大学英语写作辅导

2024-06-09

大学英语写作辅导(精选6篇)

篇1:大学英语写作辅导

英语写作辅导

英语短文的结构及段落的组织

一、短文的结构

文章、段落、句子、词组、单词

从文到段,从段到句,是篇章结构的主要内容。

了解篇章结构,是进行写作的必备常识。

一篇文章通常可分为以下三种段落:

(一)引言段(Introductory Paragraph):向读者介绍此片文章的主题及背景材料。在文中起到开宗明义,即“启”的作用,是全文的主题所在。

(二)主题段(Body Paragraph(s)):也叫正文,是文章的主体部分,也是情节发展、事实说明或者层层递进的部分,把要论述的,具体而明晰。文章内容要具有 一致性、连贯性,在文章中起到“承”和“转”的作用。

(三)结尾段(Conclusion Paragraph):也叫结束语,是由通篇文章所得出的简短结论,或者事情发展到了最后一个情节,即故事的结束、结局、其作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或者肯定文章的中心思想,用以加深印象,在文章中起到“合”的作用。

二、文章的段落

段落是英语作文的基本结构单位,是文章中相对独立的一个部分。

段落与文章的三个组成部分相对应,通常由三个部分组成:主题句、发展句和结尾句。短文写作的技巧与套路

一、写作步骤

1.多读多练 充分准备 2.细读指令 认真审题 3.理清思路 构思布局 4.精选素材 列出提纲 5.动笔写作 组织成文 6.用词简洁 篇幅适中 7.认真检查 仔细修改

二、写作套路 1.写作类型 1)现象阐释型

通常要求考生对某一现象进行解释说明,分析其原因并加以评论。其基本结构是:首先描述现象并说明其现状;然后分析这种现象的原因或相关因素;最后提出建议或总结观点。典型题目如:

Why College Students Have Difficulty Finding Jobs?

Why College Students Take a Part-time Job?

Chatting on Line

2)问题解决型

通常要求考生从试题的提示行文字入手,描述其反映出的问题,提出解决方案或应对措施。其基本结构是:首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性,并简要分析其产生的原因或带来的危害和影响;然后提出解决问题的办法或措施;最后表明自己的态度,提出建议并展望前景。典型题目如下: How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic How to Succeed in a Job Interview How I Finance My College Life Staying Healthy hatting on Line 3)对比选择型

这类作文的标志十分明显,其要求比较明确,即直接要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法,进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点,也就是做出选择。其基本结构:首先对要评论的事物或现象进行整体介绍;然后陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由;之后表明自己的观点或态度。典型题目如: It Pays to Be Honest Should Education Be Commercialized? Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major? Reading Selective or Extensively? 4)利弊评述型

此类作文要求考生客观地分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面,或在某一问题上反映出的两种不同看法,并不需要明确表明态度,说明事物的对与错,尤其是会有较大争议的问题,可采用平衡利弊的态度,提出某种希望和设想。典型题目如: The Positive and Negative Aspects of Skyscrapers The Development of a Private Car Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good LUCK? College Life in Internet Era My View on Examination 5)观点论证型

此类作文一般要求考生根据题目所给的论点,按照题目要求通过摆事实、讲道理的方式对该论点进行论证或反驳。其基本结构是:首先提出要论证或反驳的论点;然后提出论据对其进行论证或反驳;最后表明自己的立场和看法。典型题目如:

Harmful of Fake Commodities Why I Attended College The Job I Like Best The Benefits of Making Friends of Different Kinds 2.段落类型

(1)描述段:一般首先对命题中提供的信息(如某现象、问题、背景或事件)进行提炼和概括,然后进行扩展描述。

(2)说明段:主要对原因、危害、影响、作用、方法、过程等进行分析说明,段落的组织必须要注意以下两点:一是要条理清楚,尽量使用一些比较清晰的表达方式。如说明原因时,可以使用the main reason, what is more, as a result等短语,以突出文章的条理性;二是要根据标题和提纲内容确定合适的说明角度和说明方法,如说明原因或举例说明等。(3)议论段:通常是考生根据文章的主题提出、论证或总结某项观点。写议论段时应做到观点明确、论证充分,并有令人信服的数据和例子来支持论点,使文章具有说服力。议论段主要有四种:提出观点段(有时是提出一种观点,有时是提出两种对立观点)、论证观点段、对比论证段(对两种观点进行对比论证,有时可分成两段来分述两种观点)和总结观点段。3.写作模板 1)现象阐释型

①Nowadays, there exists a social/economic/environmental phenomenon, which has aroused great concern among people around us./ 总体现象has increasingly become a common concern of the public./ 总体现象is commonly accepted by the people from all walks of life.②According to a survey, …。

③There are a couple of reasons booming this phenomenon./This problem/phenomenon has a great effect on … ④Firstly,/above all/First of all/原因一/影响一⑤Secondly/what’s more/ furthermore(原因二/影响二)⑥Besides/Finally(原因三/影响三)

⑦As a result/ Therefore/ consequently,(结果)⑧As far as I am concerned/ As to me /In my opinion, “我”的观点/态度/做法⑨furthermore,进一步说明 ⑩Therefore/ based on the above discussions, I can conclude/ it can be concluded that…(总结全文)(1)描述段:描述现象 ①开门见山,总述现象

②阐释现象的具体表现或变化(2)说明段:阐述原因

③承上启下,引出原因/因素/影响 ④具体阐述原因一/因素一/影响一

⑤列举原因二/因素二/影响二(可以用例证支持)⑥列举原因三/因素三/影响三(可以用例证支持)⑦总结以上原因或因素导致的结果/该现象的最终影响(3)议论段:表明观点

⑧我对此现象的思考或看法(可能是个人选择或者是对现象、趋势或影响的评述)⑨进一步说明自己的看法或陈述理由 ⑩总结全文

例:

Cards 1.现代城市中持卡的人越来越多; 2.原因在于。。; 3.“我”的看法。

①Nowadays, holding cards has become a common phenomenon.②According to a survey, over 80%of people in big cities hold various kinds of cards issued by banks, restaurants, supermarkets ,etc.(描述段)③There are a number of reasons for it.④ First of all, it is convenient to consume by cards.⑤What’s more, it is safer to carry cards than cash.For example, if one’s cards are lost, the owner needn’t worry too much because no one else can get the money out without the password.⑥In addition, cards can give card holders certain privilege or discount in service.⑦Therefore, holding cards, especially among the youth, becomes fashionable recently.(说明段)⑧ As for me, cards have a bright future.⑨With the development of science and technology, cards will become much safer and easier to use.⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that more people will use cards.(议论段,表明观点)

模仿练习1 • Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags outline:

1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用 2.造成的问题

3.限制使用的意义 模仿练习2 • On Power Failure •

1.很多城市缺电现象严重 •

2.分析原因 •

3.提出建议 模仿练习3 • Online Education • Outline:

1.目前网络教育形成热潮

2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是……

3.我对网络教育的评价 模仿练习4 Skipping Classes on College Campus Outline:

1.大学里逃课现象时有发生; 2.分析学生逃课的原因; 3.如何减少逃课现象 2)问题解决型

①In recent years, increasing numbers of people关注/牵涉/参与不良现象或某一问题 ②It is obvious that 危害一/作用一 ③Additionally, 危害二/作用二④therefore, special/considerable attention should be paid to 该问题

⑤on the one hand/ firstly, 方法一 ⑥On the other hand/ secondly, 方法二⑦ In addition/ thirdly, 方法三

⑧Of course, following these suggestions/methods may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth of trying ⑨As for me/ in my opinion, “我”的思考或看法 ⑩Only in this way… 倒装句总结全文/undoubtedly, it is necessary/ essential… 根本途径(1)描述段:描述问题

①开门见山,综述不良现象或某一问题 ②问题的危害一/解决问题的作用一 ③问题的危害二/解决问题的作用二

④承上启下,表达解决问题的必要性和紧迫性,引出解决问题的方法或相关因素(2)说明段:说明方法因素 ⑤解决方法一/决定因素一 ⑥解决方法二/决定因素二 ⑦解决方法三/决定因素三(3)议论段:

⑧指出这些方法不一定能成功解决问题,但付出总是值得的 ⑨“我”倾向的方法和途径

⑩提出根本途径或建议,应该采取的态度,总结全文 例: How to Treat the Parent-Child Relationship 1.父母与孩子之间的代沟越来越大; 2.代沟带来那些影响;

3.如何消除代沟,并改善父母与孩子之间的关系。

①More and more people are paying attention to the generation gap between parents and their children.②Obviously, the generation gap is a source of family disharmony.③Additionally, it may lead to a number of social problem.④Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with the issue.⑤On the one hand, parents should be more tolerant to their children , remembering that a child is a child and there is always such a stage in one’s growth.⑥On the other hand, children should also understand that without parents’ guidance, they won’t be able to grow up healthily.⑦ Finally, parents should spent more time with their children.⑧Of course , following these suggestions may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth the effort.⑨As for me, mutual understanding is the key solution.⑩Undoubtedly, it is essential for both parents and children to understand each other for a good parent—child relationship.模仿练习1 • How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic

• 1.Importance of solving the problem of

heavy traffic • 2.Ways to solve the problem of heavy traffic • 3.My suggestion 模仿练习2 • How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities.• 1.解决住房问题的重要性

• 2.三种可能解决住房问题的方案:

1)多造高层建筑;

2)向地下发展;

3)疏散城市人口。• 3)对比选择型 • 3.我的建议

①When asked about/ when it comes to事物/问题 , different people will offer different opinions.②Some people take it for granted that观点一③ in their opinion, 选择观点一的理由一④Besides,选择观点一的理由二

⑤ however, others hold that观点二⑥ They maintain that观点二/选择观点二的理由一⑦And观点二/选择观点二的理由二

⑧Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the former/ later viewpoint/ choice.⑨”我”的理由⑩Therefore , as stated above, 重申观点/选择(1)议论段:提出观点

①开门见山,指出人们对某事物/问题存在不同的观点/选择 ②提出观点一/选择一

③提出观点一/选择一的理由一 ④提出观点一/选择一的理由二(2)议论段:对比论证 ⑤提出观点二/选择二 ⑥提出观点二/选择二的理由一 ⑦提出观点二/选择二的理由二(3)议论段:总结观点 ⑧标明“我”的倾向 ⑨阐述“我”的理由

⑩总结全文,重申“我”的观点/选择

例:To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond 1.在大企业工作的特点; 2.在小企业工作的特点; 3.我的选择。

①To the question whether to work in a large enterprise or in a small firm, different people may have different answers.②Some may choose to be a small fish in a big pond.③They hold that they can derive a sense of pride from being a member of a famous organization such as General Motors.④Besides, they can work with people from different parts of the world.⑤Still others may prefer to be a big fish in a small pond.⑥According to them, in a small company, they may be given greater responsibilities without much restriction.⑦Consequently, they can show their talents fully and freely.⑧Weighing up these two choices, I am for the latter.⑨I prefer to work in a small enterprise, where I can get more chances of promotion.⑩I’d rather become an important figure within my own small pond.练习1 Money Outline: 1.有人认为金钱是万能的。

