普通的英文简历写作模式

普通的英文简历写作模式（通用6篇）

篇1：普通的英文简历写作模式

普通员工英文简历模板

name: years age: 23

registered permanent residence is in: guangzhou by countries: china

marital status: single people race: han

good faith badges: has not applied for body high: 175 cm

talent assessment: not evaluation body weight: 60 kg

talent type: fresh graduates

applied position: electronic engineers/technicians, electronic/electrical maintenance engineers/technicians, circuit/layout design engineer

term: 0 position says:

job types: internships available date: at any time

monthly salary requirements: 1500-XX hope work areas: guangzhou, guangdong, guangzhou

work experience

the dongguan mingan factory start-stop years: XX- XX-

the company properties: the other by sector: entertainment, sports, office supplies and equipment

position: the average worker

job description: the winter vacation work

graduate school: guangdong transportation vocational technical college

the highest degree: college degree: graduation date: XX-

a special industry: electronic and information engineering technology designed industry 2:

ability to work and other specialty

be familiar with electronic professional knowledge, and to have the maintenance electrician (intermediate) certificate.

skilled operate windows platform of the various types of application software, and obtain the national computer rank level certificate.

have certain english language ability, and get english class a certificate.

have certain computer programming and drawing ability, and obtained the computer aided design draftsmen (electrical) the intermediate certificate.

personal biography

i am a friendly, likes to help others, the responsibility for what, honest and modest, learning seriously, bears hardships and stands hard work, has the solid specialized knowledge foundation of basic skills and strong adaptability of person!

university two years, for study, i serious and responsible, hard work, what teacher assigned homework i finish, in the classroom listening carefully, respect teachers, must grasp of the basic specialized knowledge i have learned very well.

篇2：英文简历的写作策略

关键词：英文简历,写作,策略

一、英文简历写作的意义

简历是求职者向招聘单位推销自己的重要工具, 它也是打开面试大门的金钥匙。一份语言规范、得体的英语简历体现出求职者具备清晰的思路、良好的语言表达、较强的沟通交际能力, 而且体现出求职者所具备的专业特长、语言功力、综合文化修养等, 因此英语简历的写作显得尤为重要。

二、英语简历写作中出现的问题

(一) “I”使用的错误

为了引起招聘方的注意, 在写作中, 应聘者主观地认为“I”的出现会加深招聘方的印象, 这样的写法适得其反。“I”的反复出现会另招聘方非常不舒服, 认为应聘者骄傲, 不顾及他人的感受。所以在写作中, 尽量少用“I”或“my”的句子。

如:As a result of my steady efforts in study, I can get good scores. (wrong) As a result of steady efforts in study, I can get good scores.

(二) 语法、句法错误

在简历的写作中, 恰当运用简单句, 避免使用复合句是书写句式时不错的选择。简单句虽然简单, 但招聘方阅读时倍感枯燥无味, 很难留下深刻印象。简洁中蕴含信息容量很大的语言是招聘方希望看到的。

如:As I have been in Japan for 4 years, I know Japanese well. (wrong) having been in Japan for 4 years, I know Japanese well. (right)

另外, 在时态的运用上学生也经常混淆和模棱两可, 对于过去时和现在时的运用常常错位, 例如, 在写作中, 描写相关经历用过去时, 介绍自己曾经获得的奖项用一般现在时。

(三) 词汇使用错误

在词汇的表达上学生经常使用中式英文。“三好学生” (excellent student instead of three good students.) “辅导员” (counselor instead of ideological tutor.) “班长” (class president instead of monitor.) 因语感较差, 导致中式英文的表达出现较多。

(四) 时间顺序错误

在英语简历的写作中, 学生在说明学历和工作经历时经常先写过去, 再写现在。而英文简历的写作要求采取倒叙的方式说明学历和工作经历, 先写现在的学习和工作经历, 然后再写过去。在写作上一定要注意规范化的写作, 而不要受到汉语习惯的影响。一定要写出地道、符合西方表达的句子。

(五) 版面格式不规范

在简历的写作中, 美观、大方的排版会给招聘方留下美好的印象。合乎规范的排版应是条目化, 符合西方人的阅读习惯和审美意识。在简历的写作中, 学生演常常根据自己的喜好来排版, 五花八门, 各式各样。简历的写作需要培养学生跨文化的交际意识, 培养学生具备规范化和正确性的意识。

