英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

2024-06-21

英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin(精选6篇)

篇1:英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

新课标必修二英语词汇表

trial n.审判;审讯;试验 △eyewitness

n.目击者;证人

evidence n.根据;证据 △Jan Hasek 简·哈兹克(男名)

△Czech Republic 捷克共和国(东欧国家)

explode vi.爆炸 entrance n.入口

△Hans Braun 汉斯·布朗(男名)

sailor n.水手;海员;船员

sink

vi.(sank, sunk;sunk, sunken)下沉;沉下

△Anna Petrov 安娜·帕特罗夫(女名)

maid n.少女;女仆

△Berlin n.柏林(德国首都)

think highly of 看重;器重

△Johann Webber 约翰·韦伯(男名)

informal

adj.非正式的

debate n.争论;辩论 vi.争论;辨论

Unit 2

ancient adj.古代的;古老的

compete vi.比赛;竞争 competitor

n.竞争者

take part in 参加;参与

medal n.奖章;勋章;纪念章

stand for 代表;象征;表

△mascot n.吉祥物

△Pausanias 帕萨尼亚斯(男名;古希腊人名)Greece n.希腊

Greek adj.希腊(人)的;希腊语的

n.希腊人;希腊语 magical adj.巫术的;魔术的;有魔力的

volunteer n.志愿者;志愿兵

adj.志愿的;义务的 vt.& vi.自愿 homeland n.祖国;本国 regular adj.规则的;定期的;常规的

basis n.基础;根据

athlete n.运动员;运动选手

admit vt.& vi.容许;承认;接纳

slave n.奴隶

nowadays adv.现今;现在

gymnastics

n.(pl)体操;体能训练

△athletics

n.(pl)体育运动;竞技

Stadium n.(露天大型)体育场

(pl stadiums or stadia)

gymnasium(gym)n.体育馆;健身房

as well 也;又;还

host vt.做东;主办;招待 n.主人

responsibility

n.责任;职责

△olive n.橄榄树;橄榄叶;橄榄枝;橄榄色

△wreath n.花圈;花冠;圈状物

新课标必修二英语词汇表

△mathematical virus n.病毒

adj.数学的

from…on 从……时起

reality n.真实;事实;现实

△designer n.设计师 personal

adj.私人的;个人的;亲自的

personally

adv.就个人而言;亲自

tube n.管;管子;电子管 △transistor

n.晶体管

△chip n.碎片;芯片 as a result 结果

total adj.总的;整个的 n.总数;合计

totally

adv.完全地;整个地

so…that… 如此……以致于……

network n.网络;网状物 web n.网

application

n.应用;用途;申请

finance n.金融;财经 mobile adj.可移动的;机动的

rocket n.火箭

explore vt.& vi.探索;探测;探究

△Mars n.火星

anyhow

adv.(也作anyway)无论如何;即使如此 goal n.目标;目的;球门;(进球)得分

happiness n.幸福;快乐

human race 人类

△supporting

adj.支持的;支撑的

download vt.下载 △programmer

n.程序员;程序师

△android n.机器人 signal vi.& vt.发信号

n.信号

△teammate n.同伴;伙伴

△Nagoya n.名古屋(日本港市)

△Seattle n.西雅图(美国城市)

type n.类型 vt.& vi.打字

in a way 在某种程度上 coach n.教练

arise vi.(arose, arisen)出现;发生

with the help of 在……的帮助下

electronic

adj.电子的

appearance n.外观;外貌;出现

character n.性格;特点

mop n.拖把 vt.用拖把拖;擦

deal with 处理;安排;对付

watch over 看守;监视 △naughty

adj.顽皮的;淘气的

niece n.侄女;甥女

△spoil vt.损坏;宠坏

Unit 4

wildlife

n.野生动植物

protection n.保护 wild adj.野生的;野的;

未开发的;荒凉的

△habitat n.栖息地

(动植物的)自然环境;

新课标必修二英语词汇表

inspect vt.检查;视察 △unexpected

adj.没料到的;意外的 incident n.事件;事变 dust n.灰尘;尘土;尘埃 according to 按照;根据……所说 △Mauritius

n.毛里求斯(非洲东部岛国)△disappearance

n.消失 fierce adj.凶猛的;猛烈的 so that 以致于;结果 ending n.结局;结尾 △faithfully

adv.忠诚地;忠实地 △Colobus monkey(非洲产)疣猴,髯猴

Unit

5△classical

adj.古典的;古典文艺的 roll vt.& vi.滚动;(使)摇摆 n.摇晃;卷;卷形物;面包圈 △rock’n’roll(rock-and-roll)摇滚乐 △orchestra

n.管弦乐队 △rap n.说唱乐 folk adj.民间的 jazz n.爵士音乐 △choral

adj.唱诗班的;合唱队的 △the Monkees 门基乐队 musician n.音乐家 dream of 梦见;梦想;设想 △karaoke n.卡拉OK录音;自动伴奏录音 pretend vt.假装;假扮

to be honest 说实在地;实话说 attach vt.& vi.系上;缚上;附加;连接 attach…to 认为有(重要性、意义);附上;连接 form vt.(使)组成;形成;构成 △fame n.名声;名望

passer-by n.过路人;行人 earn vt.赚;挣得;获得 extra adj.额外的;外加的 instrument n.工具;器械;乐器 perform vt.& vi.表演;履行;执行 performance

n.表演;演奏 pub n.酒馆;酒吧 cash n.现金

in cash 用现金;有现钱 studio n.工作室;演播室 millionaire

n.百万富翁;富豪

play jokes on 戏弄 actor n.男演员;行动者 rely vi.依赖;依靠 rely on 依赖;依靠 broadcast n.广播;播放 vi.&

vt.(broadcast;broadcast)广播;播放 humorous

adj.幽默的;诙谐的

familiar

adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的

be/get familiar with 熟悉;与……熟悉起来 or so 大约 break up 打碎;分裂;解体 △reunite vt.再统一;

新课标必修二英语词汇表

-再联合;重聚

attractive

adj.吸引人的;有吸引力的

addition n.加;增加;加法

in addition 另外;也 sort out 分类

△excitement

n.兴奋;刺激

△ballad n.歌谣;情歌;民谣

△overnignt

adv.在晚上;在夜里;

(口)很快;一夜之间 dip vt.浸;蘸

△tadpole n.蝌蚪 △lily n.百合;百合花 confident

adj.自信的;确信的

△Freddy n.弗雷迪(男名)

brief adj.简短的;简要的

n.摘要;大纲

briefly adv.简要地;短暂地

devotion n.投入;热爱 afterwards

adv.然后;后来

invitation n.邀请;招待

beard n.胡须

sensitive

adj.敏感的;易受伤害的;灵敏的

painful adj.痛苦的;疼痛的

above all 最重要;首先

篇2:英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

Teaching goals:

1.To have a better understanding of the main idea of the passage.2.To enable the students to talk about computers and robots in English and express or support an opinion with suitable expressions 3.To enable the students to grasp the progress of computers

4.To enable the students to talk about computers and robots in English Teaching aids: Computer, recorder and projector

Teaching procedures: Step 1.Lead-in

(Word puzzle)

T: The technology develops so quickly that many new things appear in human being’s life.Let’s guess what they are:(show the picture on the screen and get Ss to say out the answers, learn the new words at the same time)

An old calculating machine used in China until now.(An abacus)It is built to solve some mathematical problems.But it is too big.(A huge computer)It is a new calculating machine which can solve a large number of mathematical problems.(A calculator)It is a personal computer which can solve all kinds of problems and is used widely now.(A PC / personal computer)T: If I am a math teacher, which can help me most?(Ask students to give their opinions, remind them of using the expressions of giving opinions)Ask students to discuss what the items just shown have in common, and then rank them according to the time of their appearance.Ask some of the students to talk about what they know about computers.Ask students to discuss “How have computers changed our life?”, and then have some of them give their answers, using the expressions of giving opinions.Step 2 Pre-reading

T: Have the computer and Internet become part of your life? How have computer changed our lives?(What can you use them to do?)Ss: I use the computer or Internet to: type my homework /draw pictures/ play games communicate with my friends./ gather related information for my lesson s/ buy the things I like, / listen to music / watch movies…

T: What else do you think the computer and Internet will help you to do ?