2.有人说金钱是万恶之源(the source of all crimes)3.我对金钱的看法。模仿练习2 Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major Outline: 1.有人认为应该选择重点大学; 2.有人认为应该选择重点专业; 3.我的观点。模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读,人们有不同的看法: 1.有人认为应该精读; 2.有人认为应该泛读; 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习4 The Best Means of Transportation Outline:

1.私家车越来越多,污染问题、交通问题随之产生; 2.人们出行时其实有多中交通方式可以选择; 3.从健康和环保节能出发,我认为最好的交通方式是 4)模板一(驳论)

①Up to now, many people hold it true that某观点 ②They believe进一步说明此观点③However, recent survey/ research shows that 与上述观点相反的论点 ④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.⑤Above all, 论据一⑥For example,(支持论据一的事例)⑦Furthermore,论据二及支持论据二的事例 ⑧Most importantly, 论据三

⑨All that has been discussed above points to the fact that重申本文论点 ⑩Therefore,与该观点相符合的做法和态度

(1)议论段:提出观点

①指出普遍存在的某种观点活态度或做法 ②进一步说明此观点

③转折提出与之相反的本论文观点 ④承上启下,引出对观点的论证(2)议论段:论证观点 ⑤列举论据一

⑥举例说明论据一

⑦列举论据二并加以说明 ⑧列举论据三

(3)总结段:总结观点 ⑨承接上文,重申观点

⑩总结全文,可表达我们应该坚持该观点或采取该观点相符合的做法 模板二(立论)

①People are familiar with/it is widely accepted that某观点②As we know,观点正确性的表现③Therefore,小结观点④There are numerous examples supporting this argument.⑤ A case in point is 例一 ⑥For another example, 引出说明例二⑦Moreover, 阐述第三个例子

⑧From what has been discussed above, we should understand that重申观点 ⑨But(one thing we have to notice is that)提出个人建议 ⑩Therefore,总结全文(1)议论段:提出观点

①开门见山,直接提出观点 ②阐述观点正确性的表现 ③小结观点

④承上启下,引出对观点的论证(2)议论段:论证观点

⑤列举支持论点的具体事例一 ⑥列举支持论点的具体事例二 ⑦列举支持论点的具体事例三(3)总结段:总结观点

⑧承接上文,重申观点 ⑨指出坚持该论点应该注意什么 ⑩总结全文,指出正确的态度或做法 例1

Wealth and Happiness 1.每个人都想获得财富,财富似乎就是幸福,其实不然; 2.世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的。

①Up to now, many people still hold that wealth can bring happiness.②They believe that with a great amount of money, they must live a happier life.③However, recent survey shows that wealth is not necessarily associated with happiness.④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.⑤Above all ,good health plays an important role above wealth in a happy life.⑥For example, people can buy medicine with money, but cannot buy health.⑦Furthermore, wealth may encourage those harmful habits which may ruin the wealth owner, such as addition to drugs and gambling.⑧Most importantly, there is one thing essential to happiness which cannot be bought with wealth---love.⑨All that has been discussed above shows that wealth is not equal to happiness.⑩Therefore, we should not be crazy about money and earn it with honest work.例2

Blood Donation ①In modern society, it is widely accepted that blood donation is good for health.②As we know, donating blood benefit both society and people.③Therefore, people should be encouraged to donate blood regularly.④Many remarkable facts can support this argument.⑤First of all, according to medical research findings, donating blood can effectively reduce the happening of certain disease.⑥What’s more, donating blood regularly could reduce the pace of aging.⑦Besides, donating blood regularly could help people keep good mood.⑧All mentioned above tell us that blood donation does more than harm to health.⑨We should hold a positive attitude towards it.⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that bllod donation should be encouraged under the scientific instruction.5)利①For the past years,某事物has been widely accepted by people/has come into people’s daily life.②No one can deny that 某事物的好处.③For one thing, 好处一④For another, 好处二

⑤However, just as all coins have two sides, there are also disadvantages about某事物的弊端.⑥For example 弊端一⑦Moreover, 弊端二.⑧Finally,弊端三

⑨In my opinion, “我”的建议⑩only in this way, can we 总结全文.弊评述型(1)议论段:

①开门见山,总述现象 ②分析某事物的有利面 ③举例说明好处一 ④举例说明好处二 ⑤举例说明好处三

(2)说明段:

⑥承上启下,引出对弊端的讨论 ⑦举例说明弊端一 ⑧举例说明弊端二

(3)总结段:

⑨“我”的建议(如何趋利避害)⑩总结全文 例

The Positive and Negative Aspects of Home Computers 1.家用电脑的普及; 2.家用电脑的好处;

3.家用电脑带来的问题。

①Nowadays, computers have come into people’s home as one of common household appliances.②There is no doubt that like TV, home computers benefit people greatly.③With the computer, the home becomes a library, a school, an office and an entertainment center.④All kinds of information can be close at one’s finger tips.⑤In addition, home computers bring people far away closer to us.⑥Despite the convenience that home computers bring about, they have disadvantages.⑦For example, people, especially the youth, may easily get addicted to computer games.⑧Besides, since nearly everything can be done in front of the computer, we may become more isolated from people around us.⑨In my opinion, we all should consider how to control home computers, so that they won’t control us.⑩Only in this way, can we make full use of them, while avoiding of the side effects.模仿练习1 The Development of Private Cars Outline:

1.私家车普及的好处; 2.私家车带来的问题; 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读,人们有不同的看法: 1.有人认为应该精读; 2.有人认为应该泛读; 3.“我”的看法

篇2:大学英语写作辅导

2010 初赛

a letter to a friend introducing the school sports center;comments on one of Bertrand Russell’s statements

2009 决赛

2009初赛

a letter to a company declining a job offer;comments on a poem

2008决赛

a letter from the dean of the English Department in your University to a prestigious scholar of British Literature to come to be a judge of the English speech contest;comments on a poem

2008初赛

an email of apology for missing an email appointment with your foreign language;comments on a poem

2007决赛

a letter to a friend sharing your work experience in a youth camp and giving advice for the job application;comments on a poem

2007初赛

a letter to a language school asking for information about a summer language course;comments on a poem

Formal Features

1.letter

Dear ***,。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

Yours sincerely, / Sincerely,***

(Dean of the English Department)

2.email

From: ***

To: ***

Date: 19 April, 2009

Subject: ……

Dear ***,。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

。。。。。。。Thank you.Best wishes.3.信件应根据内容和身份、对象的区别而注意措辞。

4.文学评论基本都包括两方面:discuss the moral of the poem / passage;express your personal views on the subject

C类

2010 初赛

write a notice;Key Considerations for the School Leaver(career planning)

2009 决赛

a memo(格式同上面email, 除To/From顺序反);Take My Advice on How to Control Stress 2009初赛

an email;report on fashion industries

2008决赛

analysis of a chart;Books—An Endangered Species?

2008初赛

a letter;computer dependency

2007决赛

an advertisement;comments on a newspaper article on the loss of national and cultural identity 2007初赛

a letter;comments on a newspaper article on personal freedom

2005-2006

1.写信要注意署名的要求,一般会明确要求用某指定化名

2.看图写话,一般包括两个要求: interpret the message conveyed by the picture;make your comments on what is represented

3.要求写个speech的话只要起个鼓动性的title写篇议论文就行

附: notice只要以本单词大写作标题就行;advertisement 只要以相关主题作标题就行,如English Club

[精华]写作绝招

开头万能公式

1. 开头万能公式一:名人名言

有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编!

原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?

经典句型:

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言)

更多经典句型:

As everyone knows, No one can deny that„

2. 开头万能公式二:数字统计

原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工

具是自行车。

Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型:

A recent statistics shows that „

结尾万能公式

1. 结尾万能公式一:如此结论

说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:

Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!

更多过渡短语:

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型:

Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„

2. 结尾万能公式二:如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽!

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?

更多句型:

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”

一、长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、主题句原则

国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、短语优先原则

写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其

一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其

二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:

I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。再比如:

走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room

所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!

六、多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjoy music, and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:

Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用:

Besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语:

despite that, still, however, nevertheless然而, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding虽然,尽管

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友„可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语:

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。

举例:This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:

When to go, Why he goes away„

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr.Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单,同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.(气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀!

原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!

文章主体段落三大杀手锏

一、举实例

思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fume熏him or her.更多句型:

To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example

二、做比较

方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的;

世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语:

相似的比较:

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

相反的比较:

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „

三、换言之

没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子:

I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语:

篇3:大学英语写作辅导

关键词:全国高职高专英语写作大赛,试题分析,辅导策略

首届《全国高职高专英语写作大赛》于2010年举行, 至今已成功举办五届。多年来大赛始终秉承着“突出岗位需求, 贴近学生生活”的命题原则。充分体现了高职英语教学注重培养应用能力这一特点。大赛分为英语专业组和公共英语组。以公共英语组试题为例, 初赛包括命题作文和图表作文;决赛在前两种试题的基础上增加了主题作文。在备赛和参赛的过程中, 学生们提升了写作能力, 教师也丰富了教学经验。

一、命题作文试题分析及辅导策略

命题作文为应用文, 体裁多样, 主要包括通知、备忘录、电子邮件、传真以及产品介绍等, 其中很多也是平时写作教学中必有的内容。所以赛前培训就要突出重点, 详略得当。这几年的样题和试题中这部分多为业务类公函。无论体裁如何, 其内容均为工作岗位任务。所以应用文的赛前培训要轻体裁、重内容。首先, 按照工作内容要点来总结常用句式, 如:发布命令、提出建议、表示赞同、表达不满、销量描述、产品推荐、举办活动等。句式总结要规范、多样。其次, 在谋篇布局时, 首句 (段) 要开门见山地表明写作目的, 所以考生要迅速捕捉文章的核心内容;中间部分要涵盖所有要点, 并对具体要点进行合理的细节扩展, 由于字数要求, 不易扩展太多, 2~3点即可;结尾部分可选用较为固定的礼貌句式。选手在写作时常常没有格式概念, 不会合理联想展开段落, 仅仅是将要点甚至是作文提纲直接罗列到作文中, 使得文章没有格式、没有层次、没有内容。由此, 辅导老师要专项训练学生的主题概括能力和细节拓展能力。

二、图表描述试题分析和辅导策略

图表作文多为线图、饼图和柱形图, 内容涉及社会热点问题 (如学历、留学) 和经济数据 (如:中美两国汽车销量) 等。试题既考察学生社会常识, 又考核学生岗位技能;既提升学生综合素质, 又培养选手职业素养。大赛的图表试题应划分为现象解释型作文[1], 写作要“由表及里”。通过观察图表发现问题、总结问题, 然后分析问题, 最后解决问题或发表观点。

第一部分图表描述包括三个环节。首先概述图表, 说明图表大意, 例如“The information provided by the line chart is about the number of vehicles sold in the US and China market from 1980 to 2008.”。然后具体说明数据和趋势, 如“The number of vehicles in US market fluctuated between 7million and 13 million from1980 to 2008, and in China the figures increased sharply to 9 million until 2007.”数据描述不用面面俱到, 重点指出能说明问题的数据。如图1所示[2], 如果选手要在下文重点分析“2007年后中美汽车销量走向相反的原因”, 此处就要详细说明“2007年后的趋势”, 例如“There will be a growth in the number of vehicles in China after 2007, and the figure of US is going to go down from that moment.”。最后, 点出图表体现的现象或问题, 例如“As we can see from the chart, the number of China shows a trend of growth, while that of US reveals a trend of drop.”