三、简历写作采取的对策

(一) 书写特点

1. 大写。

大写标题可以迅速吸引读者的注意力, 读者在瞬间后捕捉到主题意思, 使得招聘方即刻理解了简历的主旨, 有效地引领招聘方逐步理解各项内容, 为求职者成功申请到面试打开了一条通路, 也为找到满意工作奠定了基础。

如:COMPANY ASSISTANT

2. 粗体和黑体。

在简历的写作中, 单词粗体和黑体起到了强调的作用, 表明了作者的亮点所在, 优势得以展现, 希望以此吸引招聘方的注意力, 使得招聘方会着重阅读, 加深印象。

如:Education Background

3. 颜色。

简历书写者为了让招聘方清晰辨识到重点信息, 深刻领会简历书写者的意图, 有些文字用蓝颜色, 以此来表明重点, 增加更多的有力条件, 为成功面试铺垫基石。

4. 字号。

简历撰写者通过多种多样的方式来展现自己的优势以此来获得招聘方的青睐。字号的变化体现了求职者的心情。下面这个例子的标题字号为13.5, 正文字号为小五。简历撰写者希望读者多多关注并予以重视。

5. 标点。

英文简历是求职者成功取得面试资格的一个重要环节, 是打开就业渠道的一扇门。在简历中, 简历书写者陈述与招聘相关的工作、技能、特长等诸多事宜, 通常是陈述句, 句号运用多。

(二) 词汇特点

1. 名词。

在简历写作中, 简历书写者运用积极、乐观的词汇来陈述与招聘工作相关的事宜, 更为积极地展现简历书写者的资质, 招聘方会在阅读时感到愉悦舒服, 愿意录用阳光明媚的人士, 它会给公司的前景加砖加瓦, 同时增加了自信心, 有利于面试成功。

如:Creation, independence.

2. 动词。

在英语简历的写作中, 每个具体的动词描绘着简历书写者的学习、工作经历。因简历书写者的具体行为动词可以展现不同阶段所做的具体事情, 动词的生动运用可以把平时地相关事宜传递出来, 因此动词运用较多。

如:Demonstrate, design, communicate, purchase.

3. 形容词。

在简历写作中, 形容词的运用生动形象地展现了简历篇章美的韵味, 栩栩如生地勾画出求职者不同一般的经历和良好的社会阅历。

如:Active, energetic, modest, creative.

4. 词汇重复。

为了保证招聘方清晰读懂简历, 不产生任何误会和曲解, 简历书写者使用重复词汇来达到清清楚楚、明明白白的目的。努力做到简历清晰明了, 一目了然。

如:Work as a teacher.Work as a tutor.

5. 词语并列。

在简历写作中, 意思上相近的词并列排放, 准确无误地表达了每一个词的意思, 烦琐中显现简单, 招聘方进一步明晰此词的意思, 加深了印象。

如:Supervises and directed, questions and concerns.

(三) 句法特点

1. 主动语态。

在简历的写作中, 直截了当、简洁明了, 没有拐弯抹角。执行者和接收方一目了然, 主动语态的运用明晰了执行者和接收方。

如:I can make full use of my financial management knoewledge and skills.

2. 陈述句。

陈述句客观、真实地展现出简历书写者实事求是地写出了与应聘工作相关的经历和技能。陈述句在简历中的运用丰富了简历书写者所具备的各项能力, 没有任何虚构浮华之词, 真真切切。

如:An individual's resume usually includes personal data, job objectives, educational background, work experience or employment history and other information or references.

3. 过去分词短语。

在简历的写作中, 过去分词短语的使用丰富了句式结构, 使得句子结构紧密, 句意达到了言简意赅的效果。

4. 平行结构。

在简历的写作中, 平行结构运用较多, 它平衡和协调了前后的句子, 节奏分明, 保持了语言的连贯性。语言内容鲜明, 语言气势突显。

如:Guide and direct the large-scale events, manage and coordinate large-scale events.

(四) 语篇特点

1. 版面设计。

条目化、分项式的版面设计是英语简历语篇设计的特点。版面设计具有条理性, 会给招聘方留下美好的印象。版面设计美观、大方会另招聘方赏心悦目, 爱不释手。同时也增加了简历书写者的面试机会。

2.“and”。

英语简历的书写重在“简”, 啰嗦繁杂的句式是避讳的。简简单单的句式干净利落, 令招聘方对大篇幅的内容一目了然。“and”在简历中使用较多, 它简化了复杂的句式关系。

如:Supervise general office activities and assist the executive vice-president such as writing and reports.

