘要，在内容上包括了完整的故事情节发展，全部的主要场景，以有一些具有关键性的对白。
underground cinema 地下电影
做为独立制片影片、前卫电影和实验电影的同义词。也指处理尖锐题材，或故意反传统的电影。
universal 环球电影公司
由卡尔蓝默尔于1912年成立的一家美国电影公司。
upstage 后表演区
剧场用语，指一个场景的后边地带，即距离摄影机较远的地带。
venice film festival 威尼斯影展
世界上的第一个国际影展，开始于1932年，所设奖项为 金狮奖。
voice over 旁白
说话者不出现在画面上，但直接以语言来介绍影片内容、交待剧情或发表议论，包括对白的使用。
walk on 龙套演员
电影中的小角色，作用是如背景般陪衬主角，而且多半没有对白，在演职员字幕中也不一定能够列名。
walk-through 试戏
即排演，进行时不按摄影机快门。
war film 战争片
以描写战争或以战争为主要故事背景的电影类型。
warner brothers 华纳电影公司
于1919年，由华纳四兄弟成立的一家美国电影制作公
司。拍摄了美国影史上第一部有声剧情片《爵士歌手》(1927)
weepie 感伤剧
美式俚语，原意为“掉眼泪”，后来转借来指那种专门制造感伤情节的爱情文艺片。
western 西部片
美国特有的一种电影类型，大多以十九世纪后半斯的美国为背景。第一部西部片是1903年爱德温波特根据1900年匪徒打动火车事件而拍摄的《火车大劫案》。
whodunit 擒凶片
神秘恐怖片或侦探片的俗称。
archetype 原型
源自心理学学卡尔容格的名词，指神话、宗教、梦境、幻想、文学中不断重复出现的意象，它源自民族记忆和原始经验的集体潜意识。这种意象可以是描述性的细节、剧情模式，或角色典型，它能唤起观众或读者潜意识中的原始经验，使其产生深刻、强烈、非理性的情绪反应。
archive 电影资料馆
电影资料馆是基于学术研究、历史研究或社会教育的目的，而收集各种影片、书籍等相关资料，加以归档保存的一种机构。电影资料馆还有一个国际性组织，“国际电影资料馆联盟”(fiaf)
atmosphere 气氛
一部电影的主导气氛或情调，能使观众透过电影的动作或背景产生联想，引起心理反应。造成气氛的要素有很多，包括场地、布景、灯光、节奏、摄影机运动和背景音乐等。 audio 声音
原为拉丁文“听”的意思，电影的构成因素之一。电影的声音在体分为对白、音乐和音效三个部分。
auteur theory 作者论
西文从文艺评论移植过来的一种电影批评理论。根据这一理论，一个导演如果说在其一系列作品中表现出题材和风格上的某种一贯的特征，就可算其为自己作品的作者。
block-booking 卖片花
指好莱坞制片公司在开始投资和发展自己院线时，所采用的一种影片发行和租映的方式。放映商为了要购买某家制片公司的影片，就必须连带买下这家公司该年计划完成的其它影片，即使许多影片都未试映过。 b/w，black-and-white film 黑白片
指在药膜上呈现不同层次的灰色影像的底片所制作的影片。黑白片为表现主义式的光影运用提供了很大的发挥空间，心理意涵往往也可以透过灰色层次的巧妙变化来传达，场面的气氛也可以经由影调的处理来加以创造。
censorship 电检制度
各国政府对电影检查采取的制度一般包含三个层次：(1)指拍摄前对电影题材之压制;(2)指对完成影片之检查，使其传播管道貌岸然受到阻绝;(3)指由检查人员删剪影片，或鉴于争议性的内容，禁止整部影片。
“美国电影协会”
在1968年设立分级制度，取代好莱坞的自律守则。分级制度依据影片对不同年龄阶层的适宜性，将电影区分四类：g级(普通级，年龄不限)、pg级(辅导级，年龄不限，但需有家长陪同)、r级(限制级，17岁以下观众需有家长或监护人陪同)、x级(成人电影，17岁以下观众禁止入场)。
chambara film 武士片
描述日本武士的古装电影，斗剑是此类电影历久不衰的特色，如《宫本武藏》(1940-41)与《忠臣藏》(1932)，这种电影很象我国的武侠片。
cinecitta 电影城
欧洲最大的复合式电影片厂，距离罗马市中心约6哩处，建于1937年，形态似好莱坞，所以被称为“泰伯河上的好莱坞”。第二次世界大战后，为了节省制作费和税金的支出，美国电影公司曾在这里大量制作影片。
cinemascope 新艺综合体
1928年法国人亨利克瑞雄发明，是一种使用变形镜头的宽银幕系统，1952年由二十世纪福斯公司买下专利权。1953年首部新艺综合体的商业电影《圣袍千秋》在纽约首映大受欢迎，使其它大电影公司也相继采用。新艺综合体的35毫米电影画面比例为2。55：1。
cineorama 圆景电影
最早的多银幕放映系统，是用100公尺长的白色帏幕作成圆形银幕。曾在1900年的巴黎世界博览会上展示，但警方认为这种放映系统易引起火灾，因此，圆景电影展览馆只放映了三次电影，就被警方关闭。 cahiers du cinema 电影笔记
法国的电影杂志。创刊于1951年，奠定电影批语的美学观，与当时批评界的矫饰风气相抗衡，使人重新评估商业电影对电影艺术的贡献。
camera-stylo 摄影机钢笔论
该词由法国导演亚历山大阿斯楚克于1948年所创，字面上的意思是“摄影机笔”。它认为电影已成为一项具特定语言的自主艺术，并倡导依此观念而来的电影艺术艺术创作、电影艺术家，不仅是导演，也需自撰剧本，从而能主动的控制整个创作的过程。