中间段落以解释原因为主。学生在此处往往暴露出社会常识匮乏、段落扩展方法单一以及段与段、句语句之间缺乏过渡等问题, 导致他们的文章没有内容, 仅是几个例子的叠加, 没有衔接, 层次不清。如何在培训中解决学生的这些问题呢?我们认为研读和背诵经典范文是最好的方法。首先将范文进行主题分类, 如“社会焦点、校园生活、读书学习”等。通过阅读不仅可以提升写作技巧, 还可以丰富写作视角, 吸取他人的正确观点。然后, 要研读范文, 细化到每一句。研究句子在文章中的作用以及句和句之间的关系。经过一定时间的训练, 学生在文章框架搭建、段落展开和过渡等方面都有显著提升。

另外, 有一种试题重点考察学生的岗位技能, 如公司销售业绩、市场份额描述, 销售增长与下滑原因的分析等。要想很专业的解释一些市场现象, 考生就要补充“经济”常识。更主要的是, 辅导老师要为学生准备切题的句式。例如:

1. Reasons of Market Decline

(1) The market can decline for several reasons.For example, customer needs have changed and the company does not realize these changes and are unable to meet the wants.

(2) In addition, more and more competitors come into the same market, so if you are unable to generate new customers and retain current customers, the sales drops naturally.

2. Ways to Increase the Sales

(1) Follow up with past and potential customers.Create excellent customer service by following up with a customer after sale.Get names and phone numbers if possible.Follow up with everyone.

(2) Study the competitors.Review websites of competitors to decide what aspects of their business that are attractive and competitive to gain business.

三、决赛主题作文试题分析和辅导策略

决赛的第三道赛题是围绕一个主题写出不少于200字的短文。例如第三届高职高专英语写作大赛公共英语组决赛样题, 如下[2]:

Part III (30 points)

Directions:Write an essay based on the key word“Opportunity”.Write more than 200 words.You need to: (1) title the essay (2) write from your own perspective (3) write the essay in a proper style.

围绕着“Opportunity”这一主题词写一篇短文, 标题自拟, 立意自选, 体裁自定。这种考题具有灵活性和开放性, 使得人人有话说。在此我们就要解决“说什么话, 怎么说”的问题。说到“Opportunity”这个词, 我们可以想到很多立意点, 比如“创造机遇”、“发现机遇”、“机遇改变命运”等。首先, 要化繁为简, 选准立意, 从一个侧面切入, 展开文章, 切勿面面俱到。其次, 要选好文体。你是要表达观点———My View on Opportunity;还是要说明方法———How to Seize the Opportunity。选择一个自己所擅长的文体, 发挥个人特长。最后, 进行“头脑风暴”, 罗列素材, 写出文章提纲。

四、结束语

大赛是教学质量的试金石;大赛是教学改革的风向标。大赛中的好成绩不仅可以提现一个学校的办学质量, 还可以引领英语教学改革。教师认真研读赛题, 积累辅导经验, 有利于今后在大赛前的辅导工作, 还有助于提升英语教学质量。

参考文献

[1]王长喜.大学英语六级考试12句作文法与3步翻译法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2013:12.

篇4:大学英语写作辅导

【关键词】高中英语写作 有效教学指导

一、高中写作现状与英语新课程标准

写作在语言教学中的重要性毋庸置疑,它是语言学习者对所学目的语言的输出性能力的培养,写作教学可以提高学习者的语言能力,如可以强化学习者已学的语法结构,习惯用语和词汇。此外,写作者要不断地斟酌想要表达的事物,写作与思考之间的紧密联系使得写作教学成为任何语言教学中最具挑战性的活动之一。《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》八级的写作技能目标是:1.能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;2.能根据文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;3.能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文,叙述事情或表达观点和态度;4.能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。在目前的英语教学中, 英语写作训练相对薄弱, 学生写作水平不高, 而且很多人惧怕写作, 存在着“学生说到写作心烦, 教师见到学生的习作头痛”的现象。学生在英语写作中主要存在无话可写、用汉语思维方式写作、语法错误百出等等问题。因此,对高中英语写作教学和指导的有效性探究就变得十分有必要了。针对这个问题,本文就高中英语写作教学和指导的有效性进行了探究,并提出了一些教学建议。

二、培养兴趣和动机

兴趣是最好的老师。由于应试教育带来的负面影响,学生的写作动机仅仅变成只为了得到高分数,加上写作活动本身具有综合性和复杂性的特点,目前很多中学生在进行写作训练时存在着担心、厌恶和惧怕的心理,甚至对英语写作失去了信心。在对待不同学生,教师应进行不同的评价方式,如对待学困生,应以鼓励、激励为主,尊重他们,保护他们的自尊心。另外,教师要及时了解学生的写作基础,通过访谈、问卷等方式了解所教学生的学科基本情况,合理定期地制订符合学生实际写作发展需要和能激发学生创作兴趣的作文题目。

三、评价作文方式宜采用多样化

传统的评价方式以教师为中心,通常是,教师布置作文题,学生独立完成写作任务,然后上交给教师批阅。教师是唯一的读者。在批阅过程中,很多教师主要关注的是语法错误,而非作文的思想性及逻辑性,忽略了学生学习英语的情感因素,这种将作文看成最终产品,重视语言质量,轻视思想水平的做法是影响中国学生英语写作质量的重要原因。因此,正确评价作文方式宜采用多样化,如先采取学生在老师的指导下以小组合作形式互评,这既减轻了教师的批改作文的重负,也使学生对自己的错误更加印象深刻。这种评价方式很高效省时,但实施前教师应注意训练指导学生如何去评价别人的文章。教师还可以采用面批和口头批改的形式,这能使学生及时发现并得到针对性的指导,但应以鼓励学生为主,以免挫伤学生积极性。

四、采用思维导图的方式

思维导图是一种有效的思维模式,能将思维视觉化。思维导图利用人的左右脑功能,帮助人们提高理解力、发展空间智能、促进创造性思维。在写作方面,思维导图可以帮助我们组织思想和信息、做出选择、快速找到新信息和旧信息的联系提高记忆力。如以健康饮食为话题写英语作文,教师指导学生先围绕中心话题进行头脑风暴,用思维导图辅助进行辐射性思维,列好写作提纲,各段落要点。思维导图的应用是写作材料的准备过程,也是写作信息的创造过程。思维导图辐射出的信息量可能大于写作真正需要到的数量,所以教师要指导学生学会根据写作目的筛选信息。

五、培养学生的批判性思维

作为人类思维的重要组成部分,判断性思维对于科技发展,经济增长,社会发展和人类进步起着重要作用。我国现阶段的英语写作教学对培养学生的批判性思维重视不够。学生的英语写作水平还有待提高,这表现在两方面:一是思维空洞,找不到内容可写,二是思维混乱,内容堆砌,致使文章逻辑混乱。其主要原因是缺乏正确的写作指导思想。在英语写作教学中教师提供范文,分析范文,学生对范文进行仿写。这就忽略了学生的思维水平,学生的文章往往也就注重形式而忽略了内容。在教师评阅作文时,主要问题也是针对学生的语法和词汇错误。这样学生也自然将重心放在语法上而忽略了自身的思维提升。 针对上述问题,教师要在课堂中示范和讲解批判性思维的内容和技巧,通过反复解释、示范、练习以及同伴反馈和教师反馈等手段来丰富学生的批判性思维技巧,更有效地利用批判性思维提高写作水平。

六、结语

总之, 英语写作能力的提高不是一蹴而就的事情, 学生写作能力的形成是个长期烦琐的过程。教师在教学中要充分考虑学生的学习能力与学习需要, 认真钻研大纲, 坚持有针对性地对学生进行系统的写作训练, 有意识地让学生逐步接受英语表达的思维方式, 久而久之学生才能提高对英语语言要素综合应用的能力, 写出比较地道的英语。更重要的是,教师在具体的课堂教学中要结合不同的写作任务,采取相应的教学手段, 激发学生的学习兴趣, 在培养能力的过程中树立英文写作的信心, 全面提高学生运用英语的能力和教学质量。

【参考文献】

[1]教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2007.

[2]孙鸣.英语学习与教学设计[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2004.

[3]舒晓杨.思维导图运用于英语写作教学的实验研究[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2011.

篇5:大学英语写作辅导

主备人:张献芳

中考英语作文在整个英语考试中有着举足轻重的地位,作文质量的好与差,得分悬殊很大如何写好英语作文给考生带来了很大的困扰。其实,中考英语写作是很容易提高的,因此,同学们大可不必慌张,害怕。那么如何才可以在短时间内提高自己的写作水平呢?这要从对英文写作的评价标准入手。初中英文写作的评价标准通常要考虑以下六个方面:

1.你所表达的内容是否与中文提供的情景一致,是否达意。

2.单词拼写错误,语法时态及句子结构错误是否影响了内容的准确性。

3.扩展部分的逻辑推理是否与所提供的中文情景相关,所用语言是否准确的表达了你的思想。

4.能否使用恰当的关联词或者复合句使文段内容完整,逻辑合理,结构正确。

5.是否注意了必要的造句技巧,句子开头大写及句尾的标点符号。

6.卷面是否整洁。

因此,写作高分不是以高级词汇及从句的堆积取得的。而是由合理的逻辑思维能力,熟练运用英文基础词汇及语法准确表达思想的能力,以及基础写作技巧的运用能力得到的。

一、写作需要注意的地方:

(1)注意篇章结构,合理布局

开始部分:说出文中的要点、核心问题。

正文部分:围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。

结尾部分:对全文的总结和概括。

要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。前后呼应,祛除与主题无关的内容。

(2)确定主题句

主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现

在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释,扩展。写主题句应注意以下几点:

①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点

②提炼出一句具有概括性的话

③主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。

二、写作思路:

审好题

仔细审查所给的内容提示(包括文字和图表等),明确要求写的内容,确定文章的体裁、人称、时态等,理顺思路,确定主旨。

看要点,写片段

对于易于表达的内容,一次成句;对于一时难于表达的内容,写出词组。此时,既注意不遗漏内容要点,也不要随意添加任何内容。

三、写作步骤:

定句型,连词成句

这个环节是成文的关键,一定要注意做到:

(1)选用比较有把握的词汇,用恰当的句型写出确切反映内容要求的句子。在熟悉的基础上,鼓励多用高级词汇和结构复杂的复杂句。如表达“为了……”时,可用inorder to do 或 so as todo.也可用sothat引导目的状语从句。

(2)写出的句子要达意,完整,语法正确,合乎习惯,特别是句式、谓语动词形式要有根有据。

(3)表达限定的内容有困难时,就要想到“AllroadsleadtoRome.”这句话,用变通的方法,以达到“曲径通幽”。如要译“他表哥外强中干”这样一句话,表达起来似乎很难,但我们完全可以通过学过的东西将这句话明白贴切地表达出来:Hiscousinlooks strong but in fact,he is rather weak.(4)尽量避免使用汉语式的英语。例如要表达“她睡得很迟”,不可写成:Shesleptvery late.应该写成:Shewent tobed verylate.因为“sleeplate”表示“睡懒觉”。又如要表达“他一点都不担心他的英语”,不可写成:Heisnot a little worried abouthisEnglish.实际上意思完全相反,表达成“他非常担心他的英语”了。应该是:Heisnot a bit worried about his English.或:He isnotworried about his English at all.连词成句,添减相宜

单句写出后,根据短文的内容要求,确定先写什么,后写什么,按照表述内容的情节发展和实际需要,重新排列组合已写成的句子,划分必要的段落,一般分成三段。

即:文章的开头(Introduction)、文章的主体(Mainbody)和文章的结尾(Conclusion).这样写成文章的初稿。在连词成句的过程中,还要注意以下几点:

(1)句子或段落间的连接不仅仅是个语言问题,也是个逻辑思维方面的问题,这两者是不能分开的。能注意到这一点,你的文章就能达到条理清楚、层次分明的境界。

(2)为了使句子或段落语义连贯,表达合理准确,可以适当加入一些连接词语。如表达转折可用but,however,otherwise等,表达递进可用and,also,besides,Whatsmore等,表达因果so,therefore,asaresult等,表达对比可用atthesametime,meanwhile,while等,表达让步可用though,although,evenif等。有时还需要加入一些必要的过渡句子以达到承上启下的效果。

(3)仔细推敲在文章的哪些地方可用复杂句。切忌生搬硬套,给人一种为了用复杂句而用复杂句的感觉。要用得自然、得体。要顺应行文的需要,与整个文章浑然一体。

尽量使用我们熟悉的宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。

检查,修改,定稿,誊写

检查修改是进一步减少疏漏提高质量的最后程序,这时要对照题目要求,认真检查以下几点:

(1)内容有无遗漏或误词,最好一一对应检查。

(2)体裁格式对不对。

(3)句子是否有语法结构错误,特别要检查句子中的冠词、代词、名词复数、动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等方面是否有错误。

(4)句子是否合乎英语表达习惯,是否达意。

(5)书写字迹和标点符号是否规范清晰,词数是否基本上符合要求。经过认真修改润色的短文,即可认真工整地誊写在指定的卷面上。抄好后再速读一遍,力求完美。

进入了最后的冲刺阶段,同学们个个整装待发,准备就绪。同时,也有很多同学十分迷茫,十分纠结。因为他们不知道如何才能够提高英语的写作部分,亦或是如何才可以取得高分?

四、十大关系代词替换

一)And 并列关系(and)

in addition / and / similarly / likewise / as well as / besides / furthermore / also / moreover / too / not only „„but / even / besides this/that

二)Sequence 顺序(then)出现的时候表示列举

first / initially / second etc/ to begin with / then / next / earlier/later / following this/that / afterwards

三)Consequence 结果(so)前面是后面的结果 / 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。as a result / thus / so / therefore / consequently / it follows that / thereby / eventually / in that case / admittedly

四)Contrast转折(but)表对前面论述的转折 / 一般后面才是作者观点however / on the other hand / despite / in spite of /though / although / but / on the contrary/ yet / instead of / rather / whereas /nonetheless / in contrast

重庆市2009年初中毕业暨高中招生考试中的作文题,一篇满分作文写道:I am super excited.On the other hand,I am a little bit nervous because I am afraid of facing problems at new school.作者用On the other hand表示转折,我很

激动,但是还是有些紧张,因为„„两个转折词的应用使得句子间的连接恰到好处,十分连贯。

五)Certainty 确定(of course)强烈的确定 / 后面是作者的坚定论点obviously / certainly / plainly / of course / undoubtedly

六)Condition 条件/ 因为(if)后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。if / unless / whether / provided that / Given that / for / so that / whether / depending on

七)Time 时间(when)before / since / as / until / meanwhile / at the moment / when / whenever / as soon as / just as

八)Summary 总结(in a word)作者的最后总结in conclusion / in summary / lastly / finally / to sum up / to conclude / to recapitulate 重述 / in short / in a word

08年北京中考题中一篇满分作文在文章的结尾处写道:In a word,we can learn a lot form this little hero.作者用In a word概括全篇文章,显得简洁,概括并且具体。

九)Example举例(for example)for example / for instance / just as / in particular / such as / namely

来看看2009年北京中考作文中的一篇满分作文这样写道:I often help my parents do housework,such as,washing clothes,cleaning the room and watering flowers.笔者用了such as进行举例,补充说明帮助父母做家务的种类,显得十分详细。

十)Reason原因(because)since / as/ so /because(of)/ due to / owing to / the reason why / in other words/leads to / cause

我们来看这样一个例子,在2007年中考满分作文中,有个同学这样写道:But I don’t think what you do is right since you are a student.他自如的运用了but 和since这两个连词,使整句话变得非常连贯。

五、经典题例

下面以今年3月中考一模试卷的作文为例,谈谈写中考英语作文的具体步骤和应注意的事项。

原题介绍

篇6:大学英语写作辅导

写作部分的比分占总分的15%,测试时间为15分钟.对大多数学生来说,写作是一难点。因此,考生该部分的得分一般都不高。

为了使考生熟悉考试写作体裁,掌握写作方法,提高写作能力,根据《基本要求》和《考试大纲》,下面就高等学校英语应用能力考试可能涉及到的体裁及写作方法一一进行分析和讲解。

便条(Notes)

一、题型分析

便条在我们的日常生活当中随处可见,往往内容涉及信息性较强,所以要求考生用简单的语言完整地传递信息。若是有关道歉内容,考生应言之成理,动之以情。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

便条的写作格式同普通信笺的格式大体一致,包括写作时间、称呼、正文,结束语和具名共五部分。但在传递感谢内容的信息与单纯的通俗信息时,写作时间可以不具。2.正文写作应注意的技巧

写作正文时应注意以下四点:(1)使用非正式的、通俗的语言。(2)不要将写作人与称呼混淆。(3)单词或词组使用的准确性。

(4)用委婉的语气、商量的口吻向别人建议、道歉、邀请、询问、感谢,以期对方接受。3.正确运用如下常见的语句

(1)通俗信息便条。如:

There/Here is„ I have/got„(2)约会信息便条。如:

Could/Would/will yOU„

I’d like to„(3)感谢便条。如:

Thank you(very much)for„

Many thanks for„ I am writing to thank you for„

I am writing to express my appreciation of all that„

I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for„(4)道歉便条。如:

I’m so/terribly/extremely sorry that„

I would like tO express my apologies for„(5)邀请便条。如:

Would you like to„

Would it be possible for you to„ We should be very glad if you could„(6)请求、询问便条。如:

Would you please„

I would like to„

I would be grateful if you could„

We would appreciate doing„

三、范文分析 Dear liu,I have something important to tell you,please call me at 8 tonight.

Wang [分析] 这是一张通俗的信息便条,Wang有重要的事要告诉Liu,希望Liu与自己联系。该便条很明显没有写作时间和结束语。前面我们提到过单纯的通俗信息与感谢信息的传递不须注明写作时间,若非注不可,也就是即日,即收笺的那一日。

首句I have„句式表明“我”有一些,很自然地、明确地引出信息内容。使用了有说服力的词如important,tell等,突出地表现了信息的重要性。

其他几类便条就不再一一分析了,它们与同类信笺的写作技巧大体相似,就不在此赘述了。惟一提醒考生注意的是,在写道歉便条时,要实事求是,条理清晰地道明原委,切不可胡编乱造。

四、练习

请以Judy的名义给Jane写一张便条,请Jane尽快将其工作计划告诉Judy。[参考答案]

lst, June DearJane,Please inform me as soon as possible your working plan.Thanks.

Judy

通知(Notice)

一、题型分析

英文通知的格式与中文通知格式大体相同,这——点考生容易把握。其内容简单、具体,2 要求写明具体事项,以便告知相关人员。

二、应试技巧

1.注意中、英通知的细微差别

和中文通知一样,英文通知由标题、正文、落款(或时间)三部分组成。标题写在正文上方正中部位,常以Notice作标题。它可大写首字母(Notice)成整个单词(NOTICE)。落款即发出通知的单位和时间写在正文右下角,有时发出通知的单位可以省略,时间也可写在单位名称下一行的左下角。2.书写正文时要注意的几点

(1)内容要简洁、清楚。例如,会议通知要写清时间、地点、出席人员,必要时还可以写明会议内容。

(2)多采用被动语态,人称用第三人称。如:

①All the students of the Computer Department are required to meet„ ②A lecture on linguistics will be given by Professor Xiao„

(3)为了能引起广泛的注意,正文起首常标以“ATTENTION“字样或以“Attention,please”开头。如:

ATTENTION,A visit to„

(4)放假通知应写明放假天数及收假日期。如:

①Tomorrow being National Day,there will be no work for seven days. ②Work will be resumed on Oct.8.

三、范文分析 Sample 1

NOTICE All the members of the Students’Union are requested tO meet in the department conferenceroom on Monday,July 5,at 7:30 p.m.to discuss the plan of the sports meet.

Students’Union July 1,2000 [分析] 范文是布告体裁的通知。其格式规范,表述清楚。这是一个会议通告,开会的时间、地点、人员、会议内容都一目了然。和中文的通知一样,发出通知的部门即范文中的Students’Union和日期可写在右下角,但有时日期也可写在发通知的部门的下一行的右下角。但考生常习惯性地将日期写到右上角,这—点应注意。Sample 2 3

March 10,2000 Dear Lily,This is to inform you that due to bad weather tomorrow’s sports meet will be postponed until March 15.

School Athletic Committee [分析] 范文是通知的另一种形式即书信体。它的格式与便条很相似,包括写在右上角的日期、称呼、正文及落款即发通知的部门。同样,它的内容应该清楚、简洁,让人一目了然。

四、练习

①请拟一张国庆节放7天假的通知。

②请以英语系办公室的名义拟一个组织教师去韶山参观的通知。[参考答案①]

Notice

Sep.30,2000 Tomorrow being National Day,there will be no work for 7 days.All the managers and workers are required to take part in the celebrations to be held in the conference room in our company on Tuesday,Oct 1,at 8:00 a.m.Work will be resumedOn Oct.8.