Deal with Ex 3 of Pre-reading on Page 17

Step 3 Skimming

Give students only 1 minute, then ask them to get the main idea of the passage The main idea of the passage: This is a short _____ of the _______ of computers.Who am I ?(A computer)(shown on the screen)Step 4 Scanning

Give students 2 minutes, and ask them to scan answers to the following questions:(Before students read the passage, tell them that attention should be paid to the hints of the time.)(Questions are shown on the screen)Question(1)What is the main idea of the passage?

Students are asked to find out three sentences to support who the speaker is in the story.1)Then in 1822 I was built ….(Itself was the first design of a computer)2)My real father was Alan Turing.(He designed the first real computer.)3)However, people thought I was simple-minded until….,(It has artificial intelligence.)

Question(2)What happened to computers in 1642? Question(3)What happened to computers in 1936? Question(4)What happened to computers in 1970s?

Step 5 Detail Reading

I Give students 5 minutes to read the passage carefully, and answer the following questions: Question(1)Who was the first person to describe how the computer was made to work? Question(2)What did he make and what did it do? Question(3)Who was the next important person to design computers?

II True or False 1.In 1642 I began as a calculating machine and could solve any mathematical problem.F 2.My real father was Charles Babbage, who wrote a book and build me in 1936.F 3.After I got my new transistors in the 1960s, I became smaller but cleverer and quicker.T 4.I was brought into people’s homes in the 1970s.T 5.Since my birth I have been built to take the place of human race.F

III

Comprehending

Ask students:” How is the passage organized?”

(If the students can not answer the question, draw their attention to the appearance of different years.)Fill the table

A chain of events showing the development of computer / Changes of the machine

Timeline 1642: _____________________________________________: the Analytical Machine was Made

by Charles Babbage.1936: _______________________________________________________________________ 1960s: ______________________________________________________________________ _____: the first family of computers was connected to each other.1970s: ______________________________________________________________________ Now: _______________________________________________________________________ Explain how the computer technology has been developing and complete the following chart.Then give a brief oral presentation on the development of computer technology with the help of the chart.Step 6 Summing-up and enjoying

I.Ask students to finish the form shown on the careen(the same as on p.19)while playing the voice of the text II.Ask students to ex-change their own answers in groups, and then raise questions if they have any.III.Sum up: 1)Chronological writing

篇3:高中生物新课标必修内容浅析

关键词:生物,新课标,必修

根据教育部2003年制定的《普通高中课程方案 (实验) 》和《普通高中生物<课程标准> (实验) 》, 课程教材研究所生物课程教材研究开发中心组织编写了生物学科六个模块的教材。吉林省在2007年开始施行。也许是因为一开始工作就接触新课标教材, 没有使用过其他的教材版本, 所以没有像一些同仁那样对新课标教材感觉到不适应。必修部分包括三个模块, 各模块选择的是现代生物科学发展最迅速、与社会和个人生活关系最密切的领域, 在编排体系上合理、有序。设计内容上体现出了编者的技巧, 充分考虑了学生的知识水平和认识能力。体现在对内容编排上把握基础性, 体现先进性, 并且维持在现行高中的知识水平, 避免出现过深过难;知识内容以基本概念、原理和规律为重点, 适当兼顾一些拓展性内容。对必修各模块的内容及相互联系总结如下:

细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位, 因此, 先讲细胞作为高中生物模块一的内容。模块一《分子与细胞》第1章“走近细胞”, 是让同学们在整体上认识细胞, 了解生命活动离不开细胞 (没有细胞结构的病毒也只有依赖于活细胞才能生活和繁殖) ;细胞是最基本的生命系统;细胞的多样性 (可分为原核细胞和真核细胞) ;细胞的统一性 (都有相似的细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核) 。然后分层次介绍组成细胞的物质基础、结构基础及行使的功能, 内容包括组成细胞的分子, 细胞的基本结构, 细胞的物质输入和输出及细胞的能量供应和利用。知识点总结:

多细胞生物体内不同种类的细胞是通过细胞分裂 (增加细胞数量) 和细胞分化 (增加细胞种类) 形成的, 在整个生命历程中还要经历衰老、凋亡甚至癌变。其中, 细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达, 模块二讲基因。模块二《遗传与进化》的内容包括:遗传因子的发现, 基因和染色体的关系, 基因的本质, 基因的表达, 基因突变及其他变异, 从杂交育种到基因工程和现代生物进化理论。这些内容可依次解决以下问题:人们是如何认识到基因的存在的?基因在哪里?基因是什么?基因是怎样决定生物性状的?基因在传递过程中如何变化?人类怎样利用的基因?基因频率在生物进化过程中是如何变化的?

生物的性状既受基因控制, 又受环境影响 (表现型=基因型+环境) , 模块三讲环境。模块三《稳态与环境》以生物个体、种群、群落和生态系统各个层次生命系统的稳态的维持为主线, 先讲个体的内环境与稳态, 再讲个体的外环境, 个体以外还有个体, 同种的个体构成种群, 所有的种群组成群落, 生物群落与它的无机环境相互作用形成生态系统。具体内容包括:人体的内环境与稳态, 动物和人体生命活动的调节, 植物的激素调节, 种群和群落, 生态系统及其稳定性, 生态环境的保护。知识点总结:

《稳态与环境》既强调了生命系统的稳态有其自身的调节机制, 也呈现了生命系统的稳态受到环境的影响, 从而让学生认识到作为生命系统来说, 其稳态不仅仅有其自身的调节, 还与所处的环境有着紧密的联系。特别是对于人类的行为而言, 是干预生命系统稳态变化发展的重要因素。人类的生存和发展, 需要良好的生态环境和可供持续的自然资源。然而, 由于人口增长过快等原因, 人类在很大程度上破坏了地球和资源, 甚至严重威胁了生物圈的稳定性。全球性生态问题主要包括全球气候变化、水资源短缺、臭氧层破坏、酸雨、土地沙漠化、海洋污染和生物多样性锐减等。这些问题已经干扰了我们的生活, 需要我们从自我做起, 保护共同的家园。

参考文献

[1]朱正威, 赵占良.普通高中课程标准实验教科书.生物学1.分子与细胞.教师教学用书.

[2]朱正威, 赵占良.普通高中课程标准实验教科书.生物学2.遗传与进化.教师教学用书.

篇4:英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

关键词:生物必修二;命题趋势;复习建议

【中图分类号】G633.91

2011-2015年我省采用的理综为《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试》(新课标卷),其中生物占了90分,在基本保留以往考查内容和形式上,注重基础、突出主干、稳中求变、变中求新是这5年生物必修二的命题特点.