cinerama 新艺拉玛体
一种多银幕放映系统，首度在商业上使用是在1952年。新艺拉玛体使用三架摄影机，三架放映机，一个弧形宽银幕，以及一个复杂的立体声音系统。三个分离的影像同时被投射到弧形银幕上，提供观众165度的开阔视野。第一部以新艺拉玛体拍摄及放映的影片《这就是新艺拉玛体》(1952)基本上只在展示这种系统的特色，但由于引起观众好奇，而在商业上成为一次成功的冒险。
continuity sheet
1。场记表由场记记载及保管的记录，注明场景和每一个镜头在场记板上的号码，镜次的号码与其好坏，使用镜头与光圈的种类，拍摄时演员说出的台词、动作、道具、服装的细节等等。
2。套片顺序表
指剪接师在剪接负片拷贝时，将每一个场景的主要号码排列出的顺序表。
contrast 明暗对比，反差
电影画面中，最明亮与最阴暗色调区域之间的比例。反差的取舍往往与电影的气氛或视觉风格有密切关系。
co-production 跨国制作
指两个或多个国家的制作单位共同合作拍摄影片。发行时通常有两个或多个语言的版本。
copyright 版权
指受法律保障之著作权益，由政府立法，行于本国。在版权法之前，作者对其创作拥有绝对的使用权和出租权。当这权益受到侵犯时，作者可以诉诸法律，要求赔偿。
cosmetician 化妆师
为电影角色(人和动物)化妆的人。工作范围从一般的美容化妆，到人物脸部或肢体的特殊效果。随着电影工业的发展，一般化妆和特殊造型化妆的区别越来越大，而特殊造型化妆也因功用的不同，分工越来越细。 counterpoint 音画对位
电影理论的术语，指相应的声音与影像在内涵上并不一致，虽然二者所描述的对象有可能是同一个。例如一个人说话声音慈善，表情却是令人生畏的假笑，声音与表情逆向发展，表明是个伪君子。则其音画虽是合一，效果却是对位的。
crane shot 升降镜头
摄影机在升降机上做上下运动所拍摄的画面，是一种从多个视点表现场景的方法。其变化有垂直升降、弧形升降、斜向升降或不规则升降。升降镜头在速度和节奏方面运用适当，可以创造性的表达一场戏的情调。 credit 演职员表
电影制作参与者的名单及其工作职称，亦即演员(主角、配角)、导演、制片、编剧、摄影……等等，通常在片头或片尾出现。
criticism 电影批评
对电影的诠译及评价，通常指较祥尽和较有深度的影评，与“film review”有别。
dadaism 达达主义
19兴起于瑞士苏黎世的艺术运动。达达主义者运用幽默、无理性和几近疯狂的手法，企图撕毁中产社会建立的传统价值。这种电影不重故事及逻辑，呈现自由、即兴、粗糙、有趣的技法及内容，反对电影承自文学及戏剧的叙述传统，而善用电影本身的特性。费南雷杰的《机械芭蕾》(1924)为达达主义的代表作。
deep-focus cinematography 深焦摄影
电影构图中，寻求大景深的摄影方法。在深焦摄影中，最前景及背景中最深远的部分，都能够清晰入焦。奥森威尔斯在《大国民》(1941)中以深焦摄影做为整部电影的风格策略，间接启发了法国理论家安德烈巴赞的“场面调度”研究。
dveloping 显影
使曝光胶片产生的潜影，显现成为可见影像的过程。
dialogue 对白
在电影中所有说出的台词都叫对白，亦称“台词”。 dialogue director 对白指导
在排练和拍摄阶段，指导演员表达台词及动作的人。 direct sound 直接声音
在拍摄影像时将声音一起录下来的技术。直接声音具有临场感，造成观众对电影讯息的信赖感。
distribution 发行
影片制作完成后、公演前所进行的一种商业活动。在欧美各国，影片由发行商向制片公司购买发行权，在某一特定地区发行，期限通常是五到七年。发行商再将放映执照发给放映商(戏院)，提供影片给戏院上演，收取费用。这笔费用通常称为片租“rental”。
documentary 纪录片
纪录真实生活景象的一种电影。如罗勃佛莱瑞堤的《北方的南努克》(1922)。
dolly 移动车
一种可以架摄影机以便拍摄移动镜头的台车。 dolly shot 推拉镜头
将摄影机各某个场景推进或拉出所摄得的镜头。推拉镜头可以把行动中的人物和景物交织在一起，产生强烈的动态和节奏感，不同的内容、情景、节奏，运用推拉镜头，可产生不同的效果。
effect 特殊效果
依其制作方式的不同，可以分成两种，一种是实际在摄影机前进行的特殊效果，另一种是特殊摄影效果(special photographic effect)，指以光学处理或摄影技巧，直接在底片上完成的效果。像飓风、火灾、爆炸之类的灾难事件或激烈动作，和模型镜头的拍摄等，都属于特殊效果。史丹利库柏力克的《太空漫游》(1968)是特殊效果极佳的典范。 8mm film 8毫米电影
胶片宽度为16毫米胶片一半的影片，为电影拍摄用的最小规格影片，于1932年问世，主要用于家庭影片、实验影片，及教育影片的摄制。这种影片格式，由于电子录影的出现，而被迅速淘汰。
episode film 分段式影片
由数个独立的段落组合而成的剧情片，这些段落可能会有主题的关联性或叙述的连贯性，也可能彼此毫不相干，可能由不同的导演分别拍摄，也可能由同一个导演拍摄。如大卫葛菲斯的《偏见的故事》(1919)。
establishing shot 定场镜头
影片一开始，或一场戏的开头，用来明确交待地点的镜头，通常是一种视野宽阔的远景。有时候，定场镜头与涵盖镜头相同，目的在确立场景中所有人物与空间的关系。
ethnographic 种族志电影，人类学电影