Office of General Manager [参考答案②]

Notie

June 2,2000 Attention please,A visit to Shaoshan has been arranged for Saturday,June 7.The teachers who wish to go,please gather at the college gate.The bus is to leave at 6:00 a.m sharp.The English Department Office

请假条

(Asking for Sick Leave or Business Leave)

一、题型分析

在应用文能力考试中,请假条因其篇幅短小,格式、内容较为容易掌握,故相对于推荐信、申请信等篇幅较长的应用文而言,其得分率要高,且该类型的应用文要求文体正式、语言得体,尤其是用礼貌的语言向领导讲述清请假的理由。

二、应试技巧

1.了解请假条的基本情况(内容)

请假条是便条的一种,主要用于因病或因重要事情须向领导请示批准某一特定时间 的假。根据其请假理由的不同,可把请假条分为病假条和事假条两种。但不管是哪一种,都应包括以下四部分内容:

(1)日期

日期通常应在正文右上角,因清假条涉及到的是最近时间内的事情,故可直接用几 月,几日或星期几来表示,如April 10或10 April或Thursday。

(2)称呼

称呼常用常规信中的称呼语,如Dear„,Mr„,Professor„,Dr„等。

(3)正文

正文是请假条的核心部分,主要涉及到请假原因、请假时间,结尾时需用—‘些表示感谢或请求批准的话语。切记理由要充分,在必要时应附上相应的证明。

(4)结束语的署名

结束语常用yours faithfully 或 yours sincerely 或 yours truly等。2.常用句型

(1)起首用语

请假条中起首句常用来说明请假原因或请假时间,常用句型如下:

I’d like to apply for three days leave of absence,starting from„,and finishing on„ I am writing to ask for sick leave of„days,starting from„to„ I’m sorry l can’t attend the meeting because/as„ Owing to„/As„,I shall be unable to„(2)结尾常用语

请假条中结尾用语常用来表示感谢、请予批准等。常用句型如下: I should be very obliged/grateful if you grant me the leave. I hope you will grant me the leave. Hoping you will excuse my non-attendance.

I’ll certainly do my best to make up„once/as soon as„

Now l enclose a Doctor’s Certificate/a medical certificate from/issued by the doctor. Now l enclose the telegraph from my father.

三、范文分析

[范文] 事假条

April 25 Secretary Frick,As my brother is moving to Canada tomorrow,I shall be very much obliged if you will grant me my application for one day’s leave tomorrow.

Yours respectfully

Robin Ford [分析] 这是Robin Ford给秘书Frick的一张请假条。其中包括日期(April 25)、称呼语(Secretary Frick)、结束语(Yours respectfully)、署名(Robin Ford)以及核心部分——正文。就正文而言,一个主从复合句就给出了请假条正文所应包含的所有的信息,如请假理由:“My brother is moving to Canada tomorrow“,请假时间区间为”tomorrow“,表示感谢的话语:“I shall be very much obliged”,请求批准的话语:“you grant me application for one day’s leave”。从这些方面来看,该请假条体现出了请假条简单明了这一特点。正文开头以“As„”引导的原因状语从句引出请假理由,这样的开头使人一目了然。[范文] 病假条

(English 2nd Year,Class B)

April 21(To Department office)Ms Smith,Owing to a severe headache,I shall be unable to attend classes today.I enclose a medical certificate from the doctor.Hoping you will excuse my non-attendance.Yours respectfully

Li Ming [分析] 该请假条从基本格式到内容都符合请假条的要求,包括请假条中的信头(系、年级、班级和写假条的日期),收假条部门以及收假条人名,其中的系、年级、班级和收假条部门也可省略,直接用最简单的请假条格式,从内容中可推断出写请假条人与收请假条人是师生关系。正因如此,请假人写上了“I enclose a medical certificate from the doctor”以示请假理由并非借口,以介词短语“Owingto„”引出请假理由,以句子“I shall be unable to attendclasses today”引出了请假时间区间即today,开门见山,直截了当。

四、练习

①以Mary的名义向Professor John写一张因病无法上课的请假条(注明缺漏的课日后 补上)。

要求:不少于30词

②写一封因家父病重须回家探望,故请求给予三天假的请假条(注明起止时间)。要求:60词左右。[参考答案①]

Nov.12 Dear professor John,I’m sorry l can’t come to your lecture today as I am running a fever.I should be very much obliged if you shall grant me the leave.I’ll do my best to make up the lessons as soon as 1’m recovered.

Yours respectfully,Mary [参考条案②]

Dec.12 Dear Manager,I’d like to apply for three days leave,starting from the 13th-to the 15th,in order to return to my hometown to see my father,who is seriously ill these days.

I should be very much obliged if you grant me the leave.As to the duties to be missed during my absence,I shall do my best to make them up as Soon I get back.

Here I enclose a telegraph from my mother.

Yours faithfully,Wang Fang

邀请信(A letter of Invitation)

一、题型分析

该题型要求考生掌握正式和非正式的书信体邀请信的格式。它的内容应该完整、明确,语言简朴,态度热情。其复函即接受邀请或谢绝邀请也具有上述特点。

二、应试技巧

1.注意不同场合的邀请信使用格式的不同

邀请信的正式程度由邀请者与被邀请者间的关系来决定。正式的邀请信的格式与普通书 7 信的格式相同,由写信人的地址、日期、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结束语及署名七个部分组成。而用于熟悉朋友间的非正式邀请信则可省略写信人地址、收信人姓名及地址,称呼也可随便些。邀请信复函的格式和正式程度与邀请信相同。2.正文要求写清的几个方面

(1)邀请信的正文

(a)直截了当地提出邀请并指出时间(年、月、日、钟点)、地点、场合。

(b)请对方确认或表示期待对方接受邀请。

(2)表示接受邀请的复函的正文

(a)感谢对方的邀请(有时可省略)。

(b)表示接受邀请并确认时间、地点、场合。

(c)表达愉快的期盼之情。

(3)表示谢绝邀请的复函的正文

(a)感谢对方的邀请。

(b)明确谢绝并给出合理的原因。3.灵活运用邀请信及复函中常用的语句

(1)I should be delighted/pleased if you could come to„

Would/Could you come to„

(2)I shall be happy to accept„

It was thoughtful of you tO„

Thank you for your invitation to„

We look forward to seeing you again.(3)Please accept my sincere regret at„

Unfortunately,it will be impossible for me tO„

What a shame!We can’t„

三、范文分析

Dec.15,2000 Dear Peter,Would you like to come tO my place to have dinner with me on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.? I haven’T seen you for a long time and I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.Yours,Lucy [分析] 以上是Lucy写给Peter的一封共进晚餐的邀请信。由于是非正式场合,省略了 8 写信人地址、收信人姓名及地址、正文开头提出了邀请,并讲明了具体的时间、地点(on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.,my place)。最后表达了热切的期盼之情(„looking forward to seeing you soon)。

Dec.17,2000 Dear Lucy,Thank you for your kind invitation to dinner at your place on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.I do accept it with great pleasure.It seems quite a long time since we met last.

I’m looking forward to seeing you.Yours,Peter [分析] 以上是Peter表示接受邀请而写的一封回信。正文开头对邀请表示感谢,并确认了时间、地点。接着明确表示乐意接受邀请(I do accept it with great pleasure)。最后表示了热切盼望那一天的到来。此信的关键是要写明接受邀请,而不能出现“I’ll accept it I’m free“这类模棱两可的句子。

Dec.17,2000 Dear Lucy,Thank you for your kind invitation to dinner at your place,But l’m sorry that I have to decline it.I’ll visit my former teacher that day.

I do hope to see you when I’m free.

Yours,Peter [分析] 这是一封peter因故不能出席的谢绝邀请信。同样,正文开头表达了被邀请的谢意。接着明确地谢绝邀请并解释了原因(But I’m sorry that l have to decline it,I’ll visit my former teacher that day.)。此处用到的套语有:

Thank you very much for your kind invitation to„

I’m sorry that„

四、练习

按下列要求写一封邀请信及复函:

①以Wang Li的名义给他朋友Li Min写一封邀请信,请他五一节期间来杭州游玩。

②以Li Min的名义写一封接受邀请信。

③因Li Min在这期间要去广东考察工作单位而谢绝邀请,请以Li Min的名义写一封谢 9 绝信。[参考答案①]

April 20,2000 Dear Li Min,It is really a long time since l saw you last.I miss you so much.would you like to come to Hangzhou during International Labour Day?

Hangzhou is a beautiful city.There are quite a lot of places of interest and shopping places.you’re welcome to stay as long as you like and I’d like to be your guide.

I’m really looking forward to see you again.If you would tell me the time of your arrival,I’ll meet you at the railway station.

Yours,Wang Li [参考答案②]

April 20,2000 Dear Wang Li,Thank you for your kind invitation,I’m really pleased to meet you in Hangzhou,But now I can’t decide specifically when I will arrive in Hangzhou,However,once I make a specific decision,I will notify you by telephone.

I hope we can meet earlier.

Yours,Li Min [参考答案③]

April 20,2000 Dear Wang Li,Thank you very much for your kind invitation to visit Hangzhou.We really haven’t seen each other for a long time.But I really feel regret that I call’t come.I have to go to Cuangzhou those days,you know I’ll graduate thlis July,so I must go to visit the place where I will work.

I’ll write to you when I get back.

Yours

Li Min

请求信(A Letter of Request)

一、题型分析

请求信是普通书信的一种。常用于比较正式的场合。其格式与普通书信相同。它的主体要求清楚地写出请求的内容及理由,以达到令对方愿意帮助的目的。请求信要求语气谦恭有礼,态度诚恳。考生常犯表述不清、客套语重复、罗嗦的毛病。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

和其他普通书信—样,请求信由写信人地址、日期、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结尾客套语、署名七个部分组成。写信人的地址要详细,以便对方回复。2.正文要写清楚如下几点

(1)可以开门见山地提出请求,但语气要有礼貌。(2)简明扼要地解释提出请求的原因。

(3)无论结果如何,都向对方致谢,但客套语不宜过多。3.灵活运用常用于请求的语句

(1)I wish to„

I want tO„

We’d like to„

I would ask you to„

(2)We would feel obliged„

I should feel grateful for„

„will be greatly appreciated„

三、范文分析

No.3 Huangxing Road Changsha,410006

July 11,1999 Admission Office NanJing University Nanjing,210008 Dear Sir,I want to pursue a ph.D at your university.My intended of entrance is Autumn 2000.Your sending me application forms at your earliest convenience will be greatly appreciated.Sincerely yours

Li Mei [分析] 以上是Li Mei给Nanjing University招生办写的一封请求寄申请表的信。该请求 11 信包括了写信人地址(No.3 Huangxing Road,Changsha,410006)、日期(July 11,1999)、收信地址,因不知收信人姓名而写了招生办(Admission Office),相应地称呼也写成Dear Sir,这样比较合适。正文开头“I want to„”直奔主题,道明了写信的目的,接着指明了入校时间为2000年秋,最后礼貌地请求他寄上申请表。在这里他用的是“„will be greatly appreciated”这个句型,而不仅仅是一个简单的”Thanks“。

四、练习

给某电脑公司的销售部经理写一封请求信,请求他给你寄该公司当天在《北京周末 报》广告中的家用电脑的详尽说明。[参考答案]

Baihai Road

Shanghai,200030 May 11,2000 Sales Manager Xinnan Computer Company NO,2 Leping Street Beijing,100082 Dear Sir,I’m interested in the personal computers which are advertised in today’s Beokom Weekend.I want very much to get the information about the various computers that you have.