一.必修二命题趋势分析

1.从试卷结构角度:基本保持稳定

从此表可以发现这五年每年都考了一个简答题(8—12分);除了2011年外,每年都考查了选择题;整个必修二部分分值分布在15-30分。从考点上看,每年都涉及到了基因的分离定律和自由组合定律,高频考点有遗传信息的转录和翻译、生物的变异;出现频率不高的考点有:遗传的细胞基础,人类遗传病和生物的进化。

2.从命题理念角度:体现新课标理念

体现新课标理念如:实验能力考查;科学方法的考查(假说演绎法)

3.从能力角度:凸显理解能力和综合运用能力考查。

选择题以考查理解能力为主,重点考查学生对生物学基本概念、原理的深层次理解;同时,以图表信息题的形式考查学生对图表信息的识别与判断能力。非选择题多综合运用题,主要考查学生的获取信息能力、理解能力和知识综合应用能力。

4.从学生失分角度来分析,

下面就一道选择题来分析:

2015年新课标Ⅰ卷5.人或动物PrP基因编码一种蛋白(PrPc),该蛋白无致病性。PrPc的空间结构改变后成为PrPsc(阮粒),就具有了致病性。PrPsc可以有到更多的PrPc转变为PrPsc,实现阮粒的增殖,可以引起疯牛病。据此判断,下列叙述正确的是 ( )

A.阮粒侵入机体后可整合到宿主的基因组中

B.阮粒的增殖方式与肺炎双球菌的增殖方式相同

C.蛋白质空间结构的改变可以使其功能发生变化

D.PrPc转变为PrPsc的过程属于遗传信息的翻译过程

依题意,朊粒的实质为蛋白质,宿主基因组为DNA,所以朊粒不能整合到宿主的基因组中,A错误;肺炎双球菌为原核细胞,以二分裂方式增殖,而朊粒为疯牛病的一种蛋白质,所以二者的增殖方式不同,B錯误;PrPc蛋白无致病性,而空间结构改变后有致病性,可见空间结构的改变可以使其功能发生变化,C正确;遗传信息的翻译过程是以mRNA为模板合成具有一定氨基酸顺序的蛋白质,而D项中的转变为空间结构改变,不属于翻译过程,D错误。

本题易错选A项,原因是忽视朊粒的本质是蛋白质,而基因组的本质是DNA,二者是不能整合的。还易错选D项,原因是不理解翻译过程是以mRNA为模板合成具有一定氨基酸顺序的蛋白质,翻译过程中不包括肽链折叠成具有一定空间结构的蛋白质。这告诉我们要重视课本,重视基础知识,发现生物考试近几年都没有偏难偏怪的题,试题大多能在课本上找到现成的答案或原型,如该题的讲到的阮粒在人教版生物必修二第69页有提到。

二.对生物必修二复习工作的建议

新课程标准倡导提高学生的生物科学素养,这个素养主要是指参加社会生活、经济活动、生产实践和个人决策所需的生物科学概念和科学探究能力,包括理解科学、技术与社会的相互关系,理解科学的本质以及形成科学的态度和价值观。因此对于即将在2016年参加高考的同学来说,复习过程中要特别注重以下几个方面

1.把握宏观,侧重理解

在高三第一轮复习过程当中,首先要对整个中学生物学知识有一个宏观的把握,在梳理知识建构知识网络的同时要通过生物科学思想的渗入,即沿着科学家的发现过程建立知识之间的逻辑联系。

2.概念术语,重在识记

死记硬背当然不行,但对于生物学专业术语、基本概念和基本知识,则必须通过识记才能掌握。识记生物学专业术语和生物学基本概念是同学们生物学素养的基本体现,是同学们综合运用生物学知识解决实际问题的基础。在每年的生物高考中,由于专业术语和基本概念使用不当而失分的情况比比皆是。因此在生物复习过程中,要求我们在理解的基础上,准确记忆专业术语和基本概念,同时还要规范汉字的书写和加强语言表达,做到审题迅速,获取信息正确,分析到位,书写语言严谨、规范。

3.重视基础,强化能力

在高三复习过程中加强生物学主干知识的学习,而不能本末倒置,要以课标要求和教材为本。基础知识和基本技能是重心,所以复习备考中要重基础,我们从上文可以知道,今年来生物试题都没有偏难偏怪的题,所以切莫好高骛远,追逐偏、难题。

能力立意是新课标高考的一大亮点,它注重能力和科学素养的考查,注重考查我们运用所学生物学知识分析、解决具体问题的能力。因此在高三复习过程中,我们一定要重视能力的培养,要加强对教材中知识的深层理解,尤其是教材中的图表。要加强搜集信息能力,知识迁移运用能力,分析问题能力,审题识图能力,规范表达能力的培养。

三.2016届新课标必修二命题预测

篇5:英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

Period 1: Warming up and reading

Aims

To talk about endangered species and enable the students to say something about wildlife protection and environmental protection.

To read about wildlife protection and help the students to get to know “how to help wildlife and how to protect the environment” by reading and guessing.

Procedures

I. Warming up by learning about animals

Look at the photos below and listen to me telling you about the animals, the endangered animals.

The Giant Panda is a mammal now usually classified in the bear family, Ursidae, that is native to central China.

The Giant Panda lives in mountainous regions, like Sichuan and Tibet. The Giant Panda is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a conservation organization. Toward the latter half of the 20th century, the panda also became somewhat of a national emblem for China, and is now used in Chinese gold coins.

Giant Pandas are an endangered species, threatened by continued loss of habitat and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity. About 1,600 are believed to survive in the wild.

Milu deer is a Chinese deer. It has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers. Another Chinese name for it is “four unlikes,.” because the animals were seen as having the horns of a stag, the neck of a camel, the foot of a cow, and the tail of an ass.

These animals were first made known to Western science in the 19th century, by Father Arm and David, a French missionary working in China. At the time, the only surviving herd was in a preserve belonging to the Chinese emperor. The last herd of Milu deers that remained in China were eaten by Western and Japanese troops that were present at the time of the Boxer Rebellion.

These deer are now found in zoos around the world, and a herd of Milu deer was reintroduced to Dafeng Reserve, China in the late 1980s. They are classified as “critically endangered.” in the wild, but do not appear to have suffered from a genetic bottleneck because of small population size.

A tiger is a large cat famous for its beautiful fur of orange striped with black. Tigers live in Asia and are becoming very rare. This is due to people hunting them for their fur and destroying the forests they live in.

II. Pre-reading

1. Defining wildlife

What does the world wildlife mean?

The term wildlife refers to living organisms that are not in any way artificial or domesticated and which exist in natural habitats. Wildlife can refer to flora (plants) but more commonly refers to fauna (animals). Needless to say, wildlife is a very general term for life in various ecosystems. Deserts, rainforests, plains, and other areas-including the most built-up urban sites-all have distinct forms of wildlife.

Humankind has historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways; besides the obvious difference in vocabulary, there are differing expectations in the legal, social, and moral sense. This has been reason for debate throughout recorded history. Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the environment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment.

2. Reading to the recording

Now turn to page 26, listening and reading to the recording of the text. Try to keep pace with the native reader, making your reading resemble that of the reader, in speed, in intonation and in pronunciation.

3. Reading and transforming

Now you are to read the text for information to fill in the form.

What did Daisy see where she was?

In Tibet in China Zimbabwe In thick rain forest

4. Reading and underlining

Next you are to read the text and underline all the collocations at the same time.

HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE

not long ago, wake up, find…by one’s side, a flying chair, get dressed, put on one’s jeans, fly away to…, turn around, with a sad face, use…to make…, kill…for…, take…from under…, take one’s picture, become endangered, destroy the farm, take photos, apply to, hunt…for…, make money for…, as a result, in thick rain forest, protect…from…, rub…over…, a powerful drug, pay attention to…, take…home

III. Closing up by matching animals to five risk categories

Different endangered species appear on different endangered species lists. And people who are trying to protecting animal use the following five risk categories to group the unlucky animal.

