制度是反映和把握规律的重要形式，制度是机制的外在形式,机制是制度的核心内涵。今天小编为大家精心挑选了关于《管理制度中英文对照》仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
第一篇：管理制度中英文对照
品质管理中英文名词对照表
品质管理的中英文名词对照表： Accuracy 准确度
Cause and Effect matrix 因果图.鱼骨图 Center line 中心线
check 检查Check Sheets 检查表 Common cause 共同原因
Conformity 合格FPY 合格率 Control 控制
Control characteristic 管制特性 Control chart 管制图
Control plan 管制计划
Correction 纠正
Correlation Methods 相关分析法 Cost down 降低成本
Customer 顾客Complaint 投诉 Data 数据Data Collection 数据收集 DCC: Document Control Center 文控中心 Decision 决策.判定
Description 描述
Device 装置
Digital 数字Attribute 计数值 Do 执行
Else 否则
Engineering recbnology 工程技术
Environmental 环境
Equipment 设备Machine 机械
Event 事件
FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect analysis 失效模式与效果分析
FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证
FQC: Final Quality control 最终品质控制
function 职能
Gauge system 量测系统
Grade 等级
Heat press 冲压粘着
Histogram 直方图
Hi-tech 高科技
Improvement 改善
Initial review 先期审查
Inspection 检验
Internal Failure 内部失效,内部缺陷
IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制
IQC: Incomming Quality Control 来料品质控制
ISO: International Organization for Standardization 国际标准组织
LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限
LQC: Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制
LSL: Lower Size Limit 规格下限
Manage 管理
Materials 物料
Measurement 量测
Miss feed 漏送
Module,sub-system,sub-unit 单位
MSA: Measurement System Analysis 量测系统分析
Information 信息
Link 连接
FA: Failure Analysis 坏品分析
Fact control 事实管理
Fatique 疲劳
Element 元素
Entropy 函数
CS: customer Sevice 客户中心
Defects per unit 单位缺点数
Detection 难检度
Approved 承认
Audit 审核
Average 平均数
balance 平衡
Capability 能力
Concept 新概念
Body 机构
Health meter 体重计
Active 主动
Action 评价.处理
Activity 活动
Add 加(Addition的缩写)Minus 减Multiply 乘Division 除Equal siqn 等号
Addition rule 加法运算规则
Analysis Covariance 协方差分析
Analysis of Variance 方差分析
Appraisal Variation 评价变差
ASQC 美国质量学会
Automatic database recovery 数据库错误自动回复
Balance sheet 资产负债对照表
Binomial 二项分配
Brainstorming Techniques 脑力风暴法
Business Systems Planning 企业系统规划
Cable 电缆
Chi-square Distribution 卡方分布
Clutch spring 离合器弹簧
Coining 压印加工
Compound factor 调合因素
Condenser 聚光镜
Connection 关联
Consumer’s risk 消费者之风险
CPI: continuouse Process Improvement 连续工序改善
Creep 渐变
Cross Tabulation Tables 交叉表
Cushion 缓冲
DSA: Defects Analysis System 缺陷分析系统
Data concentrator 资料集中缓存器
DOE: Design of Experiments 实验设计
Estimated accumulative frequency 计算估计累计数 EV: Equipment Variation 设备变异
External Failure 外部失效,外部缺陷
Full-steer 完全转向
Gum-roll 橡皮滚筒
hypergeometric 超几何分配
hysteresis 磁滞现象
Inductance 电感
Law of large number 大数法则
Median 中位数
Momentum 原动力
Monte garlo method 原子核分裂热运动法 Multiplication rule 乘法运算规则
NIST 美国:标准技术院
Normal 常态分布
请大家学习!并加以应用和提高!
第二篇：机械设备管理规定中英文对照版
机械设备管理规定
Mechanical equipment regulations
1.总则
1. General rules
1.1为了加强项目部施工机械设备的管理，提高设备使用寿命和经济效益，保证设备安全生产和正常运行,特制订本规定。
1.1 In order to strengthen the management of construction machinery and equipment of the project department , improve equipment life and economic efficiency, ensure safe production and normal operation of the equipment.
1.2设备是项目部施工的物质技术基础，要贯彻执行“预防为主”的方针，要坚持使用与保养相结合，修理与改造相结合，技术管理与经济效益相结合的原则。
1.2 Equipment is the material and technical basis of construction for the project department. Implement the "prevention first" principle and adhere to the principle of combining the use and maintenance, the repair and renovation, technology management and economic efficiency.