为某一社会诠释另一群人的社会和文化经验的影片。如《北方的南努克》(1922)。
exhibition 上映
放映影片给消费观众看的活动。通常在戏院进行，也有走遍穷乡僻壤的巡回放映。
exhibitor 放映商
为付钱的观众放映电影的人就是放映商。负责大院z线排片事宜的人，往往也被视为代表该院线的放映商。
experimental film 实验电影
从1930年代开始以美国为中心发展起来的非商业性电影，这种电影主要是用16毫米胶片拍摄的影片，没有传统的故事情节，主要表现风格是超现实主义和抽象主义。1960年代中期地下电影运动蔓延到西欧之后，人们便绝少使用“实验电影”一词，而代之以“地下电影”。
exploitation 促销手段
为了提高一部影片可能获得的利润，结合广告、公共关系，以及其它形式的促销和销售技巧。例如，制造假新闻，男女主角陷入热恋、出双入对、假戏真做，或者是安排主题歌在广播电台打歌，都属于促销手段的范围。
exposure 曝光
在电影拍摄中，将可感光的底片暴露在快门的光线下，以记录影像的过程。
exterior 外景
室外的场景，可以是实景，也可以是搭景。
extra 临时演员
现在影片中的点缀性人物，既没有台词、亦没有特别的戏剧意义，通常当做场景中的一个组成部分，例如路人。
extreme close-up 大特写
缩写为ecu或xcu，指一种构图非常紧的特写镜头，能将一件微小的物体，或物体和人物的某部分夸张放大，譬如一张人脸的镜头，只显出眼睛、鼻子或嘴唇部位。
extreme long shot 大远景
缩写为els或xls，是用广角镜头拍摄一个辽阔区域，通常是从高角度拍摄的画面，用来做为定场镜头或提示宽广开阔的空间。
eye-level shot平角度镜头，水平镜头
一种视平线离地约四至六尺高的位置所拍摄出来的镜头。这种镜头由于符合一般人身高状态下的视觉习惯，在电影拍摄过程中常被采用。 fade in/fade out 淡入、淡出
在电影中，由一个场景接到另一个场景的转场技法，是一种光学效果。淡入是指场景由全黑渐明，而致影像出现在银幕上;淡出是指明亮的影像渐渐暗淡，终致全黑。
fast motion 快动作
一种使影像运动快于正常速度的技术效果。通常以低于每秒二十四格的速度拍摄，再以正常速度放映即可得到这种效果。喜剧片为了夸张人物的表情和动作，常使用快动作的技巧。
festival 影展
将众多影片集中一起举办竞赛，或作电影交易的一种电影活动。影展不仅是一种有利可图的商业活动，也是一种重要的文化活动。西欧的威尼斯、坎城、柏林、东欧的莫斯科、卡洛维华利，亚洲的东京等都是当前世界上的主要影展。 film
1。电影胶片 制作影片用的感光材料总称。
2。电影 一般影片的通称，与“movie”和“cinema”同义。
filmography 电影作品年表
以书目形式列出一系列影片，最常见的是列出某位导演或某位电影工作者的完整作品名单及年表。
filmology 电影学
关于电影的一种学问学，从广义来说，也是“电影研究”的同义语。按照通常的分类法，电影学分为电影理论、电影史、电影批评三个分支。
film speed 底片感光度
指底片的感光乳剂对光线的敏感度。在美国以asa指数表示。din指数则用于欧洲部分国家。asa指数越高，底片感光度越高。
film theory 电影理论
对电影的意识形态、文化背景、题材内容、表达形式和艺术风格做深入的研究探讨，并企图归纳及建立出一套自足的思辨过程的学说。
filter 滤色镜
又称滤色片或滤镜。围绕光的波长对影调、色调进行调节的滤光器。通常是加在摄影光学镜头前方或后面用的有色滤色片。
final cut 精剪
指影片的最后一道剪接，完成后的版本，即代表电影上映时的版本。 first run 首轮放映
指影片在选定的戏院作头一轮放映.习惯上放映首轮影片的戏院,称为“首轮戏院”(first run theater)。
fish-eye lens 鱼眼镜头
一种极端的广角镜头，其镜头球面类似一只鱼眼。常被用作特殊效果镜头，一只伸向鱼眼镜头的手臂，会显得比原先长一倍。如王家卫的《堕落天使》(1995)就用了大量的鱼眼镜头。
focal length 焦距
从无限远处来的平行光束通过镜头，在底片上结成最清晰的焦点时，从底片到镜头中心的长度，就是这个镜头的焦距。焦距的长度通常以毫米或寸来表示。焦距被设定的镜头，称为定焦镜头，具可变焦距的镜头，通常称为伸缩镜头。 footage 影片尺数
广义而言，指任何一段影片、一个镜头、一个场面或一个段落。比较精确地来说，指一段影片的尺数。
foreign version 外国版
与原版影片不同语系的放映拷贝，此种拷贝经常叠印上外文字幕，或是将他种语言的对白声带加到原版的配乐和音效声带上，称为“译制片”。
formula film 公式化影片
形容一部电影采用为人熟悉的布局技法，及被拍过的题材来发展故事。很多电影类型都很容易产生公式化影片，特别是警匪片和西部片。
free cinema 英国自由电影
英国国家电影院于1956年至1959年的一次电影运动的名词。一批青年导演联合发表声明，宣布他们的创作目的是向社会上和电影界内部的保守观念挑战;强调艺术家的社会责任，要求重视日常生活题材和创作中的个性表现;强烈希望摆脱电影制片业的商业桎梏，取得创作自由。在这一运动存在的几年里，拍出过如下一些史以反映这的艺术主张的影片：汤尼理查逊和莱兹联合导演的《妈妈不答应》(1955)，安德森的《每天除了圣诞节》(1957)，和莱兹的《我们是兰倍斯区的小伙子》(1959)等。自由电影运动结束后，拍摄的一些影片，如理查逊的《愤怒的回顾》(1961)和《长跑者的孤独》(1962)，莱兹的《年少莫轻狂》(1960)，安德森的《超级男性》(1963)等，由于在内容上不同程度地反映了自由电影运动的反叛精神，通常也被视为这一运动的产物。