I should feel much obliged if you will kindly send me some details of your computers.

Yours faithfully,Wang Lin

求职信(A Letter of Application)

一、题型分析

求职信是书信的一种。要求考生首先要熟悉普通书信的格式,同时突出自己与所求工作相关的经历和能力。另外,表达要清楚、具体,以便求职者能给对方留下深刻的印象,最后获得面试的机会。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

和其他普通书信一样,求职信由写信人的地址及写信日期、收信人的姓名及地址、称呼、12 正文、结束语、署名和附件七个部分组成。写信人的地址要详细,以便对方顺利通知写信人面试。收信人一般为求职单位的人事负责人。附件指个人简历、有关证明。2.正文要写清以下四个方面的内容

(1)具体指出所寻求的职位。

(2)描述自己受教育的程度、以前的工作业绩和工作能力。

(3)提供至少两个证明人及其联系地址和电话,放在“个人简历”中列出,否则在正文中体现。

(4)请求对方给予面试的机会。3.灵活运用求职信中常用的语句

(1)I would like to apply for the position„

This is an application for the position„

I wish to apply for the position„

(2)Please let me know if you want an interview.

Can we arrange an interview at your convenience?

I shall be much obliged if you will accord me an opportunity interview.

(3)I’m looking forward to hear from you shortly.

I hope to hear from you soon.

三、范文分析

Weymouth Street Charlottetown Price Edward Island, Canada CIA 4Z2 10 September,1998 Personnel Director Macro Engineering Co.600 Deepdale Drive Toronto,Ontario M5W 4R9 Dear Sir,I would like to apply for the senior position in your first-class standard Laboratory advertised in your advertisement.I graduated from Pacific Rim College in 1996 and got a B.S degree in Electrical Engineering.

After graduation I have been working at the Engineering Laboratory of Pacific Rim College 13 and have got much experience,And I trust I’m qualified to fill your position.

I’m enclosing my CV and looking forward to hearing from you shortly.

Yours Sincerely Alex Gawin [分析] 以上是Pacific Rim学院电子工程实验室工作人员Alex Gawin向Macro工程公司写的一封求职信。该求职信包含写信人地址(140 Weymouth Street Charlottetown,Prince Edward Island,Canada CIA 4Z2)和写信时间(10 September l998)、收信人姓名(Personnel Director)和地址(Macro Engineering Co.600 Deepdale Drive,Toronto,Ontario,M5W 4R9)、称呼(Dear Sir)、正文、署名(Alex Gawin)和附件(CV个人简历)六个部分。正文清楚地显示了所寻求的职位(the senior position in your first-class standards Laborary)、自己受教育的程度(graduated from Pacific Rim College,got a B.S degree in Electrical Engineering)电力机械专业理学土和工作经历及能力(have been working at the Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Pacific Rim College,have got much experience,trust that I’m qualified to fill your position)。至于证明人及其联系地址和电话放在附件“个人简历”(CV)之中。信中使用的套话有:

I would like to apply for„

I’m looking forward to hear from you shortly.

四、练习

根据下列招聘广告写一封求职信,字数不少于80个。

The Representative office Of

an oversea manufacturing

company is looking for an

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

To assist General manager in his job,The person should be able to do the filing,take shorthand,deal with paperwork and correspondence in English,organize meetings and communicate with clients.Computer knowledge is a must preferably with technical background at least 3 years experience. [参考答案]

No.110 Shaoshan Road Changsha 410006, Hunan Nov.17,2000 Personnel Director 14 Oversea Manufacturing Company in Shanghai 120 Beihai Road, Shanghai 200040 Dear Sir,I wish to apply for the position as executive secretary in your company advertised in yesterday’s Guangming Daily.Since my graduation in 1998 from Hunan University with a B.S degree in Public Administration & service,I have been working as the General Manager’s executive secretary of a manufacturing company in Xiangtan and have got quite a lot of experience.Besides professional knowledge,I have a good command of computer and English.I’m sure I call fill your position.

I’m enclosing my CV and looking forward to hear from you shortly.

Yours faithfully

Chen Ming

慰问信(Letters of consolation)

一、题型分析

亲友生病、受伤或由于某种不幸事件蒙受了损失,应该写信表示慰问。考生在写作中应注意慰问信的格式和措词,如果情况并不严重或损失不大,慰问信可写得轻松一些;若是情况严重或损失惨重,就应该写得深沉一些。

总之,慰问信要格式正确,语言规范、简洁,感情真挚。

慰问信的写作在实用性文体中属中等难度的题型,考生得分一般在6-12分之间。最常见的错误是主题不突出,语言太罗嗦,或者欠规范。此外,考生往往忽略格式的写作,导致失分。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用写作格式

由于慰问信通常是写给亲友的,彼此都较熟悉,其信内收信人地址、姓名、写信人地址及姓名均可以省略。所以慰问信的格式通常由日期(date)、称呼(salutation)、正文(body)、结束语(closing)及署名(signature)五部分组成。2.恰当选用如下常见句型

(1)开头常用的有:

I was shocked/saddened/distressed/grieved to hear that„

It was a great/profound shock to hear„

We have just heard/learned with profound sorrow/regret the sad tragic news(of)„

I just can’t tell you how sad I am(to hear of)„

We want to offer our deepest„/May I express my most heartfelt sympathy at the loss of„

(2)结尾常用的有:

Please accept our very sincere/heartfelt condolence/consolation in your great loss.

We hope our caring will make your sorrow easier to bear.

We hope that time will ease the sorrow of your recent loss.

May our sympathy and consolation help to comfort you.

Our thoughts are with you in this time of sorrow.

May your memories be a source of comfort.

If we can be of any help,please don’t hesitate to let us know. 3.正文部分应注意的三个方面

(1)尊重对方的感情,表达慰问的主题。同情和慰问应该是发自内心的,而且要亲切、温暖、富于人情。

(2)语言要简洁。所要表达的感情是丰富而复杂的,但这些感情不一定全写进一封信中,应去掉那些冗长的颂词和伤感的话,对方已经很悲痛了,不要用更大的悲痛或与此无关事情的冗长解释来加重他的负担。比如用一两句话表达对收信人已故父亲的尊重与仰慕,点到为止。

(3)表示愿意提供帮助。这一点不一定适合所有的情况,但如果动机是诚恳的,而且确实能够做到,那么在信中表示愿意帮助无疑是一种最有效的安慰。4.避免错误的文化迁移

中国学生受本族文化的影响,在写慰问信时往往发生错误的文化迁移,常使用类似这样的句子:”There is nothing anyone can say at a time like this.”“Words cannot express our feelings.”或“We don’t know what to say at this time.”这类话是极不应该出现的,它们显得似乎有意拉长一个表达悲伤的简短句子,而在对方需要帮助时却又无能为力。

三、范文分析

July 6,2001 My dear Margaret,Today I heard of the passing away of your father,for whom I had the greatest admiration and regard.I know the suddenness of it must have been a dreadful shock,and I will miss your father,as you will.

May your memories be a source of comfort.Please know,Margaret,that my heart and my thoughts are with you and your family.I wish I could do something to soften your grief.

Affectionately,Mary Haskins [分析] 这是Mary Haskins写给Margaret的一封慰问信。信写得真诚、亲切,设身处地替对方着想。首句巧妙地回避了令人反感和痛心的death,died,killed之类的词,而代之以pass away这一委婉语,表达了自己的慰问之情。紧接其后的“for whom I had the greatest admiration and regard”又表达了自己对朋友之父的尊敬与仰慕。因为“the suddenness of it must have been a dreadful shock”,所以Margaret此时的心情一定是很悲痛的,但是“I will miss your father,as you will”,虽然人已死,但是他的音容笑貌依然活在亲友的心中,并将永远被怀念,这对生者无疑是一种莫大的安慰。

信的结尾十分坦诚而热心地提出帮助:“I wish I could do something to soften your grief.”以实际的言行来帮助对方减少丧父之痛。

文中恰当选用了“May your memories be a source of comfort.”和”Please know that my heart and my thoughts are with you and your family.”给对方以慰藉和勇气。

四、练习

你(Harriet)的同事Mrs.Corbin不幸在一次撞车事故中受伤,伤势不重。请你代表全校教职工写一封慰问信,字数不得少于80个。[参考答案]

Aug.12,2000 Dear Mrs.Corbin,I feel I simply must write this note and tell you how much you are in the hearts and minds of everyone in school.

We were greatly shooked and saddened to hear the news of crash,But we were grateful,too,hat your injuries were not worse.We will miss your,but don’t concern yourself with your work here,we will take care of it for you.

The affection and best wishes of the entire school are with you,and everyone is hoping for your quick and complete recovery.

Sincerely yours

Harriet

投诉信(A letter of Complaint)

一、题型分析

相对于通知、请假等而言,投诉信篇幅长,难度大,失分率也相应地高。该题型要求考生能在20分钟内清楚地表达出自己所要投诉的事情。而考生的难点也主要在于如何才能措辞准确,使被投诉方没有反感。

二、应试技巧 1.了解投诉信的特点

投诉信作为一种私人信件,主要是指在日常生活中,人们因产品质量或对服务质量不满等原因而写的以求得问题解决的信,其主要内容包括:

(1)投诉内容

主要指投诉实物名称或抽象的服务态度等。

(2)投诉原因

主要指投诉内容出了何种问题。

(3)希望得到的结果

主要是指向被投诉的单位或个人求得解决问题的办法或希望返回其所付出的代价。

注意:因写投诉信的目的是为了求得一个解决问题的方法而不是为了泄愤,故在写信时语气要平和,语言不能过于尖刻。2.掌握常用句型或语句

(1)常用开头语句

I’m writing to you about the bed which I bought from your shop three days ago.I’m sorry to complain of the bad quality of„/the poor service of„

I choose to complain to you about„because I’m sure you will be able to have the problem solved.

(2)表述原因的句型

When we/I checked„,we/I noticed/found„

„,it did not work properly.

As you will realize,I was extremely upset to discover all this.

(3)结尾常用句型

Please let us/me know what you intend to do in this matter.

I’m returning„under/by separate post.

I’m looking forward to receiving a full refund of 500 yuan.

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.

三、范文分析

May 18,2001 Dear Sir,I have written two letters telling you that my telephone has been out of order for a few days,but I haven’t heard from you ever since.Now it is hard to get a connection,what is worse,it is ringing like mad every now and then.This causes us not only much inconvenience but also a lot of trouble.

