新应用大学英语4答案

2024-04-18

新应用大学英语4答案（精选6篇）

篇1：新应用大学英语4答案

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篇2：新应用大学英语4答案

Active reading 1 Match the words and expressions in the boxwith their definitions.1 to make a sincere statement that you are telling the truth(swear)2 a piece of flesh that connects bones and moves a particular part of yourbody(muscle)3 to make you admire or respect someone(impress)4 to drink in small amounts(sip)5 a period of time between two events(gap)6 to arrive somewhere and give your personal details to the person workingat the reception desk(check in)5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words and expressions in the box.There was only just enough room for two people.(barely)2 Be careful or you’ll accidentally pour your drink down your clothes.(spill)3 He was completely unaware of what to do in the library.(ignorant)4 She was very clever and got excellent grades.(intelligent)5 You write your name on the list to join the club.(sign up)6 She tells me that she’s definitely read the book.(assures)She assures me that she’s read the book.I need to go and buy some tea, I have finished it all.(run out of)I need to go and buy some tea, I have run out of it.6 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.Is a warden likely to be(a)a teacher at the college, or(b)someonewho looks after the hall of residence? 2 Is a tutor likely to be(a)a teacher, or(b)astudent? 3 If you go along somewhere, do you(a)go to aplace and join other people there, or(b)walk a long way to get to a place? 4 If you rent out a room, do you(a)paint and decorate it, or(b)allow itto be used by someone who pays you regularly to use it? Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box.1 When he speaks, people notice that he sounds Irish.(detect)2 Frank McCourt had read a lot of books which was deserving respect consideringhe had no high school education.(admirable)3 You can tell the students on the underground trains by the number ofbooks they carry.(subways)4 The woman in the admissions office suggests that his European educationis not good enough.(inadequate)5 The professor was writing very quickly in his notebook.(scribbling)6 Many immigrants came to America to escape extremely bad treatmentbecause of their race, religion or political beliefs in their own countries.(persecution)5 Answer the questions about the expressions.I’m in heaven Does this mean I’m(a)delighted, or(b)unhappy? ideas don’t drop fully formed from the skies Does this mean thatideas(a)need to be developed with careful thinking, or(b)areimmediately created through good teaching? 3 in the long run Does this mean(a)at a timein the future, or(b)with a great deal of effort? 4 frighten the life out of someone Does this mean(a)to makesomeone very ill, or(b)to make someone extremely afraid andnervous? Language in use with / without Match the sentences with the uses of with /without.1(a)2(b)3(a)4(c)5(c)6(d)2 Rewrite the sentences using with / without.Her tutor moves his head from side to side.He spills his coffee intothe saucer.With his head moving from side to side, her tutor spills his coffee intothe saucer.2 “Splendid,” he says.He doesn’t wait for an answer.“Splendid,” he says, without waiting for an answer.3 Frank McCourt speaks in class.He has an Irish accent.Frank McCourt speaks in class with an Irish accent.4 He plans to go on the subway.He has the books covered in purple andwhite NYU jackets.He plans to go on the subway with the books covered in purple and whiteNYU jackets.5 He’s only allowed to take two courses.He isn’t told why.He’s only allowed to take two courses without being told why.He would like to ask a question.He doesn’t like to raise his hand.He would like to ask a question without raising his hand.collocations Read the explanations of the words andexpressions.Answer the questions.climb When you climb into / out of / throughsomething, you do it with difficulty.(a)So why does the writer’s father climb out of the room? Because the room is very small.(b)Why would you climb into bed? You would climb into bed if you are so tired that it feels like a hugeeffort.(c)If you climb through a hole, what do you do with your body? You would probably need to bend over, and crawl through the hole.2 spill This word usually suggests several ideas: liquid,accidentally, movement and out of control.(a)What has happened if you’ve spilt coffee all over your desk? You have accidentally knocked over a cup / mug and the coffee has gone(uncontrolled)all over the desk.(b)What has happened if toys spilt out all over the carpet? The toys are in a container, such as a box, and either the box is too fullso some toys are falling out onto the carpet, or the box has been tipped over so most of the toys havefallen out of the box.(c)What might be happening if crowds were spilling out of the bars andrestaurants? Many people would be leaving the bars and restaurants all at once,probably because they were closing for the night.3 join When you join something, you become part of it.Thewriter joins a queue, and several clubs.(a)When might someone join a band? When they can play a musical instrument and want to play with others.(b)What has happened if you join the unemployed? You have lost your job and become unemployed.(c)What do you do when you join in? You do the same activity that most other people are doing.4 burst into This phrase suggests that something suddenly happens,or someone suddenly starts doing something.(a)What does the writer suddenly start doing when she bursts intotears? The writer suddenly starts crying.(b)What bursts into bloom? Flowers, when they emerge from buds.(c)What do you do when something bursts into flames? Put out the flames immediately if you can, or keep well clear and call theemergency services(the fire brigade).5 clean This word usually suggests several ideas: not dirty, notillegal or wrong, without problems, inoffensive.(a)If you’ve got a clean licence, what have or haven’t you done?

This refers to a driving licence.It means that you have been drivingsafely or at least you have no penalty points on the licence – a person gets such points as a punishmentafter breaking the law on the roads, eg speeding or causing an accident, and the licence then has anote on it(it’s not “clean”)

and the police have a record.(b)If you use clean language, what do you avoid saying? You avoid using swear words or other examples of bad language.(c)If something has a clean bill of health, is it healthy orworking correctly? Here this phrase is used metaphorically and means something is workingproperly, for example, a car might have a clean bill of health, after a check or test thatit is working properly.6 easy This word usually suggests that something is not difficultor doesn’t need much work.It can also suggest that a person is confident,happy and not worried about anything.(a)If someone is easy-going, how do they behave with other people? An easy-going person behaves in a relaxed, calm manner with othersand is happy to accept things without getting worried or angry.(b)If someone is easy on the eye, how do they look? A person who is easy on the eye is pleasant to look at inappearance and in the way they dress.(c)If something is easier said than done, is it more or lessdifficult to do? When something is easier said than done, it is easy to talk about,but difficult to achieve.(d)If someone tells you to “Take it easy”, what are they tellingyou to do? When they tell you to “Take it easy” they can mean either of twothings: You should rest and not do things that will make you tired, or you should keep calm, being less upsetor angry.4 Complete the sentences using thecollocations in Activity 3.If ever I spill out of my clothes, it’s because I have put on a lot of weight and my clothesdon’t fit me any more.2 The last time someone made me burst into tears was when I was asmall child and someone hurt me.3 I always use clean language when I talk to my teachers or parents.4 It was easier said than done when someone suggested that we should put the flag on thetop of the mountain.5 I’ll never forget the time when I had to climb through a window becauseI was locked out of the house.6 Unfortunately I spilt water over myassignment, so I had to print another copy.7 When my friends suggested that they wanted to play football on thebeach, I decided to join in.8 When the cherry trees burst into bloom, I think of myvisit to Japan two years ago.9 I would only lose my clean licence if ever I had acar accident in which I was driving under the influence of alcohol.10 The people I think are easy on the eye are attractiveand pleasant to look at.5 Translate the sentences into Chinese.1 Finally, with my mother red in the face and short of breath, we find Room8, I unlock the door, and we all walk in.等我们终于找到8号房间的时候，妈妈已经涨红了脸，累得上气不接下气。我打开门锁，我们都走了进去。2 She impresses me, and I feel so ignorant that I shouldn’t even breathethe same air as her.她给我留下了深刻的印象，我觉得自己太无知了，甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的空气。I don’t know why I have to be introduced to literature but the woman inthe admissions office says it’s a requirement even though I’ve read Dostoyevskyand Melville and that’s admirable for someone without a high school education.我不知道为什么我非得了解文学。可是招生办公室的那位女士说，虽然我读过陀思妥耶夫斯基和梅尔维尔的小说，虽然一个没上过高中的人能读这些书的确令人敬佩，但这门课是必修课。I’m in heaven and the first thing to do is buy the required textbooks,cover them with the purple and white NYU book jackets so that people in thesubway will look at me admiringly.我乐得飘飘然了，第一件事就是去买所需要的课本，然后用纽约大学紫白相间的护封把它们套起来，这样地铁里的乘客就会向我投来艳羡的目光了。Then the professor tells us ideas don’t drop fully formed from theskies, that the Pilgrims were, in the long run, children of the Reformationwith an accompanying world-view and their attitudes to children were soinformed.接着，教授告诉我们，观念并不是从天而降的现成品。从长远来看，清教徒是宗教改革运动的产物，他们继承了宗教改革运动的世界观，并且他们对孩子的态度也由此体现了宗教改革运动的思想。Translate the sentences into English.他们对业余剧社的介绍给苏菲留下了深刻的印象，于是她就报了名。(Amateur Dramatics;sign up for)Theirintroduction of Amateur Dramatics impressed Sophie so much that she signed upfor it.2 网络教育为全职人员提供了利用业余时间接受继续教育的机会。(work full time)Onlineeducation provides those who work full time with opportunities to receivefurther education in their spare time.3 刚上大学时，他不知道是否需要把老师讲的内容一字不落地都记下来。(be supposed to;scribble down)When hefirst arrived at university, he was not sure whether he was supposed toscribble down every word out of the professor’s mouth.4 没有人觉察出他隐藏在笑容背后的绝望。(detect)No onedetects his despair well hidden behind his smile.5 有些学生能轻松自如地与陌生人交谈，可有些学生却很难做到这一点。(be easy about)Somestudents are easy about talking with strangers, while some others find it hardto do so.Unit 2

