主谓关系（精选四篇）
主谓关系 篇1
一、主谓一致中的语法一致
1) 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数, 但当主语由and连接时, 如果它表示一个单一的概念, 即指同一人或同一物时, 谓语动词用单数, and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
例如:Reading and writing are very important.读和写都是非常重要的。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对于我们的生活来说是非常重要的。
2) 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, as well as等词引起的短语时, 谓语动词与最前面的主语一致。
例如: The teacher together with some students is visiting Zunyi.老师和一些学生在遵义。
He as well as I wants to go fishing.他和我都想去钓鱼。
3) 有些名词, 如number, population等有时看作单数, 有时看作复数。
例如:A number of+名词复数+复数动词
The number of+名词复数+单数动词
例如: A number of students have been to Guiyang.许多学生去过贵阳。
The number of the students in our school is 1300.我们学校的学生数是1300。
4、谓语需用单数的情况
1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语, 或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
例如:Each of us has a new pen.我们每个人都有一只新钢笔。
There is something wrong with my bike.我的自行车出问
题了。
2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时, 谓语动词常用单数。
例如:It is never too old to learn is a valuable saying,
It is never too old to learn是一条有价值的格言。
3) 表示金钱, 时间, 价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时, 通常把这些名词看作一个整体, 谓语一般用单数。
例如: Five weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.允许用五周的时间做必要的准备工作。
Ten dollars is enough.十美元钱足够了。
二、主谓一致中的靠近原则
1) 当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时, 谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如: There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有笔、小刀和几本书。
2) 当“either…or…与neither…nor, 连接两个主语时, 谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如:Either you or she goes there.要么是你去那儿, 要么是她去那儿。
Neither I nor he is late for school。我和他都没有迟到。
3) 、当Not only…but also, 连接两个主语时, 谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如: Not only you but also he has been to Beijing。不但你去过北京, 而且他也去过。
三、主谓一致中的意义一致
1) 集体名词做主语时, 谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如
family, audience, crowd, class, company, 等词后用复数形式时, 意为这个集体中的各个成员, 用单数时表示该集体, 但集合名词people, police等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 例
如:Her family isn’t very large. 她家不是一个大家庭。
Her family are soccer lovers. 他的家人都是足球爱好者。
Are there any police around周围有警察吗
2) 用half of, part of, most of, 等词引起主语时, 动词通常与of后面的名词, 代词保持一致。
例如:Most of his money is spent on new books.他的钱大多用来买新书了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in outdoor activities.大部分学生都能积极参加课外活动。
3) 在一些短语, 如many
a或more than one所修饰的词做主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of 做主语时, 动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如:Many a person has read the book. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 80 percent of the students are from the country.百分之八十多的学生都来自农村。
四、为了让同学们能更好地掌握主谓一致关系, 请记住下面的口诀单单复复最常见, 集体名词谓用单如若强调其成员, 复数谓语记心间有些名词谓常复, peeple, police即这般
主语单数后接介, 谓语单数介无关
Many a做主 (语) 也如此, 谓语动词应用单
主谓关系 篇2
英语句子句法结构清晰,逻辑分明;而汉语句子句法比较松散,只要能满足语义的要求,句法常常发生变化。英汉主谓关系也有如此的差异。首先,我们先来看英汉主谓差异的几大方面:
1、主谓一致
汉语的句法控制较弱,句子中主谓关系松散,只要能够意会符合一定的语义条件,主语位置常常可以空缺;而英语句子总是要求有清晰、完整的主谓结构,对主语的省略有较多的限制。在这个问题上,中国学生往往是学习了多年英语还很难避免不犯错误。
例句:(1)*Having stayed up late for three days,my eyes could not help blinking.
(2)Having stayed up late for three days,I could not help blinking.
从汉语的翻译来讲,句(1)的结构是无懈可击的:连续熬了三天夜,我的眼睛睁都睁不开了。而从英文语法角度来讲,这句话前半句用现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语应该是某人,而后半句主语则是我的眼睛,前后主语不一致。在这种情况下,要么修改前半句的分词,要么修改后半句的主语,否则很容易造成“悬垂结构”。
2、形式主语和宾语
汉语中没有形式主语或宾语,这就给二语习得造成了学习困难。中国学生经常漏掉形式主语或宾语it。
例句:(3)*We thought strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
(4)We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
句(3)从中文理解的角度上讲是毫无问题的:我们认为小王昨天没来很奇怪。然而,在英文中形式主语或宾语从句法的角度来讲是必不可少的。
3、话题主语句
汉语所特有的话题主语同样会对中国学生学习英语产生负迁移,造成中国学生的英语成为“中式英语”。
例句:(5)His story,we don't believe.