Now in groups of four try to group all the unlucky animals found in China.

List of Unlucky animals found in China

中国不幸动物分类名录

EXTINCT(灭绝动物)-A species formerly indigenous to Canada that no longer exists anywhere.

EXTIRPATED(根绝动物)-A species no longer existing in the wild in Canada but occurring elsewhere.

ENDANGERED(濒危动物)-A species threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its Canadian range.

THREATENED(危急动物)-A species likely to become endangered in Canada if the factors affecting its vulnerability are not reversed.

VULNERABLE(弱势动物)-A species particularly at risk because of low or declining numbers, small range or for some other reason, but not a threatened species.

Period 2: Learning about Language

(The Present Progressive Passive Voice)

Aims

To learn about The Present Progressive Passive Voice

To discover useful words and expressions

To discover useful structures.

Procedures

I. Warming up by acting a text play

Good morning class. To begin with we shall put our text HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE on stage, that is, to act out our story. Now the class acting team with their text play of HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE!

II. Discovering useful words and expressions

1. Doing vocabulary exercises

Turn to page 28 and do the vocabulary exercises 1, 2 and 3. You can simply write your answers in the blanks on the very page of 28.

2. Playing a game

Let’s go on to play the game described on the top of the page 29. The following sentences are to be passed on.

▲ Plant native plants in your backyard.

▲ Do not dump weeds in the bush.

▲ Build a frog pond in your backyard.

▲ Put your rubbish in the bin.

▲ Leave your pets at home.

▲ Do not take anything out of the park.

▲ Encourage your friends to keep patches of bush as wildlife habitats.

▲ Join a community group and offer to do voluntary work.

▲ Find out about conservation activities happening in your local area.

▲ Participate in local clean-up, tree planting and weed control activities.

▲ Learn About Threatened Species

▲ Look out for wildlife

▲ Refuse to buy any rare or endangered plant or animal product.

▲ Be alert and drive slowly at dawn and dusk in rural areas where wildlife may be active.

III. Studying The Present progressive Passive Voice

1. Passive Voice

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.

The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle

It is often used in business and in other areas where the object of the action is more important than those who perform the action. For Example: We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. Changes to: Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.

If the agent (the performer of the action) is important, use “by.” For Example:

Tim Wilson wrote The Flight to Brunnswick in 1987.

The Flight to Brunnswick was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.

Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive.

The following chart includes sentences changed from the active to the passive in the principal tenses.

Active Passive Time Reference

They make Fords in Cologne. Fords are made in Cologne. Present Simple

Susan is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by Susan Present Continuous

James Joyce wrote Dubliners. Dubliners was written by James Joyces. Past Simple

They were painting the house when I arrived. The house was being painted when I arrived. Past Continuous

They have produced over 20 models in the past two years. Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years. Present Perfect

They are going to build a new factory in Portland. A new factory is going to be built in Portland. Future Intention with Going to

I will finish it tomorrow. It will be finished tomorrow. Future Simple

2. Passive Verb Formation

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the “to be verb.” with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: “The measure could have been killed in committee.” The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let’s take a look at the passive forms of “design.”

Tense Subject Auxiliary Past Participle

Singular Plural

Present The car/cars is are designed.

Present perfect The car/cars has been have been designed.

Past The car/cars was were designed.

Past perfect The car/cars had been had been designed.

Future The car/cars will be will be designed.

Future perfect The car/cars will have been will have been designed.

Present progressive The car/cars is being are being designed.

Past progressive The car/cars was being were being designed.

IV. Reading and identifying

Since you are clear about Passive Verb Formation, go back to page 26 and scan the text for all the examples of The Present Progressive Passive Voice.

Our fur is being used to make sweaters like yours.

She was being watched by an excited elephant.

Now try to put the following sentences into The Present Progressive Passive Voice.

▲ They are producing this new drug.

▲ Antelope is looking at her.

▲ They are killing us for the wool.

▲ They are destroying the farm.

V. Discovering useful structures

To consolidate your learning of The Present Progressive Passive Voice, turn to page 29 and do the grammar exercises 1, 2 and 3, also on the very page of 29.

VI. Closing down by playing a game

To end this period go to page 29 and play the game called “Tell me what is happening?” Ask questions containing The Present Progressive Passive Voice.

Period 3: Using Language

(ABOUT DINOSAURS)

Aims

To read and listen about dinosaurs

To speak about helping the dodo

To write to the dodo

Procedures

I. Warming up by reading to the tape

Let’s warm up by reading aloud to the recording of the text

ABOUT DINOSAURS on page 30.

II. Listening about DINOSAURS

Now I’d like to tell you something about DINOSAURS

■In formation about Dinosaur

Dinosaur means terrible lizard in Latin. They were called that because people used to think dinosaurs were lizards, but they were not. Dinosaurs first appeared about 200 million years ago. 65 million years ago, many kinds of dinosaurs became extinct. Birds are a special type of dinosaur and they were the only kind to live until today.

There were many kinds of dinosaurs. Some ate plants and some ate meat. The largest dinosaurs were plant-eaters like apatosaurus and brachiosaurus. They were the largest animals to ever walk on dry land.

Other plant-eaters had special weapons to help them fight off the meat-eaters. For example, triceratops had three horns on its face, ankylosaurus was covered in boney plates, and stegosaurus had spikes on its tail.

The meat-eaters all ran around on their back legs like people do. Some were very large, like tyrannosaurus, and some were small, like compsognathus. It was the smaller sized meat-eaters that evolved into birds. One of the first birds was archaeopteryx, but it looked half like a dinosaur.

There were large flying reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs called pterosaurs, but they were not closely related to dinosaurs. There were also many kinds of large reptiles that could swim, like ichthyosaurs and pleisiosaurs, but they weren’t closely related to dinosaurs either.

III. Reading and copying

Next we shall go back to the text ABOUT DINOSAURS on page 30 again to read it and copy down all the expressions into your notebook.

Useful phrases from ABOUT DINOSAURS

During the history of the earth, live on the earth, tens of millions of years ago, came into being, eggs of five species, a rare new species, a bird-like dinosaur, climb tree, tell…from…, die out, hit the earth, put…into the air, get hot, live on, know for sure, in the same way, listen to the story about…, disappear from…

IV. Reading to answer questions

Read the questions in the table below and scan the text to answer them.

When did dinosaurs live on earth?

When did dinosaurs die out?

How did dinosaurs die out?

V. Listening about the dodo

Have you ever heard of the dodo, an animal that has also disappeared from the earth?

The Mauritius Dodo (Raphus cucullatus, called Didus ineptus by Linnaeus), more commonly just Dodo, was a metre-high flightless bird of the island of Mauritius. The Dodo, which is now extinct, lived on fruit and nested on the ground.

Next we are going to listen to the tape and do exercises 1 and 2 on page 30 on dodo.

VI. Speaking in pairs about helping the dodo

Zhao Yannan: The Dodo was driven to extinction by sailors when they discovered the island of Maritius in the 17th century. It is one of the first documented human induced extinctions.

Zhao Yanfei: What a pity that we can not find any dodo now. Imagine we are with the dodo, Yannan, what could we do to help it?

Zhao Yannan: Then I would intend to hide it in a cave, so that sailors could not find it.

Zhao Yanfei: If I were there, I would try to trap them as they were catching and killing the dodo. Putting man who is harmful to the dodo in a cage and attacking him is the best way to protect and save the dodo.

Zhao Yannan: I’d like to and I’m ready to, teach man how to be friends with animals, including the dodo. The man and the dodo can be living side by side on the earth. They can be happy together.