Active reading one

Dealing with unfamiliar words 3 Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.honest about the situation or your opinions, even if this offends people(frank)2 a place that many people go to for a holiday(resort)3 tasting extremely good(yummy)4 containing a lot of liquid, so tasting good(juicy)5 dark in a way that makes you feel sad or a little afraid(gloomy)6 lack of experience of life(innocence)7 the ability to understand and make good judgments about something(perception)8 ideas, behaviour, or statements that are not true or sensible(nonsense)4 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box.1 The waves were very large in size as they fell onto the beach.(enormous)2 There was so much seafood that it was holding tightly onto the plate.(clinging)3 In the area of land where they were visiting, it wasn’t usual to eatfish and chips.(region)4 When he had eaten the shellfish, he got rid of the shells.(discarded)5 To eat shellfish you need special tools to break open the shells and digout the food.(implements;crack;scrape)6 The boy was especially fond of his mother’s bread and cakes from theoven.(baking)7 Because they’re smooth, wet and quite difficult to hold, it’s quite achallenge to try your first oysters.(slippery)5 Answer the questions about the words in thebox.1 Which word means feeling?(emotion)2 Which word means a feeling that a situation is so bad that there’s nothingyou can do to change it?(despair)3 Which word means to say you’re not happy with someone or something?(complain)4 Which word describes how your face looks when you’re annoyed or worriedabout something?(frown)5 Which word describes something that is unpleasant to taste, smell orsee?(nasty)6 Which word means to say something to someone in order to have fun byembarrassing or annoying them slightly?(tease)Active reading 2

Dealing withunfamiliar words Answer the questions about the words andexpressions in the box.Is something stimulating likely to make you feel(a)moreactive, or(b)more passive? 2 Are the properties of chocolate likely to be(a)itsfeatures, or(b)the way it’s made? 3 If one thing accounts for another, does it explain(a)themeaning of it, or(b)the reason for it? 4 Is something that is manufactured something(a)handmade, or(b)made in afactory? 5 If chocolate helps release hormones from the brain, does it(a)help causehormones to leave the brain, or(b)contain hormones, then let them go? 6 If you crush something, do you(a)press itstrongly, or(b)squeeze it gently? 7 If you have inherited something, have you got it from(a)society, or(b)your parents? 8 When something melts, does it become(a)solid, or(b)liquid? 9 When you confess something, would you(a)tellpeople, or(b)not tell them? 5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box.For a(1)product which you enjoy but don’t really need, chocolate is extremely(2)beneficial to your health.Chocolate as we know it today first appeared inthe 1800s, when liquid chocolate was poured into a(3)shaped container to cooland become solid.Then the chocolate(4)maker Lindt discovered how to make chocolate(5)break easily by adding extra cocoa butter, and Daniel Peter first made milkchocolate using milk which had been(6)concentrated and then mixed with cocoa paste,which gave it a smoother(7)taste.But the(8)appeal for so many people ofchocolate is both an(9)inherited(10)characteristic and an effect of the 300chemicals it contains, including vitamins.Key:(1)luxury(2)nourishing(3)mould(4)manufacturer(5)snap(6)condensed(7)flavour(8)popularity(9)genetic(10)trait

Language in use

giving extrainformation 1 Rewrite the sentences.The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean.Youget excellent seafood from the Atlantic Ocean.The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean, whereyou get excellent seafood.2 My father had decided to take me for lunch to a restaurant.He wanted meto try my first oyster.My father, who wanted me to try my first oyster, had decided to take mefor lunch to a restaurant.3 The oyster was unlike anything I have ever tasted before or since.Itwas slippery.The oyster, which was slippery, was unlike anything I have ever tastedbefore or since.4 Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao.Theobroma cacao means “food of the gods”.Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, whichmeans “food of the gods”.The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, didn’tappear until the end of the 19th century.Milk chocolate is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate.The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, which issweeter and smoother than dark chocolate, didn’t appear until the end of the 19th century.Daniel Peter perfected the process of making milk chocolate.He was Swiss.Daniel Peter, who was Swiss, perfected the process of making milkchocolate.leaving out words Rewrite the sentences.1...and the waiter had already brought an enormous portion of seafood, crabs,prawns, lobsters and all sorts of shellfish which were clinging onto each other......and the waiter had already brought an enormous portion of seafood, crabs,prawns, lobsters and all sorts of shellfish clinging onto each other...2 On his plate was a pile of discarded lobster claws, and alongside was abattery of implements which were used to crack the shells...On his plate was a pile of discarded lobster claws, and alongside was abattery of implements used to crack the shells...3 The next development was learning how to get cocoa butter from the beans,a process which was first tried in 1825.The next development was learning how to get cocoa butter from the beans,a process first tried in 1825.4 Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk which is sold in cans.Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk sold in cans.5 Hormones are a chemical substance which is produced by your body.Hormones are a chemical substance produced by your body.word formation Form new words with the following words andthe prefixes / suffixes in the table.air – airsick car – carsick fiction – non-fiction help – helpful sea – seasick shop – shopaholic smoker – non-smoker spoon – spoonful stop – non-stop work – workaholic 4 Answer the questions with the words youformed in Activity 3.What’s the word for: how you feel if the sea makes you ill?(seasick)2 someone who likes shopping a lot?(shopaholic)3 what something is if it is useful and providing help?(helpful)4 what a flight is if it goes directly from one place to another?(non-stop)5 someone who doesn’t smoke?(non-smoker)6 writing which is about real people and events, not imaginary ones?(non-fiction)5 Translate the sentences into Chinese.Outside the skies were grey and a strong wind was blowing off the sea.It looked as gloomy as I felt.外面，天空灰蒙蒙的，海面上刮来一阵强风。天气看起来和我的心情一样阴郁。“Now, stop complaining, try one oyster for me, then you can have somethingnice and easy to eat, maybe some prawns with bread and butter,” he suggested,striking a note of compromise for the first time during the whole meal.“好啦，别抱怨了，就给我尝一只牡蛎，然后你就可以吃些好吃、顺口的东西，比如对虾加黄油面包。”他提议说。吃了这么长时间的饭，他的话中第一次有了妥协的意思。But with the clear conception which only a ten-year-old boy can have, Istill understood that the compromise included eating that oyster, sitting on the side of my father’splate.但是，尽管清晰地感觉到了他的妥协——只有一个十岁的男孩才有这样的感觉，我仍然明白这妥协包含着吃掉那只牡蛎，那只放在我父亲的盘子边上的牡蛎。The chocolate sets into bars which will easily snap into pieces and thenmelt in the mouth.（添加了可可油后）巧克力凝固成易折断的条块，入口即化。But what accounts for its amazing popularity or even the properties thathave made millions of peopleconfess to being chocaholics? 但是，是什么原因使得巧克力出奇地畅销？又是什么原因导致了巧克力的上瘾特性，使无数人承认自己是巧克力迷呢？ Translate the sentences into English.他们这儿不卖薯条，如果你想吃，得去肯德基或麦当劳。(serve)They don’t serve chips / French fries here.If you want them, you have togo to a KFC or McDonald’s.他拣起一个核桃，想用锤子把它砸开，可没想到却把它砸碎了。(crack;crush)He picked up a walnut and tried to crack it with a hammer, but instead hecrushed it.3 当金子加热融化后，他们把金水倒进模子，铸成金条。(melt;mould)When the gold was heated and melted, they poured it into a mould to form agold bar.4 他承认是他打破了教室的窗玻璃。(admit to)He admitted to breaking the window of the classroom.5 令我们欣喜的是，新的经济计划开始对经济发展产生积极影响。(have „ effecton)

To our delight, the new economic policy is beginning to have a positive effecton the economy.Unit 3

Active reading one

Dealing with unfamiliar words Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.to move your body so it is closer to or further from someone orsomething(lean)2 a total amount made by adding several numbers or amounts together(sum)3 the ability to think about and plan for the future, using intelligenceand imagination(vision)4 used for emphasizing that something refers to one specific situation(particularly)5 a feeling that you do not trust someone or something(suspicion)6 to press or move your hands or an object over a surface(rub)5 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions in the box.If you are doing an advanced course in something, is it at(a)a highlevel, or(b)a low level? 2 If you peer at something, is it(a)difficult, or(b)easy tosee? 3 If you get a glimpse of something, do you see it(a)clearly andfor a long time, or(b)not very clearly and for a short time? 4 Is a radical idea(a)traditional and widely accepted, or(b)new anddifferent?(This word indicates some fundamental changes in ideas or actions.)5 If you are in agony about something, do you feel(a)in painand uncomfortable, or(b)happy and comfortable? 6 If you do something in the presence of someone, are they(a)with you, or(b)somewhere else? 7 If someone affirmed something, did they(a)show theyrespect and approve of it, or(b)not respect or disapprove of it? 8 If you do something on purpose, do you(a)mean to doit, or(b)do itby accident? 6 Complete the sentences with the correctform of the words and expressions in the boxes in Activities 4 and 5.Many people greet radical ideas with suspicion because they areafraid of change.2 Looking at the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, you feel as if you are inthe presence of a genius whohad an extraordinary vision of the future.3 You need to peer closely at the figures on the board, particularly as thehandwriting is so bad.4 It doesn’t take an advanced level ofintelligence to realize that you need at least two numbers to be ableto workout the sum.5 If you lean forwards, you may see the star as he comes out of the theatre, but you’llprobably only catcha glimpse of him.I rubbed some medicine onto the wound hoping to stop the pain, but I’m still in agony.7 Tom’s excellent exam results affirmed the teacher’sfaith in his ability.8 The police think the fire was started on purpose.7 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.If you thwart something, do you(a)stop it, or(b)encourage it? 2 If there is a dearth of something, is there(a)a lot of it, or(b)not enough? 3 Does unmitigated encouragement suggest(a)completely positive,or(b)slightly negative support? 4 If a teacher is maligned by their pupils, do you think they say(a)nice things, or(b)bad things about theteacher? 5 If you humiliate someone, do you make them feel(a)good, or(b)upset andembarrassed? 6 If someone speaks at length, do they speak(a)for a longtime, or(b)for a short time? 7 If something is prevalent, does it occur(a)often, or(b)notvery often?

Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.to connect or combine two or more things so that together they form aneffective unit(integrate)2 involving a lot of imagination and new ideas(creative)3 connecting ideas in a sensible way(logical)4 to move something from one place to another(transfer)5 expressing an opinion when you think something is wrong or bad(critical)(This definition is only one aspect of this word.Being critical does notalways refer to a negative aspect of something.Ss can look in a dictionary forother definitions.)6 working well and producing the result that was intended(effective)7 to recognize something and understand exactly what it is(identify)8 to create or produce(generate)9 to remember something(recall)5 Complete the passage with the correct formof the words in Activity 4.Writing an essay requires a number of special skills.One of these is to(1)transfer information from different sources into a single, short document.Another is to present anargument which is(2)logical and easy tounderstand.And, of course, to be(3)effective an essay shouldbe properly planned and researched.Luckily, the Internet can help you withthis research.Most students these days(4)integrate their own readingof a subject with Internet searches.But it is not easy to use the Internet.You should always be(5)critical of what you findand not just use the first web page.A quick search of the Web for a particulartopic may(6)generate thousands of hits, but you must be able to(7)identify the informationyou need.You should be able to(8)recall where you foundit too, because it is important to refer to your sources of information.Andfinally, you need to be(9)creative – because an essay should be an original piece of work.6 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box.You may need to make other changes.Doing a doctorate makes it possible to become an expert in a particularfield.(specialize)2 I remember the main point of what he was saying, but I can’t rememberwhere it was we had the conversation.(thrust;the setting in which)3 It’s a very long and difficult book, and I’m afraid people may feel undergreat pressure when they turnthe first pages.(overwhelmed)4 Ours is a small university, but the teaching is organized in a sensibleand practical way.(rational)5 Students can get help with money.(financial)Students can get financial help.6 The amount of help is different from one university to another.(extent;varies)7 Answer the questions about the words andexpressions.If you hone a skill, do you(a)improve it, or(b)forgetit?(The word hone also indicates the improvement of a skill that isalready well-developed.)2 If you strike a balance between two things, do you(a)choose oneof them, or(b)find a middle way? 3 Is an open-ended discussion one which(a)doesn’tcome to a conclusion, or(b)anyone can join in? 4 If you assimilate information, are you likely to(a)take it inand use it effectively, or(b)analyze it and reject it asirrelevant? 5 Is something which is subjective likely to be based on(a)fact,or(b)your own feelings or ideas? 6 If you get bogged down in something, are you(a)enjoying it, or(b)not ableto get free from it? 7 Is a step-by-step approach likely to(a)jump to a conclusion, or(b)moveforwards slowly and logically?

Language in use much Match the sentences with the uses of much.1(b)2(c)3(a)2 Rewrite the sentences using not think muchof.1 I didn’t think that lesson was very good.I didn’t think much of that lesson.None of us like the timetable we’ve been given for this term.None of us think much of the timetable we’ve been given for this term.3 I’m afraid I’ve got strong doubts about what I’ve written.I’m afraid I don’t think much of what I’ve written.4 Our professor is always criticizing this book.Our professor doesn’t think much of this book.5 I don’t like the theme of this week’s essay.I don’t think much of the theme of this week’s essay.I don’t agree with Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types.I don’t think much of Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types.3 Complete the sentences using much rather ormuch prefer.1 I’d much rather work in thelibrary than in my room.2 Li would much rather study with afriend than on her own.3 Personally I much prefer taking notes to being givenphotocopies.4 Some people would much rather start writingstraight away than spend a lot oftime reading.Now write two more sentences about your ownstudy preferences.Use much rather and much prefer.• I would much rather listen to lecturesthan read the lecture notes.• I would much prefer asking questionsafter class to asking questions in class.4 Rewrite the sentences using much less.I can’t even say two words in Chinese, so I definitely can’t speak thelanguage.I can’t even say two words in Chinese, much less speak the language.Basic study skills are often not taught here, and certainly notpractised.Basic study skills are often not taught here, much less practised.3 Nobody has even started the essay, let alone finished it.Nobody has even started the essay, much less finished it.4 Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, and so ofcourse they didn’t understand him.Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, much lessunderstood him.5 I haven’t got a PC in my room, so obviously I haven’t got an Internetconnection.I haven’t got a PC in my room, much less an Internet connection.I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, let alone criticize what hesaid.I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, much less criticize what hesaid.while / when +participle 5 Rewrite the sentences.When you choose a course, think about the amount of study it willrequire.When choosing a course, you should think about the amount of study it willrequire.2 When you are writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme.When writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme.3 Always keep a record of your sources when you do research on theInternet.Always keep a record of your sources when doing research on the Internet.4 Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while he is explaining basic concepts.Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while explaining basic concepts.5 I had a brilliant idea while I was sitting in the library this morning.I had a brilliant idea while sitting in the library this morning.subject-verbinversion Rewrite the sentences using subject-verbinversion.If I had known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone.Had I known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone.2 I would have corrected the work, if I had noticed the mistake.I would have corrected the work had I noticed the mistake.3 If you had thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be introuble now.Had you thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in troublenow.4 If he had shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress.Had he shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress.5 They would have improved the facilities, if they had received more moneyfrom the government.They would have improved the facilities had they received more money fromthe government.7 Complete the sentences about yourself usingthe inversion structure Had I + verb.1 I would have enjoyed myself more had I had ahigher university entrance exam score for computer science.2 Had I known about this football match, I would havemade different arrangements for the weekend.3 I wouldn’t have worked so hard had I known the exam was so easy.4 Had I received this college’s information earlier, I would havegone to a different college.8 Translate the sentences into Chinese.When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that includedthe words “„ to develop ourselves into a model environment in which everyone at every level canthink for themselves”?

“„„在我们周围逐渐创建出一个模型环境，使各个层次的人都有独立思考的空间。”你最后一次看到包含上述字眼的机构愿景陈述是在什么时候？ Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinkingfor ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learnedeven more powerfully what it meant to do our own thinking.And we might havebeen able to think well around her too.要是她一开始就肯定我们的聪明才智，给我们讲讲独立思考的乐趣，要是她没有激起我们对她的畏惧，我们大家就能更深切地体会到独立思考的意义。而且，我们在她面前也会更好地开动脑筋、思考问题。Like everyone else, students have their fair share of problems.Gettingto know a new environment, forming relationships with other students, and surviving on limitedfinancial resources are all typical problems.和其他人一样，学生们也有他们自己必须面对的问题。典型的问题包括熟悉新环境、与其他同学相处，以及靠有限的经济来源维持生活。Talk to some of your friends after a lecture or a tutorial and you willprobably find they remember different things about it – which may be more or less relevant to theteacher’s aims.下课后或个别指导后，如果你和朋友们聊一聊，你可能会发现他们所记住的东西不尽相同，但或多或少都与老师的教学目的相关。Effective reading requires you to vary your rate and style of readingaccording both to the type of reading material and your purpose in reading it.有效的阅读需要你根据不同的阅读材料和阅读目的来调整阅读的速度和方式。9 Translate thesentences into English.老师很有可能不欣赏不会独立思考的学生。(not think muchof „;think for oneself)It is most likely that teachers won’t think much of students who cannotthink for themselves.2 他上中学的时候，几乎没有什么人去做科学实验，更谈不上接受这方面的训练了。(hardly;much less)When he was in high school, hardly anyone did scientific experiments, muchless had training in this respect.3 嫉妒是由懒惰和无知造成的。(the result of„)Envy is the result of laziness and ignorance.4 有些大学生是根据自己的专业来选择志愿服务的，而不是碰到什么就做什么。(volunteer job;rather than)Rather than picking any volunteer job, some college students chooseactivities based on their majors.5 最好的办法就是把学生分成若干小组，让他们针对具体的问题进行讨论。(break up „ into„;focus on)

The best approach is to break the students up into several groups so that theycan focus their discussion on specific problems.Unit 4