(6)We don’t believe his story.
句(5)是特别地道的“中文”句子:他的故事,我们可不相信;然而英语里面我们一般是不大接受这样的移位的,所以读起来很有“汉语味”。
4、主谓倒装句
汉语组词成句的方式弹性较大,比较自由,主谓倒装的情况实际上就很少见,尤其是没有语法所要求的倒装,所以,对于中国学生来说,掌握英语中的倒装句用法往往是一件比较困难的事情。
例句:(7)A student with some books in her arms came in.
(8)In came a student with some books in her arms.
对于这两句话,从中文的角度上讲,两句都能接受,甚至句(7)的接受性要大大强于句(8)。而从英文的角度上讲,则是句(8)的接受性大大强于句(7),因为英文强调句子的平衡性,从而不接受句(7)这样“头重脚轻”的句子。
二、实验预设
为了研究英汉主谓关系对英语二语习得者的影响,本实验选取对象为英语专业和非英语专业大学在校生各15人。预计由于英汉主谓关系差异,受试者会出现不同程度的偏误,而英语专业组的偏误会小于非英语专业组。实验设计以网络问卷形式出现,设计的问卷网址为http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/JLXH87Z
实验题型主要分为两大类:判断正误以及选择接受度。判断正误题主要测试受试对主谓一致和形式主语宾语的掌握情况;选择接受度题则用来测试受试对话题主语句和倒装句的学习状况。
三、实验结果
以上柱状图展示了受试在主谓一致这一项测试中所达到的正确率。从图中我们可以看出,英文组和非英文组在第一题和第二题的正确率都低于60%,且英文组正确率小于非英文组,说明受试对这两题的掌握程度比较低。从第三题到第八题,英文组的正确率均大于非英文组,并且英文组正确率都达到了60%以上,第四题和第八题的正确率甚至达到100%,说明英文组对这几题测试的内容掌握较好,而非英文组掌握仍然较差。
综上所述,我们不难得出以下结论:英文组掌握英文主谓关系的语言能力更强;同时,英文组和非英文组依旧受汉语负迁移影响导致偏误出现;这些也说明了受试者的英语水平和英汉主谓关系差异所造成的负迁移成负相关关系;在测试的英汉主谓关系差异的四个小项中,除形式主语宾语外,汉语学习者的习得能力普遍较低。
以上实验给我们带来了一系列新的问题:如何进行有效的教学帮助学生更好的掌握英汉主谓关系差异?话题主语句和主谓倒装句的汉英差异是算偏误还是算可接受语言现象?这些问题都有待进一步探讨。
摘要：主语和谓语是句子中最基本的成份,主谓关系是语法研究中的重要问题之一,英语和汉语在这方面存在着不可忽视的差异。这种差异具体体现在哪些方面?这种差异对英语为二语的习得者有什么影响?针对这一差异有什么好的教学建议?
关键词：主谓关系,二语习得
参考文献
[1]吴丽萍.英汉句子主谓关系对比[J].浙江大学学报,1995(3).
“主谓一致”易错点探寻 篇3
例1那位著名的舞蹈家兼歌唱家要来南通。
[误]The famous dancer and singer are coming to Nantong.
[正]The famous dancer and singer is coming to Nantong.
析：and连接的两个名词作主语，在意义上指同一人、同一物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，不用复数。
例2给了每个男孩和每个女孩一本新书。
[误]Each boy and each girl were given a new book.
[正]Each boy and each girl was given a new book.
例3教室里没有老师和学生。
[误]No teacher and no student were in the classroom.
[正]No teacher and no student was in the classroom.
析：当主语由and连接，但其前如果有every, each或no修饰时，谓语动词要用单数。
易错点二：one of+名词复数作主语
例4其中一个孩子在看电视。
[误]One of the children are watching TV.
[正]One of the children is watching TV.
析：one of+名词复数，表示“其中之一”，谓语动词用单数。
易错点三：集体名词作主语
例5我家是一个有3口人的小家庭。
[误]My family are a small one with three people.