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Fang [分析]这封投诉信是写信人投诉修理电话机的人未及时修理电话机。写信人一开头就以“I have written two letters„but I haven’t heard from you ever since“这一句子引出了投诉内容及原因即“the telephone has been out of order”and the repairers didn’t give any reply to the writter’s requirement,紧接着写信人说出了电话机出现的毛病以及这些毛病给人带来的不方便,最后以“Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible”这一句子结尾,直截了当地向被投诉人提出给予解决问题的办法。总体上说,这篇文章的语言较平和,写信人的态度也较为诚恳。

四、练习

①假定你叫李平,写信给店主投诉你买的羊毛夹克衫已坏,希望要回钱并请求解决问题的办法。

要求:字数不少于80词。

②假定你叫李华,写信投诉某商店营业员。

投诉内容:服务态度差。

投诉原因:某天路过一商店时看中一件毛皮大衣,故进去向营业员说明来意,当因她 给的大衣太大要求更换时,该营业员拒绝这一要求,并说你是买不起这种毛皮大衣的人。

希望得到的结果:要求道歉并希望经理能使她懂得如何为顾客服务。

要求:字数不少于80词,不能逐句翻译。[参考答案①]

Dec.25,2000 Dear Mr Manager,I’m sorry to complain to you about the bad quality of the woolen jacket I bought from your shop three months ago when I was in your area.

I’ve been wearing it only at weekends.but now the sleeves have worn badly.As you will realize,I’m extremely upset and annoyed at this.I hope I can have my money hack,if you don’t mind.I’m sorry to give you the trouble,but I’m sure you’ll be kind enough to have the problem solved.I’m returning the jacket under separate post,and enclose the receipt。I’m looking forward to receiving your early reply.

Yours faithfully

Li Ping [参考答案②]

Nov.12,2000 Dear Mr Manager,I’m very sorry to complain to you about the poor service in your store.

The day before yesterday when I was passing your shop,I happened to find a fur coat in the shopwindow which I liked very much.I went in and told a lady assistant(No.2)about my intention.

When l found the coat she showed me was too big,I asked her to show me a smaller one,but she refused,and said that I was not the one who could afford it.I hope she could make an apology to me and that you’ll make her understand how to serve customers.

Yours truly,Li Hua

道歉信(A Letter of Apology)

一、题型分析

道歉信的格式较普通书信简单。它的中心是如何解释清楚犯错的原因并向对方道歉。其特点是措词委婉,语气诚恳,最终达到使对方接受你的歉意的目的。

二、应试技巧 1.道歉信的格式

道歉信常用于熟悉的朋友之间,因而普通书信中的写信人地址、收信人姓名、地址可以 20 省略不写,写上日期、称呼、正文、结尾客套语及署名即可。特别注意日期应写在右上角。2.道歉信的正文

正文要求注意如下三点:

(1)以道歉语句开头。

(2)清晰明了地给出一个令人信服的理由。

(3)请求对方接受你的道歉。3.常用于道歉信的语句

(1)I’m terribly sorry for„

I’m awfully sorry that„

I’m very sorry to„

I regret that„

I regret to say that„

(2)Please accept my apology for„

You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?

I should be much obliged if you will please excuse me.

I hope you will accept my apology.

三、范文分析

July 2,2000 Dear Alison,I must apologize to you that I have lost the pen you lent me last Monday,I looked wherever I might have put it,but I just couldn’t find it I know it was a gift from your aunt,I’m going to buy a new one for you,I’m really sorry for being so careless,you’ll accept my apology,won’t you?

Yours,Jim [分析]以上是Jim因丢失了Alison的钢笔而写的一封道歉信,其格式规范,包括了日期(JuLy 2,2000)、称呼(Dear Alison)、正文、结尾客套语(yours)、署名(Jim)五个部分。正文一开头用了“I must apologize to you that„”诚恳地向对方道歉,接着解释了道歉的原因:“„lost the pen„”而且他正在采取补救措施:“I’m going to buy a new one for you.”最后承认这是因为自己的粗心大意:“I’m really sorry for being so careless,”并恳请对方原谅:“You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?“范文写得简洁明了,措词委婉,道歉者真诚的歉意溢于言表。其中所用到的套话有: I must apologize to you that„ I’m really sorry for„

You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?

四、练习

①Lucy昨天因母病未能去机场给朋友Mary送行,为此请以Lucy的名义写封道歉信。

②因Lily要出席一个重要会议,特将原定于11月25号的宴会推迟,请以此向Smith和Helen道歉。[参考答案①]

Sep.3,2000 Dear Mary,I’m awfully sorry that I couldn’t see you off at the airport yesterday.My mother fell ill and I had to take care of her at home.I hope you will accept my sincere apology.

Yours,Lacy [参考答案②]

Nov.12,2000 Dear Mr.Smith and Helen,I’m terribly sorry that the dinner we have planned for Nov.25 must be postponed.I’ll have to attend an important meeting that day.I’ll write soon to see what we canarrange in December,Thank you for thinking of me.

Sincerely yours,Lily

解雇信(A Letter of Dismissal)

一、题型分析

解雇信的格式比普通书信的格式还简单,考生比较容易掌握。考生感到困难的是如何措辞才能使其语言简练,语气肯定,解雇原因符合事实且通情达理,从而达到使对方对公司有好感的目的。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

解雇信是雇主写给雇员的,不要求回信,因双方的工作单位一致,所以写信人的地址和收信人的姓名和地址通常省略。一封解雇信由写信日期、称呼、正文、结束语和署名五个部分组成。

2.正文涉及的内容

(1)对被解雇职员表示抱歉。

(2)陈述解雇这一事实。

(3)解释解雇的原因。这一点尤为重要,原因要解释得合情合理,令人信服,且不能伤对方的自尊心,要注意语气委婉,有礼有节。

(4)以鼓励的话语作为结尾。3.常见的语句

(1)I regret having to tell you„

It is with deep regret that I must inform you„

I am sorry to be the one to tell you„

(2)We trust that several new positions will open for you.

I wish you the best in future employment.

I am sure you will soon find work more suited to your abilities.

We wish you well in your endeavor.

三、范文分析

Feb.18,2000 Dear Allan,I am sorry to be the one to tell you this,but your service will no longer be required.However,your pay will continue for two full months.The time is based on your years of service.

We have repeatedly asked you to put more effort and willingness into your work.We believe you have the potential to do a competent job;but your last 3 reports were late,incomplete and inaccurate,and therefore useless to our managers who rely on these reports for operating decisions.

Perhaps you should seek a job that is less demanding and has less critical deadlines.I am confident you will soon find work more suited to your abilities.Sincerely

Ecloise Madden [分析] 这是雇主Ecloise Madden因员工Allan工作表现差而将其解雇的一封信,包括写信日期(Feb.18,2000)、称呼(Dear Allan)、正文、结束语(Sincerely)和签名(Ecloise Madden)五个部分。信中运用了常见语句:“I am sorry to be the one to tell you„”“Perhaps you should 23 seek a job„to your ability.”前句表达雇主的遗憾之情,后句用以安慰和鼓励被解雇的职工。解雇原因通过一句话“„but your last 3 reports were late,incomplete and inaccurate and therefore useless to our managers„”解释得清楚明了。同时,通过被动语态(„but your service will be no longer be required.)和现在完成时(We have repeatedly asked you„)暗示我们一直苦口婆心规劝你,可你不听,从而产生今天我们迫不得已解雇你这一事实,从而让被解雇人明白:造成今天这个结局的原因主要在自己身上,雇主和公司方已经做到了仁至义尽。此外,通过肯定其工作能力(you have the potential to do a competent job)以维护被解雇人的自尊心。

四、练习

中友光学仪器公司因使用生产过程自动控制系统(the automatic control system of the production process)需要裁减一批员工,其中包括李明。请以董事长Mr Carol的名义给他写一封解雇信,字数不少于80个。[参考答案]

June 25,2000 Dear Mr Li,It is with deep regret that I must inform you of the recent decision to terminate your association with Zhongyou Optical Instruments Company.Because of the automatic control system of the production process,we have to cut down our manpower resourees,and several employees have,unfortunately,suffered in the process.

Your work here has been admirable,and I will certainly provide you with the highest of recommendations if called upon to do so.

With your skills and abilities to work with people,I am sure you will soon find a position with another company.Wish you the best in future employment.

Sincerely yours

Carol

借据和收条(IOU and Receipt Forms)

一、题型分析

借据和收条格式简单,正文开头有固定的句型引导,要求考生能熟练地运用常用句型并简明扼要地写清字据的内容。

二、应试技巧

1.注意简单格式在不同情况下的区别

借据和收条一般由日期、正文、署名三部分组成,但借款借据一般要写抬头(To Mr Smith),而借物借据和收条均可省略抬头。2.注意不同字据内容表述上的细节性差别

(1)借物借据常以“Borrowed from„”这个句型引导,写明何人何物即可。

(2)借款借据常以“I,O,U”开头,也可写成“IOU”,它是“I owe you”(我欠你)的缩写形式,即汉语中的“今借到”、“今借”。接着要写明所借款的数额及币种,如果是定期偿还的还应写上归还的具体日期,带利息的应写明利息多少。利息常以厘为单位,用百分比表示,如:5 percent per annum意思是年息五厘。若要说明用途,则在其后加“for„”。

(3)收条开头常以“Received from„”或“Receive of„”引导,相当于汉语中的“今收到”、“收到”,再写明收到的具体内容。3.牢记并恰当运用固定表达

I,O,U„

Borrowed from„for„

Received of/from„

三、范文分析 Sample 1

Feb.2, 2000 To Mr John,IOU three thousand yuan only(RMB),to be paid within three months from this date with interest at sIX per cent per annum.

Liu Li [分析]这是一张定期偿还的借款条据,其格式正确,内容简单明了。它用了我们写借据时常用的“IOU„”开头来说明借了3000元整,括号中的RMB指明了币种。接着写了归还的日期和利息(six percent per annum年息6厘)。Sample 2

May 8,2000 Borrowed from professor kerry an English-Chinese Dictionary.

Lucy [分析]借物字据较借款字据简单,不必写抬头,只须写明借何人何物即可。Sample 3

April 11,1999 25

Received from the English Department the sum of eight hundred US dollars(US $800),being my salary for the month of April,1999.

K.Grace [分析] 收据格式与借据相同,但省略抬头,范文中的”Received from the English Deparunent the sum of eight hundred US dollars(US $800)”清楚地告诉我们:收到英语系共800美元。在写款额时比较谨慎,不仅写明了“eight hundred US dollars”,又在括号里标明了,这样很难被涂改。接下来的“being my salary for the month of April,1999“指出了钱的用途,如不需说明也可省略。

四、练习

①写一张借条,内容为Li Bin欠Mrs.smith 5000美元,将在立字据起两年内偿还,年息为3厘。

②Peter John于2000年9月1日收到李平缴纳的住宿费600元人民币,请以此写一张收条。

③Lily于1999年3月4日收到高等教育出版社《实用业务英语》100本,以此写一张收条。[参考答案①]

Oct.10,2000 To Mrs Smith,I.O.U five thousand US dollars(US $5000)to be paid within two years from this date with interest at three per cent per annum.Li Bin [参考答案②]

Sep.1,2000 Received from Mr.Li Ping six hundred Yuan(RMB)for accommodation fee.