Active reading 1

Dealing with unfamiliar words Answer the questions about the words fortelephoning.1 What do subscribers pay for? Subscribers pay for line rental so that they will be able to make phonecalls.In other contexts, they may pay for newspapers, magazines or being amember of a club or professional association.2 What part of the phone is the handset? The handset is the part that you hold in your hand.3 What can you do if you’re in range of a mobile signal? If you’re in range of a mobile signal, you can make and receive calls.4 What kind of phone is a house phone? A house phone is a landline phone(a fixed phone for the whole house).5 If you can use a mobile anywhere, where can you use a landline? You can use a landline only where there is a wire connection(thetelephone signals are carried by a line).6 What has happened if you receive voicemail? If you receive voicemail, it means that someone has left a spoken messagewhich has been recorded on your phone so that you can listen to it later.5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words and expressions in the box.You may need to makeother changes.The businessman uses his mobile in his free time, while he mostly useshis landline at work.(whereas)2 The businessman and the working mother don’t consider their mobilephones to be a basic and important part of their lives.(essential)The businessman and the working mother don’t consider their mobile phonesto be an essential.3 When she didn’t have her mobile, she became confident and not afraid ofpeople.(bold)4 Nothing usually gets in the way of my social life, but on this occasion,not having a mobile phone meant I spent three days alone.(interfereswith)5 The passage describes the strong effect of mobile phones on their lives.(impact)6 Soon the mobile signal will be increased to cover the whole of London.(extended)6 Complete the paragraph with the correctform of the words in the box.Information technology in general and mobile phones in particular havebeen important in bringing about an(1)utter change to our lifestyles.But the problem with mobile phones is that theycan(2)distract you from doing your job.The businessman gives his mobile phone number to(3)practically everyone he knows.Without his mobile, he isn’t necessarily able to do thingsimpulsively.He(4)speculates that he could give up his mobile, but life would be rather(5)tedious and dull withoutit.The schoolgirl has to make social arrangements on thelandline at home in order to avoid having a(6)solitary life for a few days.At firstthe working mother thinks it’s(7)risky not to have amobile phone, as her family might be in danger.Herfirst(8)impulse is to worry that they couldn’t contact her, although they think she’smaking a(9)fuss about not having a mobile.Finally she feels it is like(10)therapy when no one interruptsher.Active reading 2

Dealing with unfamiliar words Match the words in the box with theirdefinitions.the distance from one side of an object to the other(breadth)2 a hit or knock to a part of your body(bump)3 slightly nervous, worried, or upset about something(uneasy)4 strange and unusual, sometimes in a way that upsets you(weird)5 thinking seriously about something(thoughtful)6 a feeling that you do not understand something or cannot decide what todo(confusion)7 the attitude of someone who is willing to accept someone else’s beliefs,way of life etc without criticizing them even if they disagree with them(tolerance)8 the ability to notice things(awareness)9 to include something as a necessary part of an activity, event or situation(involve)5 Replace the underlined words with thecorrect form of the words in the box.When you meet people from other cultures, there will be many(1)timeswhen someone behaves in a way which you(2)notice as being unusual, but whichis(3)acceptable in their culture.If it(4)attracts your(5)attention, it’s all right to(6)ask about cultural differences,because people are(7)usually happy to(8)reply.But don’t worry if you areunsure about what to do or what to say.Just remember that finding out aboutcultural differences should give you pleasure and not(9)unhappiness anddiscomfort.Key:(1)occasions(2)perceive(3)conventional(4)arouses(5)curiosity(6)inquire(7)generally(8)respond(9)misery

Language in use it + passive voice Rewrite the sentences using it + passivevoice.Russell Crowe couldn’t get a call out to Australia.Someone said this.It was said that Russell Crowe couldn’t get a call out to Australia.2 Mobile phones have been the biggest factor of change in everyday behaviourin Britain over the past 15 years.Someone has claimed this.It has been claimed that mobile phones have been the biggest factor of changein everyday behaviour in Britain over the past 15 years.3 When told “Have a nice day!”, an Englishman replied “I’m sorry, I’vemade other arrangements.”

Someone reported this.It was reported that when told “Have a nice day!”, an Englishman replied“I’m sorry, I’ve made other arrangements.” 4 You don’t need to say “Thank you” in Spanish as much as you do inEnglish.Someone has suggested this.It has been suggested that you don’t need to say “Thank you” in Spanish asmuch as you do in English.5 Disneyland is a typically American place.Someone thinks this.It is thought that Disneyland is a typically American place.6 Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee.Someone hasbelieved this.It has been believed that good communication is as stimulating as blackcoffee.over Complete the sentences about yourself usingover.I’ve owned a mobile phone over the last three years or so.2 Over the winter I’ve called my parents every week.Over the summer my best friends and I wenttravelling to South China.4 Over the last semester my social life has been very limited:I think I need a better study-life balance.5 Over the last year the number of people from different culturesI’ve met is quite extraordinary, compared to the few I met in middle school.6 Over the last two weeks my favourite expression in English has been “Go on, youcan do it!”

emphatic structures with what Rewrite the sentences using the emphaticstructure with what.1 Life can be solitary without a mobile phone.I rediscovered this.What I rediscovered was that life can be solitary without a mobile phone.2 My mobile phone is an essential, not a luxury.I think this.What I think is that my mobile phone is an essential, not a luxury.3 The people who needed to, got hold of me.I found this.What I found was that the people who needed to, got hold of me.4 People kiss each other four times.This happens in Paris.What happens in Paris is that people kiss each other four times.5 By not saying “Thank you” so often, he was perceived to be rude.Hedidn’t understand this.What he didn’t understand was that by not saying “Thank you” so often, hewas perceived to be rude.4 Translate the sentences into Chinese.1 Mobile phones have been the biggest factor of change in everyday behaviourin Britain over the past 15 years.Today it is thought that there are more than55 million mobile phone subscribers, a rise from less than 10 million in 1997.在过去的15年里，手机已成为改变英国人日常行为方式的最主要的因素。据估计，目前英国手机用户已超过5,500万，而在1997年还不足1,000万。Now it has been announced that the signal range throughout London willbe extended, nowhere in London will be beyond the reach of a mobile phone, noteven the Underground.现在有消息说，伦敦的手机信号覆盖范围将拓展延伸。以后，在伦敦的每一个角落都有手机信号，就连地铁也不例外。This subject of research aroused my interest and took me the length andbreadth of France.这个研究话题激起了我的兴趣，为此，我走遍了法国各地。4 These episodes and incidents all involve a cultural bump, somethingwhich you notice usually with curiosity, usually with pleasure, occasionally with shock orembarrassment.这些插曲、事件都包含着文化碰撞，使你感到好奇、愉悦，但偶尔也会让你感到震惊或尴尬。5 But it’s not a matter of knowing all the conventions and rituals indifferent cultures.It’s impossible

to collect all the information you might need to be relaxed in the manydifferent cultures around the world.但是这不等于说我们需要悉数掌握不同文化的风俗习惯和礼仪。丰富的知识能使你自如地应对世界各国不同的文化，但是你不可能掌握全部必备的知识。5 Translate the sentences into English.据估计，目前中国4亿手机用户中，有大约一半人的隐私受到了威胁。(it is estimatedthat „;privacy)

It is estimated that today, the privacy of half of the 0.4 billion mobilephone subscribers is in danger.2 人们在购买生活必需品上的花费越少，他们安排的诸如旅游等娱乐活动就越多。(the less „ the more„)

篇3：新应用大学英语4答案

2013年12月, 大学英语四级考试题型全新“变脸”, 其中的翻译题型由单句汉译英变成段落汉译英。分析其变化不难看出, 翻译题型不仅从难度大幅度增加, 分值也由原来5%增15%。翻译内容涉及中国政治、经济、历史、文化、社会发展等方面。翻译长度为140-160个汉字。题型改革以后, 通过问卷调查及分值统计发现, 多数考生都表示翻译题型的挑战最大, 考生分数并不理想, 译文问题也很多, 甚至有考生放弃作答, 大学英语翻译教学效果令人担忧。本文就此展开论述, 分析目前大学英语翻译教学现状及其局限性, 结合教学实践分析学生译文存在的普遍问题, 并尝试从几个方面入手探讨行之有效的翻译教学模式。

2 大学英语翻译教学现状及其局限性

目前, 大多数国内高校没有专门开设针对非英语专业学生的翻译教学课程, 只有少数学校提供翻译选修课。但是现实情况不容乐观。主要体现在:

2.1 教材编写具有局限性

尽管大学英语有多部全国性的统编教材, 然而几乎没有一部全国性统编的专门面向大学英语翻译教学的教材。以目前大多数高校使用的新视野版和北师大版这两种教材来说, 缺少专门介绍翻译理论和技巧, 只是布置了少量的汉译英和英译汉的翻译习题在课后练习里, 而且只是单句的翻译。

2.2 教学理念具有局限性

由于课时有限以及缺乏重视意识, 很多教师在授课中对于课后翻译题只是蜻蜓点水, 简单核对答案, 并没有教授翻译理论、技巧, 因此学生的翻译能力得不到实质性的提高。

2.3 教学方法具有局限性

在翻译教学过程中, 仍然拘泥于传统的教学模式, 即以教师为中心, 片面强调语言知识的传授, 师生之间缺乏合作和互动, 从而不能更好地发挥学生的主体作用, 学生的翻译能力必定受影响。

2.4 师资队伍具有局限性

在外语教师队伍中, 专门从事翻译教学的教师为数不多, 大部分教师长期从事基础教学工作, 缺乏翻译实践经验。

2.5 学生跨文化背景知识储备具有局限性

每个国家都有自己独特的文化背景, 而文化背景在翻译过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。很多学生不了解两种语言之间的文化背景知识的区别, 对英美文化背景知识了解甚少, 只按照字面意思进行简单、直接翻译, 从而误译的笑话层出不穷。比如, black sheep按照字面意思来翻译的话, 就是“黑羊”的意思, 而了解英美文化背景的翻译者必定知道它的实际意思是“害群之马”。又如a skeleton in the cupboard直接翻译的话是“橱柜里的骷髅”, 而它的实际翻译是“家丑不可外扬”。