1.3设备管理的主要任务是：贯彻落实上级有关方针、政策、法令、法规，通过技术和组织措施，做到全面规划，合理配置，择优选购、正确使用，精心维护、科学检修、适时改造和更新，既对设备进行综合管理。保证设备完好，不断改善和提高技术装备素质，充分发挥设备的综合效能，为项目部提供性能优良、安全可靠的设备，并使设备增值保值。
1.3 the main task of equipment management : to implement the relevant guidelines, policies, laws, regulations of the superior, through technical and organizational measures to achieve comprehensive planning, rational distribution, perfect purchase, the proper use, meticulously care, scientific maintenance, timely rehabilitation and renewal. That means the integrated management shall be applied for the equipment. Ensure that the equipment is intact, continually improve and enhance the quality of technical equipment and make full use of the integrated performance of the equipment, providing excellent, safe and reliable equipment for the project department while preserving and increasing the value of the equipment.
1.4积极采用先进的设备管理方法和维修新技术，不断提高设备管理和维修技术水平。
1.4 Actively apply advanced equipment management methods and new maintenance technology, and continually improve the management and maintenance technology standards for the equipment.
1.5管好、用好、维修好、改造好设备，保证财产不受损失，使设备经常保持良好的技术状态，保证经营发展和施工生产的需要，是项目部领导和各部门的重要职责。
1.5 The equipment shall be well managed, used, repaired, altered to ensure the property against loss. Keeping the equipment in good technical condition and ensuring to meet the needs of business development and construction are an important responsibility of the project leaders and various departments.
2. 设备的使用和保养规定
2. The use and maintenance regulations for the equipment
2.1设备的使用，大型设备必须人机固定，并实行机长负责制。鼓励操作人员 1
(及其它工种)多学技术，成为一专多能的复合型人才，各设备之间操作人员以及当地雇用操作人员调换频繁，所以特规定对多班制、替班作业的设备，必须实行设备交接班制度，并认真填写交接班记录。
2.1 The person using the equipment, especially for large equipment, must be fixed and the captain responsibility system shall be implemented. Encourage operators (and other types of workers) to learn techniques and become complex talents who become expert in one field while possessing all-round. The operation staff between different types of equipment and locally employed operating staff exchange frequently, so the equipment shift system shall be implemented and the shift records shall be seriously recorded for the equipment which needs many shifts.
2.2操作人员在独立使用前，要对设备的性能、技术规范、维护知识和安全操作规程等技术理论教育以及实际操作技术培训，设备部会同安保部、办公室对操作人员进行考试，经过考试合格的，方可独立操作(已在取得中国相应工种技能等级证书的可免于技能考试)。雇佣当地的牙工操作人员必须持证上岗。
2.2 Before the operator use the equipment independently, he shall be educated and trained on the performance of equipment, technical specifications, maintenance knowledge, safety procedures and other technical theories and practical skills. Equipment department in conjunction with HSE department and office shall arrange exams for the operating persons. After passing the examination, they shall operate the equipment independently (persons who have already achieved the relevant work skill level certificates are exempt from skill exams). The local operating workers hired from Jamaica must be employed with certificates.
2.3大型设备使用前，设备使用部门/人员必须提前告知设备部设备使用计划，以便合理安排预使用的设备。设备部应做好钥匙发放登记。设备操作人员须是经过考试合格的人员。设备钥匙交付后，设备由使用部门负责日常使用管理，原则上禁止牙籍操作人员将设备钥匙带回家，即每日上班时发放钥匙，下班时收回钥匙，设备使用专人专机。
2.3 Before using the large equipments, the equipment using department/ personnel shall inform the equipment department in advance about the equipment using plan so that they can pre-arrange for the equipments needed. The equipment department should make registration of the using situation of keys. The equipments operators should be qualified staff passing the examination. After the delivery of keys, the equipments should be maintained and managed daily by the using department. Regarding the principles, the local operators from Jamaica can not take the keys home. The reasonable principle is to distribute the keys at the time starting to work and take the keys back after they are off duty. The equipments should be operated by designated personnel.
2.4设备操作人员对设备要实行日检制度(每日进行例行保养检查)，并认真填写记录(施工机械工作日志)，严格遵守《施工机械操作规程》和随车《操作保养手册》，做到精心操作，严禁超负荷、拼设备和带病运转。
2.4 The operators should check the equipments daily and fill in the records (construction machinery work diary) in real earnest. Strictly abide by the Construction machinery operating procedures and Operation & maintenance manuals. Operate carefully, do not overload and wrongly operate the
equipments.2.5操作人员必须熟练掌握“四懂”(懂性能、懂原理、懂结构，懂用途)、“三会”(会操作、会保养、会排除故障)、“十字作业法”(调整、紧固、防腐、润滑、清洁)。
2.5 The operator must be familiar with the "four understanding" (understand performance, understand the principles, understand the structure, understand function), "Three skills" (operation, maintenance, troubleshooting ), and "Ten words operation method" (adjustment, tightening , corrosion prevention, lubrication, cleaning).