ZhaoYanfei: I would rather not tell you what I think of man. He is selfish and cruel. He cares only for himself and that is why so many animals have disappeared from this earth. Putting the bad men in a cage is the only way out, I am sure.

VII. Closing down by writing to the dodo

All right now, boys and girls, to end this period next you are to write a letter or an email to the dodo telling him what you are going to do to save him.

By 1681, the last dodo died, and the species became extinct. After hundreds of years, no one recalled what a dodo bird was, and it was regarded as a myth invented by imaginative sailors. It wasn’t until the 1900’s when the bones were found that the dodo was believed to be real.

篇6:英语新课标必修二Unit 5 Music Preiod 1 Readin

(新课标)

第二单元古代记叙散文[1]

摘要:高中语文必修1第二单元主要是学习古代记叙散文,本单元所选的或记政治、外交的风云变幻,或记杰出人物的嘉言懿行,都是千古流传的叙事名篇。第二单元主要包括《烛之武退秦师》《荆轲刺秦王》《鸿门宴》三篇课文。...【编者按】高中语文必修1第二单元主要是学习古代记叙散文,本单元所选的或记政治、外交的风云变幻,或记杰出人物的嘉言懿行,都是千古流传的叙事名篇。学习这个单元,既可以从中领略古人的才华和品德,又可以欣赏和借鉴叙事的艺术。

学习本单元需要注意反复朗读,细心体会。还要学习提要钩玄的阅读方法,学会抓住关键词语,概述的叙事脉络,做到纲举目张,化繁为简,提高概括能力和表达能力。

烛之武退秦师

【课文简介】

《烛之武退秦师》选自先秦历史散文《左传》,本篇所记述的是秦晋联合攻打郑国之前开展的一场外交斗争。赞扬了烛之武在国家危难之际,能够临危受命,不避险阻,只身去说服秦君,维护了国家安全的爱国主义精神。同时也反映了春秋时代各诸侯国之间斗争的复杂性。

【通假字】、今老矣,无能为也已。(已,同“矣”)

2、行李之往来,共其乏困。(共,通“供”)

3、秦伯说,与郑人盟。(说,同“悦”)

4、失其所与,不知。(知,通“智”)

【一词多义】

、微

(1)微夫人之力不及此(没有,用来表示一种否定的假设或条件)

(2)见其发矢十中八九,但微颔之(稍微,略微)

(3)其文约,其辞微,其志洁,其行廉(深奥,微妙)

(4)动刀甚微(轻微)

(5)周室卑微,诸侯相并(衰败,衰弱)

2、若

(1)若使烛之武见秦君,师必退(假如)

(2)徐公不若君之美也(及,比得上)

(3)山有小口,仿佛若有光(似乎,好像)

3、辞

(1)辞曰:臣之壮也,犹不如人(推辞)

(2)其文约,其辞微,其志洁,其行廉(言辞,词句)

(3)《归去来兮辞》(一种文体)

4、鄙

(1)越国以鄙远(边邑,以……为边邑)

(2)肉食者鄙,未能远谋(浅陋)

(3)蜀之鄙有二僧(边境)

(4)过我而不假道,鄙我也。(轻视,看不起)

鄙臣不敢以死为我(谦辞,谦称自己)

【古今词义】

、若舍郑以为东道主

古义:东方道路上(招待过客)的主人。

今义:请客的主人。

2、行李之往来,共其乏困

古义:出使的人。

今义:出门时所带的包裹、箱子等。

3、微夫人之力不及此

古义:那人。

今义:妻子。

【词类活用】

、名词做状语

夜缒而出,见秦伯(在夜里)

既东封郑,又欲肆其西封(在东面)

2、名词做动词

晋军函陵,秦军氾南(驻军)

3、动词做名词

且君尝为晋君赐矣(恩惠)

4、形容词活用做动词

邻之厚,君之薄也(加强,削弱)

5、使动用法

若不阙秦,将焉取之(使……消减)

若亡郑而有益于君(使……灭亡)

6、意动用法

既东封郑,又欲肆其西封(以……为疆界)

越国以鄙远,君知其难也(以……为边界)

【特殊句式】

、判断句

是寡人之过也

2、省略句

(烛之武)辞曰:臣之壮也

若舍郑以(之)为东道主

敢以(之)烦执事

3、倒装句

以其无礼于晋

佚之狐言于郑伯曰

夫晋,何厌之有

【文言实词、虚词】

、而

(1)夜缒而出(而,修饰连词)

(2)若亡郑而有益于君(而、顺承连词)

(3)今急而求子(而,才,表顺承),(4)朝济而夕设版焉(而,表转折,连词)

2、以

(1)敢以(之)烦执事(以、介词、用、拿)

(2)越国以鄙远(以、表顺承连词)

(3)若舍郑以为东道主(以为、把…作为)

3、之

(1)邻之厚,君之薄也(主谓之间,取消句子独立性。)

(2)夫晋,何厌之有(“之”作宾语的标志)

(3)微夫人之力不及此(结构助词,的)

(4)将焉取之(代词,指代土地)

4、焉

(1)然郑亡,子亦有不利焉(语气词,不译)

(2)焉用亡郑以陪邻(疑问副词,为什么)

(3)若不阙秦,将焉取之(疑问副词,为什么)

【重点句翻译】、越国以鄙远:越过别国而把远地当作边邑。

2、共其乏困:供给他们缺少的东西。

3、焉用亡郑以陪邻:为什么要灭掉郑国来给邻国(指晋国)增加土地呢?

4、唯君图之:希望您考虑这件事;图,考虑,图谋。

5、朝济而夕设版焉: 早上渡过黄河回国,晚上就修筑防御工事。设版,修筑防御工事。

6、因人之力而蔽之,不仁;失其所与,不知;以乱易整,不武:依靠别人的力量又反过来损害他,这是不仁道的;失掉自己的同盟者,这是不明智;以散乱代替整齐,这是不符合武德的。

7、微夫人之力不及此: 假如没有那个人的力量,是到不了这个地步的。

8、既东封郑,又欲肆其西封:已经在东边使郑国成为他的边境,又想往西扩大边界。

9、夫晋,何厌之有:晋国,有什么能满足的呢?

【文学知识】

《烛之武退秦师》选自《左传.僖公三十年》,《左传》是我国第一部叙事详细的编年体史著作,相传为春秋末年鲁国史官左丘明所作,它以孔子修订的鲁史《春秋》的顺序,主要记载了东周前期245年间各国政治、经济、军事、外交和文化方面的重要事件和重要人物,是研究我国先秦历史很有价值的文献,也是优秀的散文著作。《左传》又称《左氏春秋》、《春秋左氏传》。因为《左传》、《公羊传》、《谷梁传》都是为解说《春秋》而作,所以它们又被称作“春秋三传”。

烛之武,郑国大夫。

5荆轲刺秦王

【课文简介】

《荆轲刺秦王》选自《战国策.燕策三》,《荆轲刺秦王》记叙的是荆轲刺秦王的历史故事,抒发了对荆轲的赞美。

【通假字】、今日往而不反者(反,通“返”,返回。)

2、秦王必说见臣(说,同“悦”,yuè,喜欢,高兴)

3、使工以药淬火淬,通“焠”,cuì,淬火,烧刃使红,渍于水中。

4、日以尽矣以,通“已”,已经。

5、而燕国见陵之耻除矣陵,通“凌”,凌辱。

6、请辞决矣决,通“诀”,诀别。

7、燕王诚振怖大王之威振,通“震”,震慑。

8、设九宾宾,通“傧”,傧相(bīnxiànɡ),迎宾赞礼的人。傧,旧读bìn。

9、图穷而匕首见见,通“现”。

0、秦王还柱而走还,通“环”,绕。

1、荆轲奉樊於期头函奉,通“捧”。

2、卒起不意卒,通“猝”,cù,仓促,突然。

【一词多义】、见

(1)见陵之耻:被(表被动)