3 四级改革后大学英语翻译教学新模式

3.1 学生翻译存在的主要问题

四级翻译题型改革不但对考生们的翻译能力提出了更高的要求, 而且促进各高校改革其大学英语翻译教学模式。笔者认为, 了解学生译文中存在的普遍问题是改革翻译教学模式的首要任务。通过对某一学期学生译文的总结, 笔者发现导致学生译文质量较低的主要原因是中式英语, 主要体现在:

3.1.1 词语搭配不当

大多数学生为了达到四级词汇量要求, 常常机械、孤立地记忆单词, 无法灵活掌握单词整体性及其用法。这就导致他们在翻译的时候会出现词语搭配不当的错误。比如在翻译“我陪你回家”时, 很多学生用到I’ll accompany you to go home.他们只知道accompany有“陪同”的意思, 却不知道这个词的正确用法。

3.1.2 语法使用不当

在语法呈现上, 汉语和英语表现出较大的差异:汉语语法具有隐含性而英语语法具有外显性。如果学生忽视这一重大差异, 把中文的词语机械地直译成英文, 就容易导致翻译中的语法错误。它包括:动词的时态、重复、主谓一致、句子过长 (特别是定语过长) 、语序颠倒、逻辑混乱不清、没有将原文的隐含信息深入理解并外化到译语的表面而导致的漏译、过度发挥而导致的添词翻译等。

3.2 翻译教学新模式探索

针对以上所举的翻译问题, 结合个人平时的教学实践, 笔者认为, 要提高学生的翻译质量, 不妨尝试从以下几个方面入手, 探讨翻译教学新模式。

3.2.1 立足教材, 讲授翻译理论和技巧

在翻译教学中, 教条地讲授翻译理论, 可能会使学生感到枯燥乏味。我们应该立足教材, 深入挖掘课文内容, 通过课文和句子的讲解, 讲授基本的翻译理论和技巧。在平时的精读课上, 如果教师注意分析句子结构, 让学生体会到句型和用词的精彩之处, 并且把翻译理论贯穿在技巧和知识的传授中, 会使学生知道应该怎么译以及为什么这么译, 同时结合课后的翻译练习, 必然会起到事半功倍的效果。

3.2.2 导入文化背景知识, 提高学生跨文化意识

做好翻译, 必须要了解不同的文化背景。虽然说四级翻译题型的改革主要是涉及中国的一些背景知识, 但是在汉译英的时候必定要运用到英语的一些习惯表达, 因此翻译教学要强调对学生的文化导入, 注重培养学生的文化意识和文化修养, 让其熟悉中英文化差异在语言表达上的反映, 了解英语语言形成和变化所依赖的地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰和历史典故。在课堂上, 教师不仅要有意识地导入与课本相关的文化背景知识, 而且还需要有意识地推荐学生阅读经典英美文学作品、报刊杂志和欣赏原版电影, 并鼓励学生充分利用课外时间扩大英语文化背景知识, 提高跨文化意识。另外, 在学习过程中, 要鼓励学生多积累四级考试中段落翻译涉及的词汇和短语甚至长句, 阅读与中国历史、文化、经济和社会发展等相关的书籍, 加强翻译知识储备。

3.2.3 结合专业, 倡导“以学生为中心”的翻译教学

在翻译教学中, 教师必须充分考虑学生的积极因素, 倡导“以学生为中心”的教学模式, 以充分调动学生的积极性和主动性。在课堂上开展以学生为主体的师生互动式教学活动, 从而实现师生、生生间的互动;教与学的有机结合。在教学活动中, 为了更好的调动学生的学习积极性, 教师需要科学设计教学活动, 翻译任务设计应该具备可行性、难易程度适中, 而且还应该结合学生生活实际和所学专业, 笔者发现, 相对传统教学模式, 采取与学生专业相结合的教学模式更能激发学生的学习动机和学习兴趣, 因而更容易取得较好的教学效果。当然有条件的院校可以结合专业开设翻译选修课。此外, 在翻译实践活动中, 比如讲解译文的时候不, 教师要肯定并及时表扬学生译文的精彩之处, 以鼓励其取得更大的进步。

3.2.4 加强自身学习, 改善教师队伍结构

教师首先应重视提高自身的业务能力, 加强翻译理论知识方面的学习, 提高自身的翻译水平。在授课的时候, 合理安排课堂时间, 改进教学方法。条件允许的话, 可以参加一些全国性的针对高校翻译专业教师的培训, 全面提升翻译教学水平。

3.2.5 创新教学模式, 实行学生间合作式的翻译教学模式

在课堂上, 合理的教学模式应该以学生为中心, 充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性。结合平时的翻译教学实践, 笔者尝试提出了学生间合作式的翻译教学模式。在翻译教学过程中, 分析、讲评翻译实例是一个关键环节, 这对于帮助学生深入理解基本翻译内容, 培养其分析问题和解决问题的能力, 起着重要作用。然而光靠教师分析、学生单纯地听是远远不够的, 笔者认为, 教师有必要指导学生间以小组为单位开展合作、讨论并分析翻译实例或者互评个人译文, 这种方式必定能够促使学生的翻译水平更上一层楼。

3.2.6 树立现代教学理念, 尝试网络化翻译教学

传统的翻译教学方法, 不可能照顾到学生间的个体差异。然而以现代教学理念为理论依据, 以先进网络技术及丰富网络资源为基础所构建的全新网络化翻译教学模式模式可以有效解决传统翻译教学所面临的问题。网络化翻译教学充分符合“以学生为中心”的现代教学理念, 为教师提供了对学生因材施教的平台。教师可以随时利用网络给学生布置翻译作业, 让学生以E-mail, QQ, Wechat等方式提出翻译问题甚至展开讨论, 还可以对学生所提问题及作业进行及时评价和反馈。此外通过访问各种翻译网站、检索并下载所需要的翻译资源, 学生可以进行翻译补充学习, 从而更多地了解相关翻译知识。

4 结束语

翻译教学作为提高大学生英语综合运用能力的途径应当得到教师和学生的高度重视。要提高大学生的翻译水平, 首先需要改变大学英语教学现状, 改变翻译教学策略, 探索新颖、有效的翻译教学模式来提高教学质量, 从而促进学生翻译能力的发展, 以迎合四级改革的要求。

摘要：2013年12月, 大学英语四级翻译题型出现重大调整。基于这一改革背景, 该文以大学非英语专业学生为研究对象, 分析目前大学英语翻译教学现状及其局限性, 通过文献法、个案分析等方式探讨行之有效的翻译教学新模式, 希望对提高学生的翻译水平有所帮助。

关键词：大学英语,翻译教学,翻译策略

参考文献

[1]穆雷.中国翻译教学研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1999.

[2]龚学萍.大学英语实用翻译教程[M].北京:高等教学出版社, 2008.

[3]罗选民.中国的翻译教学:问题与前景[J].中国翻译, 2002 (4) .

[4]李德凤, 胡牧.翻译教学研究:回顾与展望[J].中国科技翻译, 2009 (8) .

[5]文军, 李红霞.以翻译能力为中心的翻译专业本科课程设置研究[J].外语界, 2010 (2) .

[6]王玉西.对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考[J].中国翻译, 2010 (6) .

篇4：新应用大学英语4答案

新题型中，听力理解部分所占比例由原来的20％增加到了35％，所占分值增加了将近一倍，其中Section A对话部分分为8个短对话，2个长对话，Section B为3篇短文，SectionC为复合式听写。新题型既考学生的听力能力，又考核学生的书面表达能力。无论是难易程度还是题量都有很大提高，对学生而言具有很大的挑战性。

听力是英语多种技能的综合表现。其水平的高低取决于听者的听力技巧，英语基本功(如词汇、语法等)和知识面(如社会文化、逻辑推理、自然科学等)，所以要想使学生顺利通过四级听力考试，关键在于平时要注意培养学生良好的听力习惯，多听多练，笃实听力和语言的基本功。

听力的日常顺练

前面分析了CET-4新题型对听力部分的要求，根据其要求我们也应该做出适时的对策。听力理解的过程是非常复杂的，紧紧依靠考前的强化顺练时不能保证高分的，只有平时有意识的加强听力顺练，才能有效地提高听力水平。笔者根据自身的教学经验，总结出如下做法：

1、纠正发音。发音对听力起着不小的作用。许多学生听不懂磁带或老师的发音，往往是他们自身的发音不够标准。不少学生，在高中只注重做题，而不强调口语表达，因此他们的发音往往带有浓重的地方口音。针对这一情况，笔者采取了相应措施。从大一开始，每次精读课，抽出一部分时间讲解音标，领读新单词并随机抽查学生读单词，纠正其发音。上听力课时，先放一些VOA的SpecialEnglish的材料，让他们边听边模仿。在做听力练习的时候，先放一遍录音，让他们捕捉大意做练习；第二遍的时候，让学生边听边校对，必要时停下来讲解一些难点、难句；最后的一次录音，要求他们一边听一边跟着磁带复述。有时候会停下来，问：what didthe speaker say?Or repeat the sentence you've heard!要求学生做出回答。他们不得不努力听并做笔记加以复述。久而久之，磁带中的标准发音就会慢慢的印人他们的脑海，取代他们的不标准发音。

2、培养听说习惯。有人常常把听力和口语分开对待，这其实是英语学习上的一个误区。听说其实是密不可分的，没有大量的听力输入做基础，是绝对说不好的，所以听说地相互结合。听和说是交际中的两大环节，听是输入并理解，说是输出并让人理解。会说才会听，说得好是听得好的前提。如何开启学生的嘴巴，让他们利用各种机会说英语呢?