freeze-frame 停格
一种电影效果，指在一组画格上重复某一影像，制造出凝止的动作，使得影像持续有如一张静照。这种技法常用在一部影片的结尾，让最后一个镜头更具有冲击力，如《四百击》(1959)。 full shot 全景
被摄体占满整个银幕的镜头。若被摄体是一个人，则他或她的身体会全部容纳在镜头中。有时可与远景镜头(long shot)互通。
hammer films 汉默电影公司(台)
咸马电影公司(港)从财务观点来看，是英国电影史上最成功的电影公司。创立于1948年，自1956年开始，连续拍摄了许多低成本的恐怖片，很快地便在英、美两国占下广大的市场。彼德库辛和克里斯多夫李主演的吸血僵尸在1960年代盛极一时。
hand-held camera 手持摄影机
一种比较轻便、易于徒手操作的摄影机，也指一种电影拍摄方法。手持摄影机经常被有意使用，以为影片啬一种即兴的、自由的风格。纪录片一直大量使用这种拍摄方式，剧情片也常用到。
hollywood ten 好莱坞十君子
一群好莱坞的电影工作者，在1947年的秋天，被票传到“众议院非美活动调查委员会”(house committee on un-american activities)前，接受“共产主义份子在好莱坞电影工业渗透的程度”之调查。其中最受人注目的十位电影工作者被尊称为“好莱坞十君子”。他们因宪法权利而拒绝表白政治立场，因此被控蔑视美国国会，被列入好莱坞黑名单，同时遭到解雇。
imaginary line 轴线
人物的运动方向、视线方向或相关位置所形成的一条假想线，有时也叫180度线。遵守轴线的规律来换变摄影角度，可以确保人物运动方向或相关位置始终清楚明确，否则会造成混乱感。
impressionism 印象主义
1920年代法国创立的一个电影学派。被列为印象派影片中比较著名的有冈斯的《车轮》(1922)、赖比叶的《黄金国》(1921)等。这些影片都有故事情节，有的还不乏庸俗的趣味，但其中往往有某些场面在造型风格上较有特色，并明显地表现了印象主义画家对光的处理方法的影响。
improvisation 即兴表演
指在一部电影的拍摄过程中，演员不先靠剧本而自然流露出的动作和对白表演。演出时，表演人员忽然冒出不在剧本的上对白，叫做“即兴台词”(ad lib)。
insert shot 插入镜头
指包含视觉细节，为了达到提供讯息的目的，或强调戏剧重点，而被插入的镜头。譬如一个人在读书的画面,插入书本内容的特写镜头。
intercuting 间隔剪接
常与交叉剪接和平行剪接发展互用，都是指一种剪接要领和技巧，能在同时或不同时发生的叙述元素之间来进行。严格来讲，间隔剪接是指包含两个或多个分别发展的片段，但相互之间并无明显时间关系的剪接结构。如《教父继集》(1975)中，导演将黑社会家族父子不同时空的故事，以场为单位做间隔剪接。
iterior 内景
室内的拍摄场景，可以是摄影棚搭的景，也可以是实景。
iris 光圈
由瓣状金属薄片组成的光孔，安在镜头内部透镜与透镜之间，能够放大或缩小，用以改变镜头的有效口径，控制进入镜头的光束，使感光材料能得到准确曝光。
iris in/iris out 圈入、圈出
一种光学转场技巧，以一个圆将画面的外围遮住，并逐渐缩小这个圆，直到画面完全消失，这叫圈出;相反的过程叫做圈入。
irony 反讽
原为文学批评上的一个术语，指由事物的表象与真实之间的矛盾而产生的一种意义。譬如，《金屋泪》(1958)中，男主角劳伦斯夏威在另结新欢的宴会上，听到了被他遗弃的西蒙仙诺自杀的消息，可是来宾却唱起歌来赞美他是一个快乐的好人。
jam 搅片
指底片或影片在摄影机或放映机中搅成一团。有人戏称之为“沙拉”。
juxtaposition 并列
电影批评用语，指将一种或数种电影元素排列在一起，使其产生某种戏剧效果。例如一个镜头中视觉与听觉元素的并列，个别镜头之间的蒙太奇组合、时间元素的并列，不同色彩、声音、音乐元素的并列等等。如在《教父继集》(1975)中，在时间上差五十年的前后两代教父的故事穿插在一起，这是时间元素并列的例子。
key grip 场务领班
拍摄现场的场务领班，以好莱坞的制作标准，一个场务领班通常拥有五至十位助手。
key light 主光
用以照明场景的主要光源，它决定一个场景的调子与气氛。
keys 原画
动画片中交代运动中人物或物体的主要动态之画片如起步、停止，或变换方向，通常关键动态由动画设计负责绘制。
keystone 启斯东电影公司
由查尔斯鲍曼和亚当凯梭设立于1912年的美国电影制作公司。旗下拥有导演麦克塞纳特，和演员梅宝诺曼等。每周推出一部疯狂的喜剧短片。到19中，变成一个庞在的股份公司，大量生产喜剧片。19，查尔斯卓别林加入启斯东电影公司，更壮大了原有的喜剧队伍。19启斯东电影公司为“铁三角公司”所吸收。
kinetograph 爱迪生电影机
第一部实用的电影摄影机，使用的是乔治伊士曼于1888年取得专利的一种赛璐璐片基底片。这种摄影机最大的缺点，在其庞大的体积。许多早期简单的影片，都摄制于爱迪生实验室被称为“黑囚车”(the black maria)的摄影棚内。