(2)图穷而匕首见通“现”,看到

(3)秦王必喜而善见臣:召见

2、诚

(1)诚能得樊将军首:如果

(2)燕王诚振怖大王之威:实在3、顾

(1)顾计不知所出:不过,只是

(2)顾笑武阳:回头

(3)将军宜枉驾顾之:回来

4、为

(1)父母宗族,皆为戮没:被(为表被动)

(2)乃为装遣荆轲:准备

(3)为变徵之声:发出

5、说

(1)说尽心中无限事(讲述,谈说)

(2)而听细说,欲诛有功之人(言论,说法,主张)

(3)范增说项羽曰(劝说,说服)

(4)秦王必说见臣(喜欢,高兴)

(5)《师说》(古代一种文体)

(6)诣太守,说如此(陈述)

【古今词义】

、仰天太息流涕

古义:眼泪。

今义:鼻涕。

2、樊将军以穷困来归丹

古义:走投无路,陷于困境。

今义:生活贫困,经济困难。

3、丹不忍以己之私,而伤长者之意

古义:品德高尚之人,此指樊将军。

今义:年长之人。

4、将军岂有意乎

古义:有心意,此引申为同意、愿意。

今义:“故意”。

5、秦之遇将军,可谓深矣

遇:古义:对待。

今义:遇到,碰以。

深:古义:刻毒,今义:有深度,与“浅”相对。

6、于是太子预求天下之利匕首

古义:在这时。

今义;表顺承关系或另提一事。

7、终已不顾

古义:不回头。

今义:不照顾,不考虑不顾忌。

8、左右乃曰

古义:皇帝周围的侍卫人员。

今义:表两种方向;或表大体范围;有时亦有控制之义。

9、今有一言,可以解燕国之患

古义:可以用它来,为“可以之”的省略。

今义:表可能、能够、许可。

0、秦王购之金千斤

金:古代指金属总称,用于流通货币时,先秦指黄金,后来指银,文中指铜。

今义:特指黄金。

【词类活用】、进兵北略地(方位名词作状语,向北。)

2、函封之(名词作状语,用匣子。)

3、前为谢曰(方位名词作动词,走上前。)

4、樊於期乃前曰(方位名词活用为动词,走上前。)

5、左右既前(同上。)

6、其人居远(形容词活用作名词,远方。)

7、使以闻大王(动词使动用法,使……听到。)

8、太子迟之(形容词意动用法,以……为迟。)

9、发尽上指冠(名词作状语,向上。)

0、群臣怪之(形容词意动用法,以……为怪。)

1、箕踞以骂曰(名词作状语,象簸箕一样。)

2、秦兵旦暮渡易水(名词作状语,马上。)

3、乃欲以生劫之(形容词作状语,活着。)

【特殊句式】

、被动句

(1)父母宗族,皆为戮没

(2)燕国见陵之耻除矣

2、介宾短语后置

(1)常痛于骨髓

(2)给贡职如郡县

(3)燕王拜送于庭

3、定语后置

(1)太子及宾客知其事者

(2)群臣侍殿上者,不得持尺兵

3、判断句

(1)此臣日夜切齿拊心也

(2)今日往而不反者,竖子也

4、省略句

(1)秦王购之(以)金千斤

(2)欲与(之)俱(往)

(3)见燕使者(于)咸阳宫

(4)而(群臣)卒惶急无以击轲

5、被动句

(1)父母宗族,皆为戮没

(2)燕国见陵之耻除矣

6、倒装句

(1)常痛于骨髓

(2)太子及宾客知其事者

(3)秦王购之金千斤,邑万家

【文言实词、虚词】

、发

(1)轲既取图奉之,发图打开

(2)顷之未发,太子迟之出发

(3)发尽上指冠头发

2、故

(1)故遣将守关者特意

(2)以故荆轲逐秦王,而卒惶急无以击轲缘故

(3)鲰生说我……故听之所以

(4)君安与项伯有故故交,老交情

(5)于是荆轲遂就车而去,终已不顾登上

(6)轲自知事不就成功

(7)故人具鸡黍老,旧

3、诚

(1)诚能得樊将军首如果真的(2)燕王诚振怖大王之威的确,确实

4、度

(1)度我至军中,君乃入估计

(2)卒起不意,尽失其度常态,气度

5、顾

(1)顾计不知所出耳只是,不过

(2)荆轲顾笑武阳回头

(3)大行不顾细谨顾忌,考虑

6.为

(1)父母宗族,皆为戮没被

(2)为之奈何对付,处理

(3)乃为装遣荆轲准备

(4)乃令秦武阳为副做为

(5)其人居远未来,而为留待因为

(6)荆轲和而歌,为变徵之声发出

7.而

(1)可以解燕国之患,而报将军之仇者并且,表递进

(2)其人居远未来,而为留待因而,表因果

(3)今日往而不反者,竖子也却,表转折

(4)于是荆轲遂就车而去就,或不译,表承接

(5)荆轲逐秦王,秦王还柱而走相当于“地”或不译,表修饰

【重点句翻译】

(1)然则将军之仇报,而燕国见陵之耻除矣。

这样,将军的仇报了,燕国被欺侮的耻辱也除掉了。

(2)事所以不成者,乃欲以生劫之,必得约契以报太子也。

事情之所以没有成功,是想活生生地劫持你,一定要得到约契来回报燕太子啊!

(3)人不敢与忤视

人们不敢同他正眼相看

(4)荆轲有所待,欲与俱

荆轲等待着一个人,想同他一起去。

【文学知识】

、战国策

《战国策》既是一部国别体史书,又是一部历史散文集。又称《国策》,由西汉末年刘向编订。

《战国策》又称《国策》,是西汉末年(填人名)根据战国时期的史料编订的,是一部(填体裁)史书。全书共33篇,分东周、西周、秦、齐、楚、赵、魏、韩、宋、卫、中山十二策。它记载了战国时期各国政治、军事、外交方面的一些活动,着重记载了各国策士谋臣的策略和言论。它语言流畅,写人记事真切、生动。读这本书真是如见其人,如闻其声。它具有宏肆激越的风格,铺陈伟丽,叱咤雄豪,艺术上有很高成就,对后代文人的影响不小。原书没有标题,课文题目都是后加的。

2、背景材料

荆轲刺秦王的故事发生在战国末期的公元前227年,即秦统一中国之前的六年。当时,秦已于公元前230年灭韩,又在公元前228年破赵,秦统一天下的大局已定。燕国是一个地处北方的小国。当初燕王为了讨好秦国,曾将太子丹交给秦国作为人质。秦“遇之不善”,太子丹于公元前232年逃回燕国。公元前228年,秦将王翦破赵以后,引兵向北,直逼燕境。燕太子丹为了抵抗秦的大举进攻,同时也为了报当初在秦被凌辱之仇,决定派荆轲劫持秦王,“使悉反诸侯之地”;如果要挟不成,便刺死秦王嬴政,使秦“内有大乱”,“君臣相疑”,然后联合诸侯共同破秦。荆轲刺秦王的故事就是在这样的背景下发生的。

燕太子为了刺秦王,先找智勇双全的燕国处士田光。田光觉得自己老了,无法完成太子丹的重托,便向太子丹推荐了荆轲。田光为了激励荆轲,便自杀了。荆轲接受了任务,太子丹高兴万分,马上封荆轲为上卿,精心侍奉……以后,就是课文记叙的情况。