首先，笔者在每次上课之前腾出三到五分钟的时间来给学生作short speech，内容不限，每个学生都必须参与，其成绩作为平时分记载。学生不得不尽兴准备，从客观上也有了课外自主学习的动机。同时还能发现他们的发音错误并及时地予以纠正。一轮演讲完毕后，让学生自由组合，以dialogue的形式进行对话练习，内容不限，可以是摘抄的，也可以是自己写的。在对话中，学生会不知不觉得把听力课上的材料运用到自己的表演当中来。

其次，笔者在上课时经常有意的向学生提问。有时是与课文相关的问题，有时是一些课外的话题，并且让他们用仅有的词汇量去解释新单词。当然，每堂课提问到的人次是有限的。

再者，《新视野》精读教材里Section A后面的第一个习题会从文章里摘抄一个段落出来，让学生课后进行背诵。我通常会利用这一材料布置给学生进行课后练习，以纠正发音和培养语感。

通过这些方法，让学生都有开口说的机会。迫使学生翻阅英语的课外书籍，这样又有助于扩大学生的词汇量和知识面。口语连好了，也有助于听力的提高。只有自己发音标准了，才能让别人听懂，也才能听懂别人。

3、扩展知识面。听力材料的内容包罗万象，而相关的背景知识对理解整个篇章是非常重要的。如果没有足够的背景知识，不了解中西文化差别以及西方文化的语言习惯、思维方式、价值观念、行为准则等，往往会直接影响到学生对听力材料的理解。在平常的学习和生活中，学生应该有意识的阅读一些政治、经济、文学、地理、历史和科技等方面的书籍，以扩大知识面，从而有利于听力水平的提高。

具体来说，风土人情类文章包括对英美等西方国家的机构设施的介绍以及西方文学艺术的说明，如美国国家图书馆的形成、伦敦出租车司机现状、吉普赛人的历史、著名作家及其作品等。学校教育类文章则侧重于英美教育体系得介绍，如美国学校教育制度、图书馆使用介绍等。日常生活类文章包括以说明文形式描述日常使用的生活用品，如电脑、服饰、书籍等，以及以议论文形式表述的日常生活中经常谈论的话题和活动，如家庭生活、独生子女、税收等。

4、训练心理素质。具备了足够的知识和技巧，没有良好的心理素质，听力考试中也很难取得好成绩。心理因素是指那些不直接参加过程的非智力因素，一般指情感、意志力、兴趣等，却直接影响考试水平的发挥。目前很多学生希望在短时间提高听力能力。然而，听力水平的提高不是一挥而就的事情，往往会在具体实践中产生挫败感，使得学生产生恶性连锁反应，从急躁注意力不集中难以理解恐惧焦虑害怕听力放弃听力。久而久之，学生会对听力失去信心和兴趣。针对这种情况，老师可以在上课前，借助语音室的优势，放一些音乐或者视频短片，在课堂上穿插一些小故事，或者听一下VOA的新闻，两者比较一下，原来四级听力好慢哦。总之，老师要注意创造轻松、活泼的课堂氛围、积极的语言环境，时时鼓励学生放松精神，再加以正确的指导。

篇5：大学英语阅读教程4_答案

大学英语阅读教程4 答案

Unit 1 1 The campers at Kitty Hawk IV.Key to multiple-choice questions 1.D V.2.C 3.D

4.B Suggested versions of translation exercise 桑街的木头房子里收到了他儿子威尔伯和奥维尔发来的电报。他们突发奇想，去了北卡来罗那州海岸沙丘上的一个小宿营地度假，给自己匆忙赶制的滑翔机做一些修补。

2.他们来到了吉蒂霍克，在向南往阿尔伯马勒海峡近海的哈特拉斯角延伸的大沙丘和沙岸上，有一片辽阔的海滩，海滩空荡荡的。只有一个海岸警卫队的哨卡，几座渔民的小屋，还有沙丘后面马唐草丛里成群的蚊子、扁虱和恙螨，头顶上掠过海鸥和向下俯冲捕食的燕鸥，傍晚，鱼鹰和鹤拍打着翅膀飞过盐沼，有时，莱特兄弟的目光追随着在天空翱翔的鹰，一如几个世纪前列奥纳多睁大锐利的双眸，以领悟飞行的原理。

3.开车往返于城市之间的人民驶过田头，听到老式的莱特发动机发出连续不断的怦怦声，看到白色的双翼飞机像一对摞在一起的的熨衣板在空中足足飞了50英尺，这时他们总是惊奇地把脖子伸出窗外张望。

4.随着飞行时间的延长，莱特兄弟找到了赞助人，官司缠身，他们每晚躺在床上不能入睡，仿佛听见数百万美元在哀嗥，这比吉蒂霍克的蚊子还要烦人。Treading lightly IV.Key to multiple-choice questions 1.D V.1.2.3.4.5.Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 2.B

3.C

4.D

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.我们终于渐渐领悟到了----秋天拖着寒冷的夜晚, 阴惨的节日, 还有绚丽夺目, 美的动人心魄的叶子蹒跚着如期而至了.2.它丢下叶子以便存活下去, 这样, 到了晚秋时节, 输送液体的木质部上就只有为数不多的细小纤维还能把叶子固定在茎上.3.动物及花朵变色是有原因的----适应环境----可是秋天的叶子变得如此绚丽多彩, 就像天空和大海一片蔚蓝一样, 却不是为了适应环境.4.它们就像我们临终前所期望的身后的归宿;不是消亡, 而是从一种美的境界升华到另一种美的境界.2.A 3.C

4.B Suggested versions of translation exercise 不是，德拉克鲁兹先生和他的队员们在维护丛林，他们就像在竖一块巨大的“禁止入内”的标牌。酷爱环保的旅游公司和游览区小旅馆在地球上仅存的几块保存完好、货真价实的原始林区开辟旅游点，给游客提供一个走马观花的去处。他们正在以这种方式保护仅存的几片原始森林。

在许多发展中国家的议会和总统府中更有说服力的是旅游者所带来的利润，而不是宣传拯救雨林对环保的重要性的讲座。

但是，“如果不把野生动物变成商人赚钱的资本，你就没法保护他们。”

“20年前，这里风行的信条是发展经济的惟一出路就是走西方发达国家走过的路。” 1.1903年12月7日，曾任《宗教瞭望》报编辑的兄弟联合会主教莱特先生在他位于俄亥俄州代顿市霍 1 5.它们是一双双翅膀, 会随着微弱的旋风或上升气流振翅飞翔, 旋转着从一座庭院飘到另一座庭院.Unit 2 4 Which Way to Energy Utopia? IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A

2.B

3.D

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.想象一下这样的世界：人们可以无限制地使用能源，不再依赖石油，燃油所带来的烟雾和导致温室效应的尾气排放都已成为历史。

2.它是石油依赖症的主要根源。鉴于石油供应极易受到石油输出国国内争端

和政治骚乱的影响，发达国家都想减少对石油的依赖。

3． “如果你打算改用一种真正无污染的技术，那为什么在转换的过程中又把污染捡回来了呢？”总部设在旧金山的环保组织———西艾拉俱乐部———的全球变暖及能源项目负责人丹∙贝克说.。“这就像那一点儿致癌的尼克丁。”

4．但是，批评者们认为，设立甲醇配给网点并不能使我们渐渐接近多数人认定的最终目标：氢能源系统。5．但是由于目前人们对两种储存装置都持有浓厚的兴趣，许多业内人士深信定能攻克氢电池的难题。How Animals Know Which Way to Go IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 1.2.3.4.5.6.2.C 3.D

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

他做的雀科小鸣鸟幼鸟的实验表明：鸟必须在幼龄时开始观察夜空才能记住星座图，而且个别的鸟可以学会利用地极上方的一小群星座中的不同星星作为参照来定位。

定向迁移只需要在适当的时候对准适当的方向，而且可以通过遗传基因编码为这样一条简单的规则“当白昼开始缩短的时候就向南飞”。

他论证道，通过迁徙飞行和局部探测活动，动物对于远远超出它的通常活动范围的区域的地貌特征都有一个大致的了解。

这样的地方很多都处在从候鸟的起飞点吹过来的盛行风的风道上，而且正如贝克、杰罗德和其他人指出的那样，经过长途探索，这样的终点最初可能很简单地就碰巧被找到了。

沿着梯度变化曲线移动将会使个体从未知的起点找回它们的家园。我们知道鸟类、或许还有一些陆地哺乳动物都能探听到次声，尽管其中是否有利用这种能力来导航还有待认识。的确，至少有两名进行动物辨向航行研究的权威—洛克菲勒大学的唐纳德格里芬和罗宾贝克—都主张我们需要摆脱传统的个体生态学观点，即所有动物多多少少都会对外部刺激做出自动的反应的观点；应该认识到动物能够仔细地评估由环境提供的一系列信息并根据这些分析做出敏感的决定。6 “ Is Everybody Happy?” IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.D