[正]My family is a small one with three people.
例6我的家人都喜欢打篮球。
[误]My family all likes playing basketball.
[正]My family all like playing basketball.
析：集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，其谓语动词用单数;如果表示集体中的成员，其谓语动词须用复数形式。
易错点四：表示时间、长度、金钱的复数名词作主语
例7时间飞逝!又过了10年。
[误]How time flies!Ten years have passed.
[正]How time flies!Ten years has passed.
例8 20美元就足够了。
[误]Twenty dollars are enough.
[正]Twenty dollars is enough.
例9 200公里是一段很长的路。
[误]200 kilometers are a long way.
[正]200 kilometers is a long way.
析：时间、长度、金钱等复数名词作主语时，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
易错点五：“the+形容词”作主语
例10在中国老人们受到很好的照顾。
[误]The old is taken good care of in China.
[正]The old are taken good care of in China.
例11年轻人在公园里高兴地唱歌、跳舞。
[误]The young is singing and dancing happily in the park.
[正]The young are singing and dancing happily in the park.
析：“the+形容词”作主语时，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。常见类似词组有：the poor (穷人) , the blind (盲人) , the deaf (聋子) , the rich (有钱人) , the sick (病人) the dead (死人) 等。
易错点六：“名词/代词+介词短语”作主语
例12西蒙每个周六都和他的朋友去图书馆。
[误]Simon, along with his friends, go to the library every Saturday.
[正]Simon, along with his friends, goes to the library every Saturday.
例13他和其他学生一样，也喜欢玩电脑游戏。
[误]He as well as other students like playing computer games.
[正]He as well as other students likes playing computer games.
析：名词或代词后接along with, as well as, together with, except, but等短语作主语时，谓语动词应和其前的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。
易错点七：“the/a number of+复数名词”作主语
例14我们班的学生人数是50。
[误]The number of the students in our class are 50.
[正]The number of the students in our class is 50.
例15我们学校图书馆里有许多科学方面的书籍。
[误]There is a number of books on science in our school library.
[正]There are a number of books on science in our school library.
析：“the number of+复数名词”作主语，表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。但是，“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，表示“许多……”，谓语动词用复数形式。
易错点八：“many a/more than one+单数名词”及“one and a half+复数名词”作主语
例16许多学生已经通过了测试。
[误]Many a student have passed the exam.
[正]Many a student has passed the exam.
例17桌上只留下了一个半苹果。
[误]One and a half apples are left on the table.
[正]One and a half apples is left on the table.
析：“many a/more than one+单数名词”及“one and a half+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
易错点九：police, people, cattle (牛) 等集合名词作主语
例18警察正在城里搜捕一名小偷。
[误]The police is searching the city for a thief.
[正]The police are searching the city for a thief.
析：police, people, cattle (牛) 等词虽然形式上是单数，但意义上却为复数，谓语动词需用复数形式。
易错点十：以-s结尾的学科名词和抽象名词
例19物理对我来讲很难学。
[误]Physics are very difficult for me to learn.
[正]Physics is very difficult for me to learn.
例20这则新闻十分令人激动。
[误]The news were very exciting.
[正]The news was very exciting.
析：以-s结尾的学科名词和抽象名词，如maths, physics, politics, news, plastics等，谓语动词用单数。
【练一练】
() 1.Maths____________ my favourite subject.
A.be B.is C.am D.are
() 2.Everyone except Tom and John __________there when the meeting began.
A.are B.is C.were D.was
() 3.The boy with the two dogs _____________when the earthquake rocked the city.
A.were sleeping B.is sleeping C.was sleeping D.are asleep
() 4.These police often ____________the children across the street.
A.help B.helps C.helping D.is helping
() 5.__________going to England by air next week.
A.The Green family are B.The Greens family is
C.The Green’s family are D.Green family are
() 6.—Do you need more time to finish the work?
—Yes, another ten days ___________enough.
A.are B.was C.were D.is
() 7.One of the students _____________late for school this morning.
A.had B.was C.is D.were
() 8.The teacher and artist _____________to visit our school.
A.is coming B.are coming C.have come D.was coming
() 9.Ten hundred dollars______________ a lot of money for the poor.
A.are B.mean C.are thought D.is
() 10.Every boy and every girl _________to take part in the competition.