2.6操作人员应做到：“五不接”(机械状况不良好不接、保养不良好不接、工具附件不齐全不接、原始记录填写不全不接，生产任务不清不接);班前“两件事”(检查机械完好情况，进行例行保养、检查电源或油料进行试车运转);班中“五注意”(注意讯号、听从指挥，遵守规程、确保安全，重视质量、配合生产，注意紧固、及时加油，倾听声音，观察仪表);班后“五不走”(电源不切断不走、机械设备清洗保养不彻底不走、工具附件丢失找不到不走、不办清接班手续不走、不做好原始记录不走);对设备润滑做到“五定”(定人、定质、定量、定点、定时)，切实做好润滑工作。
2.6 The operator should follow: "Five unacceptable circumstances " (no accept when the mechanical condition is poor, no accept when the maintenance is bad , no accept when tools and accessories are not complete, no accept when the original record is not complete, no accept when the production tasks are not clear); the "two thing " before work (check conditions of machinery, conduct routine maintenance, power or fuel check and perform trial operation); " five note " during work (note the signal, obey the command, comply with regulations, ensure the safety, pay attention to quality, assist with production, pay attention to fastening, refuel timely , listen to the sound, observe instruments); "no departure under five circumstances" (do not leave without cutting off the power does , do not leave without conduct thoroughly cleaning and maintenance for machinery and equipment, do not leave without finding the lost tools and accessories, do not leave without finishing succession procedures, do not leave without making original records); "five points to be fixed" for equipment lubrication (fixed people, fixed quality, fixed quantity, fixed place, fixed time), achieving really good lubrication.
3. 设备的修理
3. Repair of the equipment
3.1设备日常维修保养工作由维修班组织实施，并做好维修保养记录。
3.1 The maintenance team shall organize and implement routine repair and maintenance work for the equipment and make maintenance records.
3.2设备修理按照“养修并重、预防为主”的原则，实行计划养护、状态检测与故障诊断修理。
3.2 For the equipment repair, be in accordance with the principle of "both maintenance and repair, prevention-oriented" and implement the repair through planned maintenance, state detection and fault diagnosis.
3.3设备部根据设备运转小时数、使用人员填写的机械设备工作日志、设备月检记录结合实际情况，根据设备的动力性、经济性、安全性，制订修理计划。并加强修理工艺的管理，确保修理质量，缩短停修时间;修理时应根据具体条件制
订合理的修理工艺、技术标准，从目前的综合性修理逐步过渡到按部件分工修理，并积极创造条件逐步实行总称互换修理。
The equipment department shall develop the repair plan according to the equipment operating hours, machinery and equipment work log written by using staff, equipment monthly inspection record and the actual situation. The power, economy efficiency and safety shall be taken into consideration. The equipment department shall strengthen the management of repair technology to ensure the repair quality and to short repair time. A reasonable repairing technology and technical standards shall be formulated for the repair according to the actual conditions. The current comprehensive repair shall be gradually transited to the repair based on different parts, actively creating conditions for achieve interchangeable repair.
3.4设备大修过程中，设备部要严格把关，首先确定机务主办，并填写技术交底和安全/环保技术交底，修理人员必须认真做好修理过程中的多项基础工作。
3.4 during the thorough repair for the equipment , equipment department shall strictly control procedures. First, determine the machinery supervisor and complete technical disclosure and safety / environmental technical disclosure. The repairman must earnestly do various basic works during repair process.
3.4.1严把修理关，严格执行修理前、修理中和修理后的三检制度。修理前，要做好拆检记录，拆检项目，零部件损坏情况，运动件的磨损情况及测量的数据等。
3.4.1 strictly control procedures of repair and implement the inspection system pre-repair, under repair and after repair. Before repair, make records on dismantling , such as dismantling items, damaged conditions of spare parts, wear of moving parts, measuring data and so on.
3.4.2严把配件关，对于质量不合格的材料配件不准使用，质量不合格的总成不准装配，所用的材料配件和修理质量均按规定标准进行检验。
3.4.2 strictly manage the accessories. Materials and accessories which are of substandard quality materials are not allowed to use. The assemblies which are of substandard quality are not allowed to be assembled. Conduct inspection for materials, accessories and repair quality according to the provisions of the standards.