last-minute rescue 最后关头救援
一种普遍见于通俗影片的布局及剪接技法。通常是大量地运用交叉剪接。交叉剪接一方面揭露受害者命在旦夕，另一方面同时显示救兵正在途中飞速前进，援救行动是在最后关头才完成。如史蒂芬史匹柏的《法柜奇兵》(1982)，全片充满了这种最后关头救援剪接。
layout 动画美术设计指动画影片中人物和背景的造型设计，也指负责这个工作的人。
left bank group 左岸派
1950年代末出现在法国的一个电影导演集团，因成员都住在巴黎塞纳河左岸而得名。他们是亚兰雷内、安妮华妲、克里斯马克、亚兰罗布格利叶、玛格丽特莒哈丝和亨利科尔皮等。代表作品有雷内的《慕里爱》(1963)和《战争终了》(1967)，罗布格利叶的《不配的女人》(1963)、《欧洲特快车》(1966)等。
lens 镜头
在电影拍摄时，将影像引导并对焦到底片上的光学装置，为电影摄影机和照相机的重要部分。
lighting 打光
电影摄影中，设计、安排人工或自然光源的工作。打光工作通常考虑：如何取得光源及如何运用这些光源。
loading 装片
指把胶片装入放映机或摄影机片盒，以备放映或拍摄。
log 工作日志
在制作一部影片的过程中，每天对各项细节和活动的记录。 logo 公司标记
指电影开头代表出品或发行公司的注册标记或象征物，如米高梅电影公司的狮子。
long shot 远景
以广角的视界拍摄而得的镜头，通常缩写为ls。由于所摄视界的大小不同，又可分为：一、大远景，可表现十分广阔的场面，浩瀚的自然景色和大范围地区;二、远景，拍摄全身人像及人物周围广阔的空间、环境、自然景色、人群，主要用于交待环境和气氛。三、半远景，一般拍摄人物全身活动，以及相当于这个范围的背景，画面上不留空隙。
long take 长镜头
一般而言，长镜头是摄影过程从开机到关机，未间断且完整的拍摄下一个完整的戏段、表演过程或电影意念。长镜头的使用会直接影响到影片的步调节和韵律。例如史丹利库柏力克在《鬼店》(1980)中，以长镜头追踪剧中主要人物的活动，在长时间和快速运动的拍摄过程中，他创造了一种惊人的压力，使人以为剧中的角色完全无法脱离尾随的灵异力量。俄国导演安德烈塔柯夫斯基和希腊导演提欧安哲罗普洛斯，也以善于营造长镜头而著名。
macguffin 麦加芬母题
该词源于电影导演亚弗烈希区考克的电影技法，指将电影故事带入动态的一种布局技巧。它通常是指在一部悬疑影片的情节开始时，能引起观众在好奇心的驱使下，很快地进入情况的戏剧元素，如在某一个物体、人物、甚至是一个谜面。如在希区考克的《大巧局》(1976)中，麦加芬是指一们失踪的继承人。
magazine 片盒
一种不透光的扁平盒状物，附于摄影机上。一个35毫米片盒最多可以装到1200尺，约十三分钟，这是单一镜头的长度极限。
magic lantern 魔术灯
一种娱乐装置，可算是电影放映机的前身。
magnetic sound track 磁性声带
指声音是录在底片边缘的氧化铁条状带上而得之声带，在性质上与磁性录音带相当类似，在重现声音时一般要优于光学声带。
matte 遮片
摄影或印片时用以挡住部分光线，使底片的某一部分不感光的遮光物。
medium shot 中景
在视界与视觉角度方面介于特写镜头与远景镜头之间的一种镜头。以中景来表现一个人物，最典型的视觉范围是从该人物的膝盖以上来拍摄。 metaphor 隐喻
电影符号学术语。指在间接意义使用词语，是一种移代性的修辞格。如《摩登时代》(1936)开头的著名“隐喻”：一群羊的镜头之后是挤在地铁入中的人群的镜头。
method acting 方法演技
一种脱胎自前苏联戏剧家康士坦丁史丹尼斯拉夫斯基所创立的写实主义表演体系的演技训练。其后辗转传入美国，经过另一番诠释，改称“方法演技”。
“体系表演”分为两在部分，即演员自我修养和演员创造角色。
method actor 方法演技演员普遍用以指曾经学习前苏联戏剧家康士坦丁史丹尼斯拉夫斯基写实主义表现方法的演员。如马龙白兰度、詹姆斯狄恩、卡尔马登等。
mise-en-scene 场面调度
场面调度出自法文，意为“摆在适当的位置”或“放在场景中”。开始用于舞台剧。由于电影和戏剧在艺术处理上具有某些共同性，场面调度一词也被引用到电影创作中，意指导演对画框内事物的安排。“场面调度”与长镜头由于被法国电影理论家巴赞用作电影语言写实主义的历史发展倾向来看待，跟表现主义蒙太奇美学成为相对的美学精神。奥森威尔斯的《大国民》(1941)和尚雷诺的《游戏规则》(1939)都是有名的例子。
mixing 混音
将对白、音乐、音效等多种音源予以混合的处理过程，又称为再录音(re=recording)。
mogul 电影大亨
指大制片家，例如美国好莱坞的戴立欧柴纳克和亚道夫苏克。张善琨、陆运涛、邵逸夫、邓文怀则为港台近四十年来知名的电影大亨。
monitor 监看器
在制作过程中，一个为检查画面或声音品质而设计的监视系统。
moscow film festival 莫斯科影展
1935年2月首度在莫斯科举行，也是东欧的第一个国际性影展。影展曾一度中断，直到1957年，为了呼应国际青年节才恢复举行。近年来由于东西方冷战的解冻，莫斯科影展中西方世界影片的参展量，已越来越多。
motif 母题
指的是一个意念、人物、故事情节、或念白、影像、乐段，其一再出现在电影作品里，成为利于统一整个作品的有意义线索，并加强了美感、趣味、哲理上的吸引力。如《惊魂记》(1960)中的双重身分与镜像母题。