鸿门宴

【课文简介】

《鸿门宴》选自《史记.项羽本纪》,节选的这部分主要叙述项羽和刘邦进入函谷关后与刘邦的一场斗争。本文按照故事情节的发展分为三个部分:第一部分是交代鸿门宴的由来;第二部分是写鸿门宴上的斗争;第三部分是叙述鸿门宴后余事,包括刘邦逃席,间道至军,张良留谢,项王受壁而范增破斗;刘邦至军诛杀曹无伤。作者通过这次宴会的全过程,生动的揭示了项羽的悲剧性格,他自应攻伐而有“妇人之仁”。

【通假字】

.距①关,毋②内③诸侯。

①距,通“拒”,把守。②毋,通“无”,不要。③内,通“纳”,接纳,进入。

2.张良出,要项伯。要,通“邀”,邀请。

3.愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也倍,通“背”,违背。

4.旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王蚤,通“早”,早些。

5.不者,若属皆且为所虏不,通“否”。

6.交戟之卫士欲止不内(内通“纳”)

7.项王则受璧,置之坐上(坐通“座”)

8.令将军与臣有卻。卻,通“隙”,隔阂,嫌怨。

9.秋豪不敢有所近。豪,通“毫”。

0.吾令人望其气……成五采。采,通“彩”,颜色。

1.私见张良,具告以事。具,通“俱”,全部。

2.坐,通“座”,座位。

①项王则受璧,置之坐上。

②因击沛公于坐

3.沛公之参乘樊哙者也。参,通“骖”,古时乘车。

【一词多义】

、为

(1)人为刀姐,我为鱼肉动词,是,(2)使子婴为相动词,做,担当,(3)窃为大王不取也动词,认为,(4)谁为大王为此计动词,出,制定,(5)且为之奈何动词,对付,(6)何辞为句末语气词,呢,(7)为击破沛公军介词,替,给,2、故

(1)故听之连词,所以)

(2)君安与项伯有故形容词,旧时,此指交情)

(3)故遣将守关者副词,特意)

3、辞

(1)卮酒安足辞(推辞,不接受)

(2)未辞也(告辞,辞别)

(3)大礼不辞小让(讲究,计较)

4、幸

(1)妇女无所幸(宠幸)

(2)故幸来告良(幸而)

【古今词义】、沛公奉卮酒为寿,约为婚姻。

古义:婚姻,古义儿女亲家,女方之父为婚,男方之父为姻。

今义:结婚的事,因结婚而产生的夫妻关系。

2、备他盗之出入与非常也。

古义:意外的变故。

今义:副词,很。

3.今人有大功而击之。

古义:现在别人(指沛公)

今义:现在的人,与古人相对。

4.而听细说。

古义:小人的谗言。

今义:详细说来。

5.沛公居山东时。

古义:崤山以东。

今义:山东省。

6.将军战河北,臣战河南。

古义:黄河以北、以南。

今义:分别指河北省和河南省。

【词类活用】

.沛公军霸上。军,名词作动词,驻扎。

2.王,名词作动词,称王。

①沛公欲王关中。

②秦地可尽王也。

③先破秦入咸阳者王之。

3.素善留侯张良。善,形容词作动词,友善、交好。

4.夜,名词作状语,在夜晚。

①项伯乃夜驰之沛公军。

②于是项伯复夜去。

5.义,名词作动词,恪守信义。

①亡去不义。

②今人有大功而击之,不义也。

6.项伯杀人,臣活之。活,使动用法,使……活命。

7.吾得兄事之。兄,名词作状语,像兄长一样。

8.沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王。从,使动用法,使……跟从,率领。

9.范增数目项王。目,名词作动词,使眼色。

0.若入前为寿。前,名词作动词,上前。

1.常以身翼蔽沛公。翼,名词作状语,像鸟张开翅膀一样。

2.交戟之卫士欲止不内。止,使动用法,使……停止。

3.头发上指。上,名词作状语,向上。

4.刑人如恐不胜。刑,名词作动词,以刀割刺,指施加肉刑。

5.从郦山下,道芷阳间行。

①下,名词作动词,下来。②道,名词作动词,取道。

③间,动词作状语,小道,表示动作的处所。

6.沛公已去,间至军中。间,动词作状语,从小路。

7.拔剑撞而破之。破,使动用法,使……破裂。

8.籍吏民,封府库。籍,名词作动词,登记。

9.沛公今事有急。急,形容词作名词,危急的事。

20.此亡秦之续耳。续,动词作名词,后续者。

21.此其志不在小小,形容词用如名词,小的方面

22.项王、项伯东向坐.亚父南向坐东、南,名词作状语,向东、向南

【特殊句式】

、判断句;

(1)此天子气也

(2)楚左尹项伯者,项羽季父也

(3)此亡秦之续耳

2、省略句:

(1)沛公军(于)霸上。

(2)沛公欲王(于)关中。

(3)为(吾)击破沛公军。

(4)具告(之)以事。

(5)亡去不义,不可不语(之)。

(6)将军战(于)河北,臣战(于)河南。

(7)交戟之卫士欲止(之)不内。

(8)还军(于)霸上。

(9)项王受璧,置(之)于坐上。

(10)竖子不足与(之)谋。

(11)欲呼张良与(之)俱去

(12)如彘肩上

3、被动句:

(1)若屑皆且为所虏

(2)晋属今为之虏矣

4、宾语前置句:

(1)然不自意能先人关破秦

(2)不然,籍何以至此

(3)客何为者

(4)大王来何操

(5)沛公安在(6)今日之事何如?

(7)何辞为?

5、介宾短语后置句/状语后置句

(1)曹无伤使人言于项羽曰。

(2)沛公欲王于关中。

(3)具告之以事。

(4)良曰:“长于臣。”

(5)得复见将军于此。

【文言实词、虚词】

.谢谢罪道歉:旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王

感谢:哙拜谢,起,立而饮之。

辞谢、告别:乃令张良留谢。

2.辞推辞:臣死且不避,厄酒安足辞!

告别:今者出,未辞也,为之奈何?

3.故故旧、交情:君安与项伯有故?

因此:故听之

特意:故遣将守关者,备他盗出入与非常也。

4.幸宠幸、亲近:妇女无所幸。

幸亏、幸而:故幸来告良。

5.去距离:相去四十里。

离去,离开:脱身独去。

6.若若入前为寿

若亡郑而有益于君

讵能若是乎

7.然沛公默然

然不自意能先入关破秦

不然,籍何以至此

8.于向,对:贪于财货

比:长于臣。

在:复得见将军于此。

9.因就此:不如因而善遇之。

就、于是:项王即日因留沛公与饮。

趁势、趁机:因击沛公于坐,杀之。

依靠、凭借:因人之力而敝之

0.为任,做:使子婴为相。

替,给:为击破沛公军!

被:不者,若属皆且为所虏!

制定:谁为大王为此计者

处理对付:为之奈何

作为:军中无以为乐。

是:如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉。

句末语气词:何辞为?

1.之到:项伯乃夜驰之沛公军。

代词,这:为之奈何?

取消句子的独立性:愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。

结构助词,的:今者有小人之言。

助词,衬字,无义:珍宝尽有之。

2.且将:若属皆且为所虏

尚且:臣死且不避,厄酒安足辞!

况且:且焉置土石?

【固定结构】

无所:没有……的财物无所取,妇女无所幸

奈何:奈,动词。何,疑问代词。译为“如何”、“怎样”。如“为之奈何?”

孰与:与……相比,怎么样(谁更……)?表示比较。如“孰与君少长?”