3.4.3修理过程中，尽量做到修旧利废，要认真推广：“焊、补、喷、镀、铆、镶、配、改、校、涨、缩、粘”十二字修旧经验，不断扩大修旧范围，保证修旧质量，节约修理资金，降低修理成本。
3.4.3 during repair process, the old equipment shall be repaired and the waste shall be fully used, earnestly implement the “ twelve words guideline”, that is welding, mend, spray, plating, riveting, mount, match, change, check , expand, shrink, stick. The repair range shall be expand, the repair quality shall be ensured, the repair money shall be saved, and the repair cost shall be reduced.
3.4.4设备修理完毕，机务科要组织竣工验收，进行试运转，并做好记录，填写竣工验收资料。废零件、废油、废料(油手套、油棉纱)要回收，并交有关部门处置，做到工完、料净、场地清。
3.4.4 when the repair for the equipment is completed, mechanical department shall organize the completion acceptance, conduct test run, make a record and fill in the completion acceptance data. Scrap parts, waste oil and
waste material (oil gloves and oil cotton yarn) shall be recycled and transferred to relevant departments for disposal, so when the work is finished, the material is fully used and the site is clean.
3.4.5设备大修出厂应严格按技术要求进行大修走合期。
3.4.5The breaking-in period shall be strictly arranged according to the technical requirements for the equipment which has gone through a thorough repair in the factory.3.5设备的技术革新与技术改造可根据生产需要和设备技术状况，结合大修进行，积极推广和应用新技术、新工艺、新材料。
3.5 Technological innovation and transformation for the equipment shall be conducted according to the production needs and equipment technical conditions, combining with the thorough repair. The new technologies, new processes and new materials shall be actively promoted and applied.
4.设备安全管理
4. Safety management of equipment
4.1设备安全工作必须落实“安全第一，预防为主”的方针，严格执行公司及当地政府有关安全生产的规定。
4.1 Equipment safety work shall be done in accordance with the "safety first, prevention first" principle. strictly implement the provisions of the company and the local government on production safety.
4.2 项目部根据施工特点，建立健全设备安全制度和安全组织，认真贯彻执行各类设备的安全操作规程和保养检修规程，使设备安全管理工作落到实处。
4.2 The project department shall establish and improve the safety systems and safety organizations for the equipment according to the construction characteristics, and earnestly implement safe operation procedures and maintenance and service procedures of various types of equipment, making the equipment safety management fall into place.
4.3各类机械设备都应有可靠的安全装置和防护措施，保证设备的安全运行。
4.3 All types of machinery and equipment should have reliable safety devices and protective measures to ensure the safe operation of the equipment.
4.4设备操作人员必须熟知机械基本原理与构造，熟悉安全操作规程，掌握有关安全生产的知识和值班运转制度，设备运转时发现异常，要立即采取措施。
4.4 Equipment operators must be familiar with the basic mechanical principles and structure, the safety procedures, knowledge on production safety and duty operating system. If the equipment operation is abnormal, take measures immediately.
4.5项目部根据实际情况与设备操作人员签订“设备操作责任书”，界定责任范围。
4.5 Project Department shall sign a "equipment operating responsibility agreement" with equipment operators according to the actual situation to define the responsibility scope.
4.6项目部制订设备安全事故的防范措施及事故应急预案，经常组织学习，加强设备安全教育。
4.6 Project Department shall develop equipment security accident
prevention measures and emergency plans, frequently organize learning, and enhance equipment safety education.
第三篇：企业标语大全(6s标语、车间标语、管理标语-中英文对照
1请示问题不要带着问题请示，要带着方案请示。 汇报工作不要评论性的汇报，而要陈述性的汇报。
Asking for instructions with your proposals instead of questions Reporting works with statements instead of comments
2成功者常改变方法而不改变目标，失败者常改变目标而不改变方法。
The Winners often change the methods to reach their goals, while the losers always change their goals without adjusting the methods.
3没做好就是没做好，没有任何借口，随便找借口，成功没入口。
No excuses for not doing things well. Casual excuses block the way to success.
4三不放过原则：原因没有查清不放过，措施没有落实不放过，责任没有明确不放过。 Three no-passing principles: no-passing of unclear reasons, no-passing of unimplemented measures, and no-passing of vague responsibilities.
5结果不好，就是不好。执行力不讲如果，只讲结果。 There is no IF in execution. It is bad if the result is bad.
6不是没有办法，而是没有用心想办法。用心想办法，一定有办法，迟早而已。 Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it.