motion picture 电影
根据“视觉暂留”原理，运用照相(以有录音)手段，把外界事物的影像(以及声音)摄录在胶片上，通过放映(以及还音)，在银幕上造成活动影像(以及声音)，以表现一定内容的技术。自1895年正式公诸大众以后，已成为二十世纪最受大众欢迎的一种娱乐媒体。
moviola 摩维拉剪接机
一种具有小型看片银幕，由马达带动的有声剪接机器。由于广泛使用，所以几已变成剪接机的同义字，是专业剪接室不可少的设备之一。
mural 大景片
电影布景中当背景使用的巨幅照片或图画。
narrator 叙述者
在影片中直接以语言为观众提供讯息或发表评论的人，这个人不一定会出现在画面上。例如一般的纪录片解说员，就是评论者。
national board of review 美国电影评议会
一群电影界人士，志愿性地在19创立的组织，以公开放映前预先试映及评价电影为其目的。直至1927年以前，这自发的评审团一直以半官方的资格来执行此任务。0930年开始每年评选十大电影及其它的电影奖项。
national film board 加拿大电影局
1939年5月由国家电影委员会及英人约翰葛里尔逊促成的一个单位。著名的新闻片系列如《世界动态》(1942-45)及《今日加拿来大(1940-45)》便是电影局的作品。在1956年电影局从渥太华迁至蒙特娄后，也大量增加法语片的制作，并成立法语小组。1960年代后，电影局亦有制作剧情长片。
new german cinema 德国新电影
1960年代初出现在西德的一次旨在振兴德国电影的运动，源于1962年的奥伯豪森第八届西德短片电影节。当时有二十六位青年电影导演、编剧和演员联名发表了一篇《奥伯豪森宣言》，宣称要“与传统电影决裂，要运用新的电影语言”并“从阵规陋习、商业伙伴和某些利益集团的羁绊中解脱出来”，以创立德国新电影。初期的德国新电影在国内不受欢迎，很快就陷入了经济危机。 1975年，运动第二次出现高潮，电视台开始资助青年导演拍片，并出现了雷纳温纳法斯宾达、温纳荷索和文温德斯这些艺术上富有特色的导演。他们的影片，如法斯宾达的《恐惧吞噬心灵》(1973)，温德斯的《爱丽比漫游记》(1973)，和雪朗道夫的《锡鼓》(1979)等片。从1979年以来，运动的声势更加壮大，实际上已成为西德电影的主流，德国新电影在人们心中已成为一个流派的标志，代表所有新崛起的、有各自的艺术特色的西德表青年导演的电影作品。 new wave 法国新浪潮电影
指法国1952年代末、1960年代初的新电影制作及创作倾向，其中不少新导演都是《电影笔记》杂志的影评人，包括重要的导演如尚卢高达、法兰苏瓦楚浮、克劳德夏布洛、贾克希维特等人，他们大都崇尚个人独创性，表现出对电影历史传统的高度自觉，体现“作者论”的风格主张，不论在主题上或技法上都与传统电影大相径庭。代表作如亚兰雷内的《广岛之恋》(1959)和尚卢高达的《断了气》(1960)等。
nickelodeon 五分钱戏院
电影公开放映初期美国电影院的通称。是由入场费五分钱(nickel)这个字，和希腊文戏院(odeon)这个字结合而成的。
original screenplay 原著剧本
电影编剧根据自己的构想所写出来的电影剧本，而非自现成的小说、戏剧或歌剧所改编的剧本。
out of sync 音画错位
剪接声画拷贝时，由于音画合成的工作做得不够精确，以致声音与其相应影像对不齐。这种疏失在演员讲话不对嘴时最为明显。
outline 故事大纲
一个电影故事的纲要。通常是把电影成本中的主要情节和处理方式，用简要的文字表达出来。
overexposure 曝光过度
指由于光圈开得过大、底片的感光度太高或曝光时间过长所造成的影像失常。
ovwr-the-shoulder shot 过肩镜头;
拉背镜头隔着一个或数个人物的肩膀，朝另一个或数个人物拍取的镜头。过肩镜头的拍摄距离，大致在中景到中特写之间。
panavision 潘娜维馨体
一种宽银幕电影系统的商标名称。第一部以超潘娜维馨体制作的电影是《宾汉》(1959)。
parallax 视差
指摄影机中，观景窗和镜头所取到的景框有差异之谓。
parody 嘲仿
开别的影片或其它作品玩笑的影片或片段。开玩笑的对象通常是比较严肃的作品。例如《闪亮的马鞍》(1974)嘲仿的是西部片，《新科学怪人》(1974)嘲仿的是恐怖片。
pathe 百代电影公司
于18建立的一家法国电影公司。以一只昂首高唱的公鸡为片头标识，发行将近四十七年，至今百代二字仍与定期新闻片的制作连在一起，例如华纳百代新闻片。此外，这个字也指由百代电影公司制造的摄影机牌名。
performer 正式演员
在一部电影中，担任了至少一部分说、唱或舞蹈表演的人。与临时演员、龙套演员有别。
pickups 补拍镜头
在电影已经依照正常作业完成拍摄后，再补拍的部分。
playback 配乐拍摄
歌舞片常用的一种拍摄方式。在拍摄之前先把音乐或歌曲录好，拍摄时再现场播放，让演员就着乐声同步做唱作的表演。 point of view 观点
指拍摄者择取某一观视者地位，而与被摄物形成客观或主观关系之意。客观观点不想让观众注意到摄影机的存在，也不想让观众注意到人物的观点。主观观点则使摄影机居于主动地位，摄影机的镜头俨然就是剧中人物的肉眼或心理。此外，在拍摄脚本中，观点一词(缩写pov)也常被用来指示代表的人物观点，以方便摄影机的定位。
political film 政治电影