3.C.D V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.然而，我们真的好像笃信幸福是用钱可以买到的。当我们拥有足够金钱的时候，我们就都进了天堂了。2.他们在呼吁美国人，权当是爱国之举，马上掏出自己尚未挣到的钱购买自己并不是真正需要的汽车，而且他们还必须在第二年新款上市的时候厌倦旧车。

3.“幸福”这个概念是难以琢磨的，根本无法轻易给它下个定义；你顶多可以试着为这一概念找几个极端的例子，然后在其中找到一个折中的说法。

4.梭罗当然不赞成绝食，但是他在维持生计方面所投入的精力仅限于使自己活着，以便做更重要的事情。5.如果他们能够预见到当今的幸福市场的话，他们就会强调这样一个基本的事实：幸福在于追求本身，在 2 于对能启迪人生的终生事业的有意义的追求；也就是说，在于成就。

Unit 3 7 The Real Sherlock Holmes IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A 1.2.D 3.D

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 只要看一眼，你就能从一个人的脸上看出他的国籍，从他的手中看出他的职业，从他的步态、怪癖、纹身图案、表链饰物、鞋带以及粘在衣服上的棉绒中

发现他的其他情况。

2．尽管道尔觉得这件奇闻轶事在情节上还需要添加一条副线，在人物上还要加几个嫌疑人不让读者一下子就看出逃兵乐手就是凶手；他还是觉得可以以这件事作为核心内容编造一个引人入胜的故事。3．他说明这一点的通常做法包括，在每一班医科新生面前举起一个装满了琥珀色液体的大玻璃杯，一本正经地说笑话。

4．当然，我们可以轻而易举地给它作个化学分析，可是我想让你们根据气味和滋味来检验它。我不会让我的学生做我自己不愿意做的事，所以在把杯子传下去之前我先来尝尝。

5．就这样，柯南道尔苦熬五年的医科学生生涯以及跟随他不可思议的苏格兰导师几个月的工作经历给了他这个人物的创意并为他提供了大量的创作素材，使他成为世界闻名的作家。The Deadliest of the Sins IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.C

2.C

3.B

4.A V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise

1.它不是突然发生的，毫无戏剧性可言，因此它就有了一个极大的优势；它悄悄地一点一点地吞噬我们的心灵，一旦被它完全控制，我们甚至很难看出是什么在折磨我们。

2.当然，与这些人相反的并不是那种做事凭一时的热情、感情用事、或是盲目痴迷一切新鲜事物的人。3.我们都很清楚，感情太多思考太少的人会陷入怎样的困境，然而我却更同情那成千上万的另一种人，他们以一种令人窒息的、营养不良的方式苦思冥想却什么也感觉不到，致使人生变成了一出小小的悲剧。4.它们当然不会永远这样。它们会改变，如果你心怀感激地珍惜它们，而不是把它们当作上天因感激你宽宏大量地屈尊来到地球上居住而赠予你的大量礼物，它们就更有可能朝好的方向转变。

5.别在乎看起来是否威严、高贵，别担心你会因快乐而行为失检，可悲的是我们总是用行为举止这个没用的东西来代替真正的尊严。The Monster IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

2.B

3.C

4.A

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.他从来没有意识到，不是他碰见的每一个人都对他以及他所做的事情有着浓厚的、近乎痴迷的兴趣。2.他写了大量的信件恳求别人借钱给他，有时碑躬屈膝厚颜无耻，有时又傲慢地授予他未来的捐赠人掏钱养活他的特权；如果收信人谢绝了这种荣幸，就极大地冒犯了他。

3.一旦他预料到他的某部歌剧有可能上演，他就开始大把大把地花钱，花掉的钱数高达他预期得到的版税的十倍。

4.一旦他们让他失望 – 哪怕仅仅是拒绝应邀出席一次晚宴 – 或是对他不再像从前那么有用，他就毫不犹豫地抛弃他们。

5.令人惊叹的是，他居然在短短七十年的生命旅途中取得了这么大的成就，这一切就是伟大的天才也难做到。难怪他没有时间做个普通人。

Unit 4 10 More than Just a Shrine: Paying Homage to the Ghosts of Ellis Island IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.C

3.B

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.我告诉他，在我看来，能将背景、身世和观点截然不同的人联系在一起的惟一东西就是他们的家人都是在一个叫做埃利斯岛的地方登陆的。.我想我心里一直都很明白，我对此不感兴趣在很大程度上是因为我不愿意对此感兴趣：我是美国人，于是这些地方就成了我的历史。但它们不是我的。

3.有些人已无处可回，或者说回去只有死路一条；而另一些人是来冒险的，如果回去就会被当地人看作是笨蛋和失败者。

4.我不知道他们都想了些什么，我的祖父母，因为他们不是爱张扬的人，也不罗曼蒂克；他们不愿意去回想那段“艰难岁月”，而他们飘洋过海的旅行是一生中唯一的一次冒险行动，登陆以后他们把全部的精力都投入到追求稳定、体面的生活以及适应新环境的努力中去了。

5.但是我想，做一个美国人就得经历一个确定自己是美国人的过程———一个多少有点令人厌烦但又始终是自我接纳的过程。

11.Leading Men IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.D 3.D 4.A IV..Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise: 1.撇开这些有明确记载的史实不谈，我们对以刘易斯和克拉克名字命名的探险的两位队长了解越多，他们就益发强烈地激发着我们的想象力。

2.当克拉克预期的任命由上尉变成少尉时—这是一着多年以后仍让人耿耿于怀的错棋—他们从未告诉过手下，并且始终平等相待，这使他们跻身于组织管理史上少数几位卓有成效的合作首席执行官之列。3.就算这次探险毫无成果，她至少使后来的商人和拓荒者受益匪浅，他们被探险队的经历吓坏了，知道了这条路不能走。他们找到了一条更好走的路，即沿着普拉特河穿越内布拉斯加州，再从怀俄明州的南通道翻过去。

4.但是担任路易斯安那准州州长这一新职务使他深受政务繁忙之苦，他的种种不切实际的抱负无法实现，加之酗酒、或许还有疾病造成的抑郁，刘易斯成了人类历史上写作障碍的典型案例。

5.克拉克地图上显著地标出了几十个居住在那儿的印第安部落的名称，以黑体字标明，它们在不断地打破西部曾经是无人居住的旷野这一观念。12 Farewell, My Unlovely

IV.Keys to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.今天中午我永远告别了纽约，越来越多的人因为这样那样的缘故认定这个城市已不再合他们的心意，我也加入了这个行列。

2.我从未遭到过抢劫，也从未遭到任何形式的袭击，可能是因为我的体魄高大,不是强盗理想的目标。3.所有这一切也可能发生在其他大城市，实际上也确实发生了，但它们所折射出的缺乏关爱，一种心灵的病态，却让我很难接受也无法忘怀。

4.有人说因为纽约城大得惊人，所以卑劣的罪行自然也多的惊人，我无法欣然接受这一论调。

5.这种我似乎总忍不住要重提的冷漠常常使我想弄明白到底是否到了某个极限纽约人会说：“够了。我再也不愿忍受这一切了。”

Unit 5 13 Pages from the Life of a Georgia Innocent IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.C

2.B

3.B 4.D V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.有时，它甚至会让主人公落泪，但这泪水不是伤心泪，因为它只是用来证明在虚无世界的某个地方，靠从土里刨食勉强度日的某一家人终于过上了比较像样的日子。

2.那天晚上我几次试图脱衣睡觉，结果都被撞击声惊醒，他老是像没头苍蝇似地往隔在我们之间的那堵薄薄的墙上撞。

3.在佐治亚州的自耕农农场上，疼痛使一切——人和动物——降至其最低的共性。

4.比我的胆怯更糟糕的惟一的东西是我的好奇心，他从不会因同情和怜悯而削弱，这在大多数社会里都被视为严重的性格缺陷，然而，当我还是个孩子时，在佐治亚州，它却是个有利于保全心智的优点。Miss Brill IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

1.2.3.2.A 3.C

4.B V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 突然传来了一阵长笛般清亮柔和的旋律—真动听呀！--宛如一小串晶莹剔透的水珠。她肯定这串旋律会再重复一遍的。果然如此，她仰起头笑了。

她觉得，她已经能非常熟练地做到听着别人的谈话却好像没在听一样，当别人在她附近谈话时，在他们的生活里停留片刻。

有时，一个蹒跚学步的小不点儿会突然从树下摇摇晃晃地跑到空场上，停下，目不转睛地看着，然后突然“扑通”一声坐到地上，直到他趾高气扬的妈妈，像只小母鸡一样，一边责备着，一边冲过来救他。4.乐队又换了支曲子，节奏更快了，也比以前更欢快了。和布里尔小姐同坐在一张长椅上的老夫妇站起来走了。那个模样滑稽、长着长长的络腮胡子的老头儿踩着乐点儿费力地往前走，差点儿被四个肩并肩一起走的姑娘撞到。5.直到有条棕色的小狗神色庄严地跑过来又慢慢地跑走，像是在舞台上表演一样，又像是被施了麻醉药，布里尔小姐才发现是什么使得这一切如此激动人心。15.The Gift of Gift-Giving IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