7/从实际出发，从小事做起，在本职岗位上不断改进。
Proceed from reality, start small, make continuous improvement on the post
8整体利益高于局部利益，团队荣耀高于个人荣耀。
The overall interests prevail partial interests, and team glories exceed personal glories
9讲主观，不讲客观。讲自己，不讲别人。讲内因，不讲外因。
Face to the problem instead of blaming other persons or subjective factors
10团结一条心，石头变成金
Unity is strength, and the strength is amazing.
11严谨思考，严密操作;严格检查，严肃验证
Think rigorously, operate precisely, inspect strictly, and check seriously
12行动是成功的开始，等待是失败的源头
Action is the start of success, but waiting is the headstream of failure.
13爱惜物料，重视品质;合理规划，标识清晰
Treasure the materials, emphasize o the quality, plan rationally and label clearly
14上下沟通达共识，左右协调求进步
Communication helps reach a consensus and coordination promotes the progress
15一个疏忽百人忙，人人细心更顺畅
An oversight makes hundred people busy; everyone’s circumspection makes things smooth
16/工作效率想提高，整理、整顿先做好
Clearing and organizing will improve your working efficiency
17细心、精心、用心，品质永保称心
Excellent quality can be kept through carefulness, elaboration, and attention.
18没有措施的管理是空谈，没有计划的工作是空洞 Without measures, the management are just empty words; Without plans, all work is empty
19预防保养按时做，生产顺畅不会错
Implement the preventive maintenance timely to ensure the smooth production.
20全员参与，强化管理，精益求精，铸造品质
Full participation, strengthening management, continuous improvement, casting quality
21多点沟通，少点抱怨;多点理解，少点争执
Communicate more, complain less; Understand more, dispute less
22不接受不良品，不制造不良品，不流出不良品
Do not accept, manufacture and transfer the bad products
23/管理争未来，创新求发展，制度是关键
Management decides the future, innovation promote development, and company system is the key
24/质量第一，顾客满意，持续改进，超越自我。
Quality first, customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, beyond the self
25/节约用水 安全用电， Save water! Safety electric!
26/消防设施，定期维护
Fire-fighting equipment need scheduled maintenance
27/态度决定一切，细节决定成败
Attitude decides everything, details determine success or failure
28/一个坚持，一个承诺-品质 A promise, stick to it-quality
29/只有勇于承担责任，才能承担更大的责任
The one who takes on more responsibilities has more advancement opportunities
30/找方法的人会成功，找借口的人会失败
The successors keep looking for solutions, losers always look for excuses
31/讲究实效、完善管理、提升品质、增创效益。 High efficiency, perfect management, good quality, stable innovation
32/品质是做出来的，不是检验出来的 Quality is being made instead of by checking
第四篇：中英文对照
医院中英文对照
发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light
彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.
中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology
皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept. 男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit
预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care
后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admisson 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration
中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept. 神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery. Plaseric surgey Dept.
麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic. Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept. 内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet
普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept. 中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept. 电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine. Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT. Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept. 外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine & Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept. Endoscope Clinic
收费健康发证Gharge lssue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room
第五篇：中英文对照
共轨技术
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。 在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1) 压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。 (2) 压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3) 燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4) 液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5) 控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：
① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：
① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。 (6) 控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system. The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing. Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful. As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans. These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure. At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable. A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system. The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale. This was achieved by separating pressure generation (in the high-pressure pump) from the fuel-injection system (injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator. Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components; ② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines. The electronic diesel control (EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators. The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors. They are fitted with a rapid-action valve (solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator) which opens and closes the nozzle. This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder. All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”. In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate. The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity. The electronic diesel control (EDC) controls each of the components. (1) Pressure Generation. Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume. Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection. A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure. Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity. Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems. This results in a much lower load on the pump drive. The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump. On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted. (2) Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system. One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve. Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve. This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point ( e. g. in the event of load changes ) . Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems. The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail. In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump. Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side. The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system. In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum. Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump. This has a positive impact on fuel consumption. At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side. The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control. (3) Fuel Injection. The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers. They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail. The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle. The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered. At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve. This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed( time-based fuel injection ). (4) Potential Hydraulic Power. Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems; the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa; in future this will rise to 180 MPa. The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly. Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times. The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid. (5) Control and Regulation. The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors. The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle; ② Fuel-rail pressure; ③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc. The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals. In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators ( e.g. the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc. ). The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system. The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state ( time control ). The electronic diesel control (EDC) permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity. In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience. The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure. In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics. Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience. Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation; ② Boost-pressure control; ③ Cruise control;
④ Electronic immobilizer, etc. (6) Control Unit Configuration. As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units. They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface. As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available. Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit ( e.g. fuel-balancing control ). Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand ( e.g. to detect sensor signals ).