直接表现真实政治事件、政治运动和政治思潮的影片，或反映当代某一重大社会政治问题的影片。如柯斯达加华斯的《大风暴》(1969)、《大冤狱》(1970)。
preview 试片
一部影片公演前，基于影片交易、新闻发布、或宣传等目的，而举行的放映活动。还有一种为试探观众反应而进行的试片。又称sneak preview。
printing 印片
在冲印厂中，把一个底片的影像利用光的调制复制到另一个底片的过程。
producer 制片;
制作人一部影片行政上的监督者，地位和负责艺术的导演并驾齐驱。制片负责为一拍片计划筹措资金、购买电影剧本和延聘导演与其他重要的相关人才。他所做的决定往往直接影响到影片的品质。名家如大卫塞茨尼克。
production manager 执行制片
制片工作的实际执行者。负责调度整个拍片过程的行政与后勤工作。
production value 制作水准用以指称一部影片布景、服装、摄影、灯光和声音品质的一种商业概念。
projection 放映
将影片上的影像借光线呈现在银幕上就叫放映。
progaganda 宣传片
指为了增进国家内部或集团之间的团结，或为了改变、瓦解国民对敌对或中立集团的观感而拍摄的影片，特别是在战时。
publicist 公关
在电影工业中，参与电影推广和发行工作的人
publicity still 宣传照片
在电影摄制期间或前后，为了打广告、做公关或做电影院橱窗展示而拍的照片。
puppet animation 木偶动画
以立体木偶而非平面素描或绘画来拍摄的动画影片。
quota 配额制度
最觉见的一种电影保护政策，规定进口影片与本国影片要成一定比例。
remake film 重拍影片
根据以前拍过的电影故事拍摄的电影。《驿马车》原是1939年的片子，1966年又拍过一次，名叫《关山飞渡》。
rko 雷电华电影公司
美国的电影制作公司，在1928年成立，涵盖制作、发行、放映等业务。在1930年代及1940年代出品的著名影片，包括佛雷亚斯坦和琴姐罗杰丝合作的歌舞片，一系列高品质的恐怖片，由凯萨琳赫本和卡莱葛伦所主演的喜剧片，以及亚弗希区考克的《深闺疑云》(1941)和奥森威尔斯的《大国民》(1941)。1951年退出电影圈，转向无线和有线电视发展。
rough cut 粗剪
在剪辑过程中，将镜头和段落依大概的先后顺序加以接合的影片初样。根据确切剪接点剪接出来的片子，则叫精剪。
running time 片长
以标准速度来放映一部影片所需的时间长度。剧情电影的长度也形成大约在90分钟到130分钟之间。
scenery 布景 指在摄影棚内或拍摄现场由人工布置和搭建的景物。
score 配乐
根据电影的色彩、情绪、气氛、人物、情节发展而创作，紧密地为表现影片主题和剧情服务的乐曲。
screen 银幕
一种由反射性或半透明的材料制成，其表面可供投射影像的电影放映设备。
screen test 试镜
用拍摄一段影片的方式，来决定某人是否适合当演员，或某演员是否适合于演出一部影片中的某个角色。它与另一个字audition相互通用。
second unit 第二工作组
一个编制完整的制作人员组合，通常负责拍摄不需要导演或主要演员在场的影片部分。
semiology 电影符号学
随着法国结构主义思想运动的勃兴，于1960年代中叶诞生的应用符号学理论，为研究电影艺术的一门符号学新分支。它运用结构语言学的研究方法，分析电影作品的结构形式，基本上是一种方法论。
sensurround 临场音响
为制造特殊效果而设计的一种电影音响系统，多半用于增加动作片之气势，例如《大地震》(1975)。
sequel 续集影片
情节发展延续前一部影片故事的电影。续集通常因为前一部影片的票房好，想将它所造成的魅力再加利用而拍摄的。例如《教父》(1972)、《大白鲨》(1975)都拍过续集。
serial 续集电影
1912年至1920年间风行之电影风格，每一集人物、地点连贯，大都为好人与恶人相斗，总在最后一刻结局揭晓前喊停，观众必须继续看下回才知结局。
seres film 影集用相同的人物，演出型态风格相近的故事之电影，每一集的长度通常都与剧情长片相当。如今，影集已变成电视节目的一种标准型态。
sexploitation 性剥削电影
专以色情来满足大众口味的影片。
shooting ratio 拍摄比例
拍摄时所用底片长度，与实际放映的影片长度之比例，例如拍摄时用了五万尺底片，而放映时才用了一万尺，就是5：1的拍摄比例。
shorts 短片
放映长度较短的影片，一般指全长不超过三十分钟。
slapstick comedy 闹剧
取法粗鲁、带攻击性动作之喜剧，以不造成伤害的暴力行为为其重点。英文的典故来自一副由两块木头组成的拍板。最早出现闹剧的是卢米埃的《水浇园丁》(1895)。 sleeper 连珠电影
首映时没没无闻，但后来被影评家“发掘”出来的好电影。
slow motion 慢动作
影像之进行，较其自然运动为慢的一种特殊效果。是以加速摄影的技术达成的。
soft focus 柔焦
利用特别的滤色镜片，或将纱网或其它的散光器材置于镜头前，以拍摄出略微失焦的效果。经常被用来创造浪漫的气氛。
source music 现场音乐
自场面某处发出之音乐，如收音机、留声机或乐团之演奏，是背景音乐的一种。
split-screen process 分割画面
以线条将画面分成数个独立视像区域的暗房技巧。在《天罗地网》(1968)和《辣手人魔》(1968)这两部片子里面，分割画面用的特多。
spotlignt 聚光灯