2.B

3.B

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.然而，我把自己根本就买不起的东西作为礼物送与别人，或是以礼物表白某种根本就不存在的亲密关系，或是送出的礼物与接收者的兴趣、愿望大相径庭，我的前任女友说得对，这样做的确不合适。2.因此，送礼包含着互惠互利的期待，然而我们这些西方世界的聪明人却要回避这一事实：我们用无私忘我以及给予比接受要好得多这类华丽的词藻把它掩盖了起来。

3.基金会把钱捐给大学或医院建造大楼，而这些大楼又以捐赠者的名字命名；基金会捐钱设立奖学金或教授职位，它们也同样以捐赠者的名字命名；基金会把钱捐给博物馆，它们细心周到地把主要捐赠者的名字镌刻在墙上。

4.每当有谁对利他主义存在的可能性产生怀疑时，他的脑海里就立即闪现出各种反证。

5.我们不是诗人，大部分时间都生活在紧张状态之中；我们竭尽全力让孩子接受教育，在圣诞节或其他 5 需要牺牲的场合分享财富，并表现得坦然自若——采取讨人喜欢的仪容举止，遵守社交礼仪的细枝末节——同时一只眼睛期待着，看看我们能拿回什么。

Unit 6 16.Super Mom in the Suburbs IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A

2.D

3.A 4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.然后她像跳华尔兹一样领着孩子们鱼贯而入，看到儿子眼睛上的一绺头发，她做了个鬼脸说：“男孩子就是这样！”

2.坦白地说，归根结底就是一句话：一个把所有居家用的亚麻织品都染成黑色一节约时间的女人和一个居然还保存着她最小的孩子婴儿时的照片的女人怎么可能融洽相处呢？

3.她不过是每天在自家车道上来去匆匆的一个模糊的身影。

4.但是，最要紧的是，一个朋友不会把每一天的每一分钟都看得那么重，还把别人搅得心神不安。5.一天下午她突然来访，靠在隔墙上向我倾诉：“我得出了一个结论——人有来世。”

17.The Time Keeper IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A

2.C

3.B

4.D V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1．这会儿，他们礼貌地沉默着，低头凝视一个天使，天使的脸圆圆的，满面怒容；头上盖着一层齐刷刷的青苔，酷似平头；背上背着一对从耳后长出的带褶边的翅膀。

2．那一对年轻的夫妇看起来像是要质疑这所谓的繁忙，以及所谓的平常，但想想还是算了，尤其是当他们看到任威克当着他们的面看手表的时候。

3．任威克对这个城市的浪漫名声既感到骄傲又感到恼火，同样，他对这个地方的神鬼历史也是爱恨交加。4．其他人指出忙碌纯粹是个人的选择，大多数中年人一旦开始感到所有的事情都压到身上时，他们就会患有时间强迫症。

5．一个斯堪的纳维亚人——从她跟其中一个妇女交谈的几句话里就可以听出她说话的声调，但她还是那种绝妙的版本，那种每个国家都有的异域风韵的极致（当然也有相反的极致）——惊人的高挑、健康和貌美——也许还很直率。Diogenes and Alexander IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A 2.D

3.A

4.C

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.他不断地拿起他们的精神硬币，扔在石头上，听其音色，辨其真伪，然后嘲笑刻在上面的虚假铸文。2.他就这么活着——有人说，像一只狗，因为他毫不在乎隐私及其他的人类习俗，也因为他龇牙咧嘴向着那些他不喜欢的人狂吠。

3.如今，亚历山大在哥林多统领希腊城邦联盟，这联盟是他父亲菲利普在征服了各城邦后为新创建的新马其顿国家体系设的幌子。

4.亚里士多德使他懂得宽容大度是一个真正胸襟宽阔的人的一种品质，正是怀着这样宽阔的胸襟，亚历山大决心造访狄奥真尼斯。

5.他们把这当作一个悖论，无非是以一句彬彬有礼的收场话来结束这令人尴尬的小闹剧。但亚历山大说的却是真心话，他懂得犬儒主义，而其他人则理解不了。

Unit 7 19 Cryptography on the Front Line IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

2.A

3.A

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.英国外交大臣杰克·斯特劳也加入了这场辩论，认为过去竭力反对这些措施的那些人都太“天真”了。2.对密码软件以及保证政府能破解密码信息的软件系统的种种限制无助于挫败恐怖分子的活动。3.密码交由第三方保管还有一个问题：即使是以保护国家安全的名义来做这件事，市场上也不存在对能随意被第三方登入的编码软件的需求。

4.这些数量有限的密码并不构成具有诱惑力的目标，保管它们所要求的安全防范等级与全面实行由第三方保管密码的制度所要求的安全防范等级差别很大。

5.考虑到这一点，许多计算机领域的科学家论证道，我们不应该把注意力集中在如何限制使用编码，而是应该致力于鼓励开发出更加安全的软件系统来保护对国家安全及经济安全至关重要的计算机基础设施。A Space Iliad: The Star Wars War: I IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions

1.A 2.C

3.D

4.B

V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.这种又打又捧的手法赋予了这部影片生机与活力。在一个极端现代的外包装下包藏着一个反现代的信息：还有什么比这更时髦？还有什么比这更有趣？

2.导演乔治·卢卡斯采用了足够的特技来装备一打小小的飞行器，使之以接近光的速度高速推进，给这部影片带来了无法抗拒的魅力。

3.在一部以机器为主角的影片中，你希望看到的是特级效果而不是主要演员所带来的兴奋。4.我们所看到的不过是发生在财神与理想主义、物质与精神之间的英勇斗争中的另一场战役。5.这部再现了自动装置成就的影片——用机器代替人作为影片的主角——公然反对科技。In Praise of Flattery IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.C

2.A

3.B

4.A V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.我不想开篇就赞美你们的智慧，因为，像你们这样显然已经功成名就的人是不会被这样的吹捧所打动的。

2.社会上到处充斥着已大大贬值的公开称赞，正是名人身上所笼罩的光环效应导致了全社会在不该赞美的时候大唱赞歌。

3.因为卡耐基不仅使美国人的天性从重视性格转向强调个性，他本人也亲身体验到了这种转变。这是从拓荒时期粗鲁的个人主义向作为服务经济基本特征的“祝你愉快”这种自信的转变。

4.英国小说家罗伯特·史密斯·瑟蒂斯写道：“有些人因受到威逼而改邪归正，但更多的人是因为得到赞扬而变得品德高尚。”

5.有时，你甚至得称赞某个赞扬的举动，以肯定这赞扬是适时恰当的。

Unit 8 22 Prison of Socrates IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D

2.C

3.C

4.A V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.走过古代哲学泰斗们踏过的那些石阶，带着恍惚的神思，我又登上了雅典卫城，眺望现代雅典城。2.然而一个人为坚持自己的观点饮鸩而死，和这全城几百万人一点一点地吸入这致命的浑浊空气，为与技术和物质需求密切相关、已变得不可或缺的生活方式付出代价形成了有趣的对照。3.现代雅典人用导致污染的机器所完成的一切从前是由奴隶们完成的。

4.他固执地将这些难题摆在了他的同胞面前，使他们不至于一味墨守成规，得过且过。

5.这个世界需要爱找麻烦、令人烦恼的苏格拉底式的思想家，他们使我们不致因懈怠、过度兴奋、自满或仅仅因为摆在我们面前的挑战过于纷繁复杂所导致的气馁而蛰伏自己的心智。Sightseer IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.A

2.A

3.D

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.这一假设是，大峡谷是一个妙趣横生、风景如画的地方，而且如果说大峡谷对卡迪那斯来说有P价值的话，那么同样的P价值也可以传递给任何一位观光客，就像班廷发现的胰岛素，可以输给任何糖尿病患者。

2.这位西班牙人之所以发出如此惊叹、感到如此喜悦，是因为他对这一奇观本身有着深刻的洞察，逐渐发现它的深度、形态、色彩以及阴影等各个方面，而一个观光客是根据大峡谷在多大程度上符合那个业已定型的综合印象来衡量自己的满意度的。

3.观光客满意度的最高值不是对眼前景观的独到发现，而是看这景观在多大程度上符合那个业已定型的象征性的综合印象。

4.他可以用无数种方式重获对大峡谷的新鲜观感，所有这些方式都采取一个共同的策略：避免在指定区域与旅行团及公园服务部的正面遭遇。

5.在熟悉的景观中悠游，发现不熟悉的东西，由此获得新的观感。

Defining Creativity for Everyone to See Wasn’t Exactly Easy IV.Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.B

2.A

3.D

4.C V.Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1.尽管出现在我们这个系列专题片中的人物都决非等闲之辈，但是从他们非凡的人生中我们多多少少也能看到一点自己的影子。

2.因为科学本身还没有发展到那一步，就算是牛顿也看不到他所寻求的新的学科体系，即我们今天所说的现代化学。

篇6：新应用大学英语4答案

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？

听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”

典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6

我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。

“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。

双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量

我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2

打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3

后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。

多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7

当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8

尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。

那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” 10

“太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 11

怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。

２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14

３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。

当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17

那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。18

不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 从文化角度看性别角色

在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。2

例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。

赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。

美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。

在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考

教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品

了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。

现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。

受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。

创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。

遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。

然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。

在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。

具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。

给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 风险与你

在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。2

对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。

风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 4

上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。5

例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？

在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7

通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。

我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 机器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up