A.wishes B.wish C.are going D.are
高中英语主谓一致复习要领 篇4
一、主谓一致的基本用法
1. 并列结构作主语, 且当意义为复数时, 谓语用复数形式。
注意:当主语由and连结时, 如果它表示一个单一的概念, 即指同一人或物时, 谓语动词用单数, and连接的两个名词前只用一个冠词。如:
The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则。
(1) 当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时, 谓语应与最近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a bowl, two knives and several forks on the table..
There are thirty boy-students and twenty-five girl-students in the class.
(2) 在由not only...but also..., not just...but..., or, neither...nor..., either...or...连接主语的句子中, 谓语动词的单复数遵循就近一致原则, 即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如:
Not only Mary but also I am going to London next week.
3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, as well as等词引起的短语时, 谓语动词与前面的主语一致。如:
The teacher together with his students is discussing Writing Skills that was newly published in China.
4. 谓语动词与后接名词或代词保持一致。
(1) 用half of, part of, most of等词引起主语时, 动词通常与of后面的名词或代词保持一致。如:
Most of her money is spent on dress.
(2) 在more than...of作主语时, 动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。如:
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
5. 谓语用单数。
(1) 主语中含有each, every时, 谓语动词需用单数。如:
Each boy gets a present.
(2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时, 谓语动词常用单数。如:
The Arabian Nights is a book known to lovers of English.
(3) 表示金钱、时间、距离、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时, 通常把这些名词看作一个整体, 谓语多用单数。 (用复数也可, 意思不变) 如:
Two weeks is allowed for preparing for the examination.
6. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数。
(1) 代词what, which, who, none, some, any, most, all等词后面的谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。如:
All is right.
All are present.
(2) 集体名词作主语时, 谓语的单复数要根据主语的意思来决定, 如family, audience, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时, 意为这个集体中的各个成员, 用单数时表示整个集体。如:
The committee is made up of 12 people.
Her family are music lovers.
但集合名词people, police, cattle等在任何情况下后面的谓语动词都用复数形式.
Are there any police around?
(3) 有些名词, 如variety, number, population, majority等构成的表示“一些”的词组作主语时, 有时看作单数, 有时看作复数。如:
A number of+名词复数+复数动词
The number of+名词复数+单数动词
The number of the students in our school is over 3, 000.
二、主谓一致中的“表里不一”现象
1.“more than one+名词”作主语时, 从意义上看是复数, 但谓语动词常用单数。例如:
More than one high official has been questioned by the police since the mayor was shot dead.
2.“many a+名词”作主语时, 从意义上看是复数, 但谓语动词常用单数。例如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
3.What引导的主语从句, 谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时, 动词用单数, 相反, 则用复数。例如:
What they want to get is?the number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书。
4.And连接的两个单数名词前若用each, every, no修饰, 从意义上看是复数, 但该名词短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Each boy and each girl has found a good dictionary.
5.Each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定, 与each无关。如:
They each have a bike.
6.动词不定式, 动词-ing形式短语作主语时, 从意义上看是复数, 但谓语动词常用单数。如:
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
7.The following作主语时, 谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致。如:
The following are good examples.
8.有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数 (trousers, glasses, shoes, shorts, scissors等) 作主语时, 前面若有“条”, “副”, “把”之类的单位词, 动词就用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数, 谓语动词就用复数。
The shoes are all right.
9.一些以-s结尾的名词通常谓语动词用复数如:arms (武器) , clothes, contents, remains (遗体) , thanks等。
10.“one and a half+名词”作主语时, 从意义上看是复数, 但谓语动词要用单数。例如:
One and a half apples is left on the table.
11.“One or two more+复数名词”作主语时, 谓语动词用复数。如:
Time flies!One or two years has passed.
12.“One of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中, 定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”的结构中, 定语从句的谓语要用单数形式。如:
He is one of the students who study hard in his class.
三、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的复数形式往往是在词尾加-s或-es, 但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样, 实际使用起来比较困难, 以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
1. 以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题。
某些以-s结尾的地理名称, 如果是国名, 如the United States, the Netherlands等, 谓语动词就用作单数。如:
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
如果是群岛、山脉、海峡等地理名称作主语, 谓语动词就用复数。
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
2. 以-ics结尾的学科名称的词作主语的主谓一致问题。
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时, 如physics, mathematics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades in China.
但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其他含义, 就可用复数形式。
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this university.