照度强、照幅窄、便于朝场景中的特定区位集中照射的灯，是摄影棚内用得最多的一种灯。
star 电影明星
在银幕上取得一定艺术成就或有票房号召力的电影演员。
steadicam 摄影机稳定器
一种轻便的电影摄影机机座，可以手提。它在1970年代逐渐为人普遍使用。在《洛基》(1976)的练拳场面中，摄影机稳定器充分发挥了它的妙用。 stock footage 资料片
制作一部影片用到其它影片的画面时，该段画面就叫资料片。《广岛之恋》(1959)就用了很多广岛原爆的纪录片做资料片。
story board 画面分镜剧本
以草图、绘画或照片，依连戏顺序将影片段落或整部影片的主要动作和叙述流程摘述出来。广泛地被用在动画片的制作，以及呈给客户审阅的电视广告影片企划中。
story editor 编审
电影公司编剧部门的职员，职责在审阅故事大纲，并对读稿员所提供的戏剧或其它文字材料加以评估。
studio
1.制片厂 制作影片的复杂生产机构。如好莱坞的大制片厂。
2.摄影棚制片厂的主要生产建筑。可以其中搭置布景，安排各种灯光设备，以进行影片拍摄工作。
subjective shot 主观镜头
表示片中角色观点的镜头。当角色扫视一场面，或在一场面中走动时，摄影机代表角色的双眼，显示角色所看到的景象。
subplot 次要情节
一电影故事之次要发展。它往往触及主要情节或丰富主要情节。
super-8 超8毫米电影
1965年上市的8毫米影片，多用于拍摄业余电影和教育影片。
sync 音画同步为synchronization与synchronism的缩写，指电影画面和声音保持一致的对应状态。
synopsis 故事梗概
为电影所写的简要故事纲要，亦称“本事”。
take 镜次
在摄取一个镜头或一个场景时，摄影机的一趟启动停止，称为一人镜次。有时候一个镜头的完成需要拍很多镜次。
technicolor 特艺彩色
一种彩色电影的摄制系统，由柯达公司出品。在1950年代之前，几乎是彩色影片的代名词。
text 本文
电影批评用语。指可以在电影空间、时间中存在的任何表意系统。详细地研读影片本文是电影符号学的重要范畴。
theme song 主题曲
代表影片主题的歌曲，或因风行而被认为对一影片具有代表性的电影插曲。如《银河》(moon river)则是《第凡内早餐》(1961)的主题曲。
third cinema 第三电影
泛指第三世界电影工作者所制作的反帝、反殖民、反种族歧视、反剥削压迫等主题的电影。
three-dimensional film 立体电影
以特殊的拍摄方式使影片放映时能够对观众产生立体效果的一种电影，简称“3d”电影。
tie-in 电影附加产品与一部电影相关连的各种商品，最常见的情况是同时出版改编的小说或原声带专辑唱片。例如《蝙蝠侠》(1989)的附加产品多达一百多种。
todd-ao 陶德宽银幕
由陶德公司研究发展的一种宽银幕系统，它用的底片规格是65毫米，而且只需要一部摄影机和一部放映机。《奥克拉荷马之恋》(1955)和《环游世界八十天》(1956)是最先采用陶德宽银幕系统的影片。
tracks 移动车轨道
铺设在地面供移动车滑行地轨道。
transition 转场
自一场景转至另一场景，或自一段落转至另一段落时，所采用的种种方法。
20th century-fox 二十世纪福斯电影公司
1935年透过合并而成立的一家美国电影公司。由戴立欧柴纳克担任重负责人达四十年，现被并购于梅多克的新闻集团之下，是好莱坞主流的制片厂之一，代表作为《铁达尼号》(1987)(〈泰坦尼号〉)。
typecasting 类型选角
依演员的长相、气质、特征等性质，来决定适合他演出的角色。一个演员一旦在银幕上演活了某种角色，他就会把这种角色一直演下去。
united artists 联美公司
1919年由四位著名导演及演卓别林、范朋克、毕克馥、格里菲斯出资创建，逐步发展成为控制美国电影生产和发行的八大公司之一。在1981年并入米高梅公司，改称为米高梅——联美娱乐公司，以出品007系列电影知名。
viewfinder 观景窗
摄影机本身固有的或附加在镜头外的一种取景装置。
vistavision 维士宽银幕
美国派拉蒙公司出品的一种宽银幕系统。
wide screen 宽银幕电影
比传统标准银幕更宽的一种银幕规格。把放映画面予以展宽，使观众扩大视野，增加临场真实感。
wipe 划接
转场的一种手法。所谓划，指的是一个镜头自银幕的一端向另一端移动，而划去前一个镜头之意。
writer 编剧
编剧在整个电影的制作过程中所扮演的角色，主要是为一部电影提供故事剧本或电影剧本。亦称“screen writer”。
x-rated movie x级影片;成人电影;春宫片
美国电影分级中的一个级别，为“十八岁以下青年不准进入”之代称。
zoetrope(wheel of life) 生命回转盘
一种十九世纪的动画机器，是威廉霍纳发明的。视觉暂留的原理在电影发明之前用以说明。美国导演柯波拉以此作为其制片公司的名字。
zoom shot 伸缩镜头
篇6：思念的名词英文 英文怎么说
他们仍然希望找到他们丢失的儿子。
They have been missing for a long time now.
到现在他们已经失踪很长时间了。
Three sailors are missing, believed drowned.
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