所以:“……的原因”或“……的方法”。如“所以遣将守关者”。

为……所:被……表被动。如“若属皆且为所虏”。

无以(无……以……)没有用来……的。如“军中无以为乐”。

有以:有用来……的。如“项王未有以应”。

何……为:表反问。如“何辞为?”

【重点句翻译】

.今入关,财物无所取,妇女无所幸,此其志不在小。

(刘邦)现在进了关,没有掠取财物,没有宠幸妇女,这说明他的志向不在小处。

2.张良是时从沛公,项伯乃夜驰之沛公军,私见张良,具告以事,欲呼张良与俱去,曰:“毋从俱死也。”

张良这个时候正跟随着刘邦。项伯就连夜骑马跑到刘邦的军营,私下会见张良,把事情全部告诉了(张良),想叫张良和(他)一起离开,说:“不要跟从(刘邦)一起死。”

3.沛公曰:“君安与项伯有故?”张良曰:“秦时与臣游,项伯杀人,臣活之;今事有急,故幸来告良。”沛公曰:“孰与君少长?”良曰:“长于臣。”

刘邦说:“你怎么和项伯有交情?”张良说:“秦朝时,他和我交往,项伯杀了人,我救了他;现在事情危急,幸亏他来告诉我。”刘邦说:“跟你比,年龄谁大谁小?”张良说:“(他)比我大。”

4.所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非常也。

派遣将领把守函谷关的原因,是为了防备其他盗贼的进入和意外的变故。

5.若入前为寿,寿毕,请以剑舞,因击沛公于坐,杀之。不者,若属皆且为所虏。

你进去上前敬酒,敬完酒,请求舞剑,趁机把沛公杀死在座位上。否则,你们这些人都将被他俘虏!”

6.于是项伯复夜去,至军中,具以沛公言报项王,因言曰:“沛公不先破关中,公岂敢入乎?今人有大功而击之,不义也。不如因善遇之。”项王许诺。

于是项伯又连夜离去,回到军营里,把刘邦的话全部报告给项羽,趁机说:“沛公不先攻破关中,你怎么敢进关来呢?现在人家有了大功,却要攻打他,这是不讲信义。不如趁机好好对待他。”项羽答应了。

7.大行不顾细谨,大礼不辞小让。如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为?

做大事不必注意细枝末节,行大礼不必讲究小的谦让。现在人家正是菜刀和砧板,我们正是鱼肉,为什么告辞呢?

8.杀人如不能举,刑人如恐不胜

杀人惟恐不能杀尽,处罚人惟恐不能用尽酷刑。

【文学知识】

、时代背景

楚汉之争简介

公元前207年10月,刘邦入关,降秦王子婴,还军霸上;12月项羽以盟主身份召开戏西之会,封18人为诸侯王,本人为西楚霸王,刘邦为汉王。刘邦多次进攻项羽都被打败,到前203年秋,得到韩信的帮助,才足以与项羽抗衡,项羽乃与刘邦约定:“中分天下,割鸿沟以西为汉,以东为楚。”定约后,在张良、陈平、韩信等人的帮助下,围项羽于垓下,项羽突围至乌江自刎。

鸿门宴是项羽在新丰鸿门举行的一个暗藏杀机的宴会。这个宴会是刘项两个政治集团之间的矛盾由潜滋暗长到公开明朗的生动表现,是漫长的“楚汉相争”的序幕。这个宴会上,充分展示了刘项矛盾的不可调和性,以及刘项迥异的性格特点,也预示了斗争双方的必然结局。

司马迁简介(前145---前90)。字子长,夏阳人(现在陕西韩城南)。西汉著名史学家、文学家、思想家。继父职任太史令。因替李陵辩护,入狱遭宫刑,后发奋著书,历尽艰辛,著成《史记》。其父司马谈是汉朝太史令(掌管起草文书、监管国家典籍、天文、历法的官职)。

司马迁十岁诵古文,二十岁外出考察,足迹大江遍及南北。初任郎中,前108年,继父职任太史令,得以博览皇家珍藏的大量图书和文献。公元前104年,曾与唐度、落下闳等进行历法改革,制定“太初历”。

约在公元前103年,开始撰写《史记》,其时因替李广孙大将军投降匈奴的李陵辩护,而入狱遭宫刑,后发奋著书,历尽艰辛,著成《太史公书》,即《史记》。

2、《史记》简介

记载了从传说中黄帝到汉武帝三千年的历史。是我国第一部纪传体通史。

共130篇,本纪12篇,叙述历代帝王的历史;世家30篇,叙述贵族王侯的历史;列传70篇,记述历代诸侯之外名官名人的事迹;表10篇,记载各个历史时期的简单大事记;书8篇记载典章制度,天文地理。共526500字。

《史记》不但具有很高的史学价值,而且具有很高的文学价值,被鲁迅誉为“史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚”;刘向等人都认为此书“善序事理,辩而不华,质而不理”有很高的文学价值。

司马迁,西汉著名史学家、文学家、思想家。《史记》、是我国第一部纪传体通史,记载了从黄帝到汉武帝三千年间的历史。它不仅是一部相当完备的古代史书,同时又是我国古代史传文学最高成就的代表作品。鲁迅曾誉它为“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》”。

3、鸿门宴人物注释

(1)范增(前277一前204)项羽谋士.居鄛(今安徽桐城南)人。秦末农民战争时,劝项梁立楚王族后裔为楚怀王。秦军围巨鹿,楚怀王派宋义、项羽等救赵,以他为末将。后属项羽,为其主要谋士,被尊为亚父。他曾劝项羽杀刘邦,项羽不听,后项羽中刘邦反间计,削其权力,他忿而离去,途中病死。

(2)张良(?一前186)汉初大臣。字子房。传为城父(今安徽毫县东南)人。祖与父相继为韩昭侯、宣惠王等五世之相.秦灭韩后,他图谋恢复韩国,结交刺客,在博浪沙(今河南原阳东南)狙击秦王未中。传说他逃亡至下那(今江苏唯宁北)时,遇黄石公,得《太公兵法》。秦末农民战争中,聚众归刘邦,不久游说项梁立韩贵族成为韩王,任韩司徒。后韩王成为项羽所杀,复归刘邦,为其重要谋士。楚汉战争期间,提出不立六国后代,联结英布、彭越,重用韩信等策略,又主张追击项羽,歼灭楚军,都为刘邦所采纳。汉朝建立,封留侯。

4、古代“座次”问题:

(1)官职:古代以右为尊。“位在廉颇之右”

(2)车骑:由以左为尊。“信陵君虚左以侯生”“坐定,公子从车骑,虚左”

(3)室内:西为宾、长、贵;

东为主、幼、贱。

(4)堂上座位:北为帝(尊),南为臣(卑)

左为贵,右为轻。

(5)四面环坐:由尊到卑,依次排列。

西——北——南——东

5、课文中出现的成语

(1)秋毫不敢有所近(秋毫无犯)

秋毫无犯:秋毫,秋天鸟兽新长的毛;原指细小的东西都不侵犯,现多形容纪律严明,丝毫不侵犯群众的利益。

(2)今者项庄拔剑舞,其意常在沛公也(项庄舞剑,意在沛公)

项庄舞剑,意在沛公:比喻表面上有一个堂皇的名目,实际上却另有所图。

(3)劳苦而功高如此(劳苦功高)

劳苦功高:指勤劳辛苦,立下大功。

(4)大行不顾细谨,大礼不辞小让

大行不顾细谨,大礼不辞小让:做大事的人不拘泥于小节,有大礼节的人不责备小的过错。大行:大的作为。细谨:小的谨慎。不辞:不怕。让:责备。

(5)如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉(人为刀俎我为鱼肉)

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