PeterJohn [参考答案③]

March 4,1999 Received from the Highter Education Press one hundred copies of Practical Professional,English.

Lily

证明(Certificate)

一、题型分析

证明或证书涉及面较广,凡是证明一个人的身份、经历或某件事情真相的信或文件,都叫做证明或证书。如证明一个人出生、死亡以及学历等内容。

证明的书写格式与普通书信格式基本相同,要注意其措词和内容。此外,还要注意证明的权威性。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

前文提到过,证明的格式与一般书信格式大致相同,只是在称呼(thesalutation)位置上一般写上“To whom it may concem,(i)”,而不须写收信人姓名、地址和结束语。通常在信笺的上方先注明Certificate(证书)字样,然而写将要证明的内容,最后在右下方署上自己的名字或单位名称。2.写清证明内容

无论是证明还是证书,都要求在正文(the body)开头就写上证明内容。一般采用的句型是:

This is to certify that„(兹证明„„)3.证明或证书应该是权威的

证明中应体现写信人作为一个专家的专业地位、职业或者体现所代表机构的权威性。

三、范文分析

October 7,2000 TO whom it may concern,This is to certify that Miss Liu Ning has been employed in our company as a typist for the past five years and has been working to oyr complete satisfaction.She has faithfully attended to her duties and has proved herself to be industrious and thoroughly reliable.Now she is leaving as we have no further need of her service.Any inquiries regarding her will be answered.

Yours faithfully

Shao Qiang Director of the office [分析]上面是一位办公室主任邵强给刘宁小姐写的一封证明,刘宁小姐由于公司不再需要打字员而离职。这封信简短,但包括了证明信的基本要素:写信日期(October 7,2000)、称呼(To whom it may concern)、证明的正文(This is to certify that„)、结束语(yours faithfully)27 和署名(Shao Qiang),署名中列出写信人的职位(Director of the Office),表明了这封信的权威性。

信中还提到刘宁小姐的具体工作表现:“She has faidfully attended to her duties and has proved herself to be industrious and thoroughly reliable”,语言规范、正式,措词严谨。此外,还说明了我们是怎样受益于她的工作的(„her work has been to our complete satisfaction)。

四、练习

以北京大学校长的身份写一封证明信,证明学生林涛在本校英语系研修英国语言、文学和文化课程。[参考答案]

Peking University November 12,1998 To whom it may concern,This is to certify that Mr.Lin Tao has attended a courne in English Language,Literature and Culture from September l995 to July l996 in the Faculty of English.

Wang Gang

President of the University

推销信(A Letter of Sales Promotion)

一、题型分析

该题型要求考生正确掌握推销信的写作格式,简单、清晰地描写所推销产品的特色。语言要生动有力,重点突出,以达到鼓动顾客购买该产品的目的。如果考生对某一产品的特色了解不够,那么特色描写就成为推销信写作之中的拦路虎,因此失分就会比较多。

二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式

推销信由写信人的地址和写信时间、收信人的姓名和地址、称呼、正文、结束语和署名六大部分组成。如果面对某个地方的所有顾客或不知顾客的姓名,可以省略第二部分即收信人的姓名和地址。2.正文写作应注意的技巧

(1)使用有说服力的词语如:advantage,confidence,economical,effective,fair,free,lowest cost,new,money-making,powerful,good quality,successful,valuable等等,为推销信增色。

(2)使用刺激视觉的手段,包括大写、斜体字、黑体字、引号、下划线、破折号、着重号、表格等吸引顾客的注意力。

(3)特色描述不可面面俱到,只能突出重点,否则难以给顾客留下深刻的印象。

(4)使用富有趣味的开头语句,如一句不寻常的评论、一个故事、名人名言等。

(5)结尾时明确示意顾客立即行动起来。别忘了给顾客提供自己的联系地址和联系办法。3.常见的推销语句

(1)Here is an indispensable invention for anyone who„

I wonder if you have ever had an experience like this one——This may be your last chance to„

(2)So do the right thing for yourself——mail the card today.Send no money,simply mail the card.

Our supply is limited.Act now!We will be happy to assist you.please give us a call.

Send no money.If not satisfied,don’t pay.

三、范文分析

Federal Drug Administration 532 Overbrook Road Michigan 48013 January 4,1999 No.111,Madison Avenue New York,NY100017 Dear Madame,If you have a weight problem,do not despair.The Federal Drug Administration has approved the weight-loss medication“Ionamin”,which is effective and doesn’t have the harmful effects of other medications.

But this is only part of our complete procedure that promises proper weight loss.We perform a medical examination,including heart-rhythm test,blood tests and basic medical history.

From this we can prescribe the proper medication——if needed——diet,and exercise.Each person is different,and you will be treated as an individual.

Weight loss can be promised,but keeping your weight at its proper level can be achieved only with your cooperation and persistence.

Call me at 000—0000 for a free consultation.We can help you maintain your desired weight.

Sincerely

Federal Drug Administration

Atwood

Sales Manager [分析] 以上是美国联邦药物经营公司销售部经理Atwood给纽约市麦迪逊大卫110号的一位女士写的一封推销减肥药的信。其组成部分为写信人的地址(Federal Drug Administration,532 Overbrook Road,Michigan 48013)和写信时间(January 4,1999)、收信人的地址(No.111,Madison Avenue,其姓名因不知道而省略)、称呼(Dear Madame)、正文、结束语(Sincerely)和署名(Atwood),这里为了增加可信度,附有推销人的工作单位及职务(Federal Drug Administration,sales manager)。

正文部分使用了有说服力的词如effective,promises,free,desired等;引号、破折号等视觉刺激手法;重点描述“Ionamin”药品的减肥优势(effective and doesn’t have the harmful effects of other medications),最后留下了一个免费咨询的电话号码000—O000。

四、练习

请以上海贸易有限公司销售部经理王强的名义,写一封推销“大鹏”牌(“ROC”)卷笔刀的信。字数不得少于80个。[参考答案]

Shanghai Trading Co.Ltd.

NO.10,Jinhua Road

Shanghai 200031

May 10,2001 No.12 Zhongshan Road Changsha 410008 Dear Sir or Madame,We have a point to make——Our“ROC”sharpeners do more than just put a point on your pencil.It will sharpen your pencil down to the last stub without harming the lead core.

Famed for 40 years for quality and low cost,“ROC”pencil sharpeners are sold around the world.

If you have a“ROC”,you have a fine aid to writing,but also have a decorative piece for your desk——or a toy for your child.

We will be happy to assist you.Please call at 021-543703207 for a free consultation.

Yours truly

Shanghai Trading Co.Ltd.

Wang Qiang

Sales Manager

简历(Resume)

一、题型分析

简历是一个人的工作经历、教育和兴趣爱好的总结。

简历其实是一种广告,为了使雇主安排自己参加面试,简历应该写得整洁、具体、准确。

二、应试技巧

(1)格式可以多样化。甚至可以以图表的形式出现。但总的原则是简洁明了.一目 了然。

(2)简历可以因个人情况不同而有差异,但大致应该包括以下几个方面的内容。

①个人资料(Personal Information)。包括简历人的姓名、性别、详细地址、邮编、电子邮件地址甚至国籍等。

②受教育情况(Education)乙列出就读的每所学校的名称和地址,学习的起止年月,尤其要突出与目前求职的工作紧密相关的课程。

③个人经历(Experience)。列出所有曾从事的工作,包括专职和兼职工作,乃至假期临时性的工作。从事每项工作的时间、雇主、职衔以及职责都应一一按顺序陈列清楚。

④附件(References),包括权威人士的证明信,或推荐信,或者说明附件备索。

三、范文分析

Resume Wang Mingda 1200 Sichuan Road,Chengdu Sichuan 610000 The People’s Republic of China Job objective:a position as a computer programmer Experience:Programming ——Skilled in computer programming.

Analysis——Developed skill in analyzing flow charts,programs,and systems

procedures.

Organization——Highly organized with demonstrated leadership skill in coordinating

and motivating team members.

Human Relations——Able to work well with people,work hard and make significant

contributions to an organization Education:Bachelor of science,Chongqing University,1994. Minor:Computer Science Work History:August,1995~August,1996,Engineer,Xinglong Electronics,Inc.Chongqing September,1994~July,1995,technician,Dongfang Computer Company,Chengdu Foreign Language:Studied English throughout the undergraduate years;Excellent reading

ability,good at translation and good spoken English Personal Data: Date of Birth:March 20,1971 Place of Birth:Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China Marital Status:Single

Health:Excellent Interests:Sports,theatre,reading Reference:Available upon request [分析] 这是四川成都市王明达的一份个人简历。整个简历虽然没有以表格形式出现,但布置整齐(主要项目实行左对齐)。包括六个方面的主要内容(Personal Information,Experience,Education,Work History,Foreign Language和Reference)。全面、系统地介绍了自己过去学习、工作的情况。在列出个人信息之后,明确列出了求职意向(Job objective)是a position as a computer progrmmner,让雇主一目了然。个人经历又分四项(Programming,Analysis,Organization,Human Relations)详细回顾任职资历,充分地向雇主证明了自己的能力。在教育一项中,突出了自己所获得的学位“Bachelor of Science,1994 Chongqing University”,所主攻的专业是“Computer Science“。然后进一步说明自己并非只具有专业知识,还兼有丰富的工作经验,曾在“Xinglong Electronics,Inc.Chongqing”担任“Engineer”一职,又曾作过"“Technician,Dongfang Computer Company,Chengdu”。最后,以所掌握的ForeignLanguage来证明自己除专业外,外语也学得不错,是一个全面发展的人才。

四、练习

根据以下中文信息写份英文简历。

姓名:约翰·史密斯

国籍:美国

目前所在地址:美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市高街506号

电话:101—818—4575911

传真:010—818—4575912 32

出生日期:1964年4月9号

出生地点:纽约

已婚,生有一女。1970—1978年,在纽约Walshall Elementary School学习,1978~1982年在洛杉矶Lincoln High School学习,1982~1986年在University of California的Law School学习。上大学期间始终学习法语,具有很好的阅读能力,且擅长笔译,并能流利地交谈。从1986-1988年在加利福尼亚大学任助教,1988年至今在该大学任讲师。希望寻求一份律师工作,原因是本人一直渴望作律师,因为这工作不仅有趣,而且有助于提高工作能力,薪金也很诱人。[参考答案]

Resume Name:John Smith Present Address:506 High Street Los Angeles,California U.S.A.

Tel No:101—818—4575911

Fax No:O1O—818—4575912 Date of Birth: April 9th,1964

Place of Birth: New York Nationality: American

Marital Status:Married,1 daughter Education: 1970~1978;Walshall Elementary School N.Y.

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