3. 词汇同现。

词汇同现联结了句与句之间的密切关系, 控制整个语篇的主题范围, 加强了语篇的衔接力, 语义连贯, 相互之间互为联系, 互为补充。在简历的写作中, 词汇同现的使用加强了语篇的粘合力。“Vice-president”是中心词, 与之工作有关的词汇依次使用。

如:Vice-president, Duke University, North Carolina, PA (2002-present) .

四、结语

写好英文简历是求职成功的重要部分。简历中的书写、词汇、语句、语篇特点不但体现了简历书写者的逻辑思维能力, 而且也体现了语言文字表达的能力, 是一个人综合能力素质的体现。通过探讨写作策略, 希冀帮助求职者成功就业, 找到满意的工作, 为社会贡献自己的一份力量。

参考文献

[1]陈鹏霞.英文求职信与求职面谈英语会话[M].世界图书出版公司/香港商贸出版社, 1991.

[2]丁往道, 等.英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.

篇3：普通的英文简历写作模式

[关键词] 思维 差异 英语写作 模式

从思维方式看,中国人与欧美差异主要体现在辩证思维与逻辑思维上。广大学者常常把中国人归类为用辩证思维思考问题。用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人的思维方式。研究发现,中国人的辩证思维包含三个原理：变化论、矛盾论及中和论。从宏观上看，变化论普遍认为世界永远处于变化之中,没有永恒的对与错；矛盾论则认为万事万物都是由对立面构成的矛盾统一体,没有矛盾就没有事物本身；中和论则体现在中庸之道上,认为任何事物都存在着适度的合理性。这三个辩证的认识事物的原理决定了中国人看问题、思考问题、解决问题的思维方式。对中国人来说,经过数千年的历史文化积淀,辩证思维已经内化成了自己的性格特征。从而，也就形成了中国人说话，记事，写作的这种固定模式。

与中国人的辩证思维截然不同,西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。这种思维强调世界的同一性,非矛盾性和排中性。从宏观上看，同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化,一个事物永远是它自己；非矛盾性相信一个命题不可能同时对或错；排中性强调一个事物要么对,要么错,无中间性。西方人的这种思维主导着西方人与东方人风格迥异的看问题、思考问题的角度,他们在考虑问题的时候喜欢从一个整体中把事物分离出来,对事物本质特性进行逻辑分析。完全不像中国人那样追求折中与和谐,而是强调个人作用，表现出外倾、求异、开拓。

正是因为思维方式的取向不同,造成东方人和西方人在写作思维上也存在着明显的差异,从而对写作的布局谋篇有着至关重要的影响。总的来讲,共有两类截然不同的修辞写作模式:西方人的线性修辞模式和东方人的螺旋型修辞模式。

西方人的线性修辞模式

线性修辞模式又包括:一般特殊型、问题解决型、匹配比较型。

⑴一般特殊型

一般特殊型又称“直线型”,其写作特点是:开宗明义第一句往往概括主题思想,然后再引出具体事例或细节并对其进行发展。主要运用的方法是演绎法,即从总体概念到具体情节。且看下面段落:

You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to having an accident that upsets you.You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and start a big argument Traffic.You have someone who cuts you for stops in front of the bus. There’s a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch that all the time. You are watching the drivers, you are watching other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers to avoid hitting them.So you take the tension home with you.

这段先勾画出轮廓tension ,然后提供细节，分别提及accident,passenger, traffic ,围绕主题加以阐明,从而把造成司机心理紧张的因素交代清楚。一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位,不但广泛应用于论说文中,而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。所以在平时练习中，教师要多注意引导学生读此文章，多模仿此类写作模式。

（2）问题解决型

本模块立意在“how”以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为短文的核心，其特征是首先说明情况（对现状、形势或困难的描述），接着作出反应，解决问题（列举做某事的途径或方法），最后给予适当的评价（对前段中提及的途径进行简要评价或选取其中一二种自己认为合适的方法，途径，略述选择依据）。下面英文段落属问题解决型：

① Information is indispensable in the modern world. ②It is true that successes in many fields depend on getting the latest information while failures often result from the lack of necessary information.③That is why our current era is called “the Information Age”. ④There are many ways of getting information and keeping us well informed of what is going in the world .⑤First, we can get information by reading newspapers and news magazines which contains articles about information including local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sports news, weather reports ,and other features . ⑥second, we can listen to the news on the radio and watch it on television to get information. ⑦With the rapid development of science and technology, I believe that information will become still more important in the future and will play more and more important part in people’s decision---making .⑧And in the mean while, the means by which to get information will also be constantly renewed.

其实，本段立意就在“how”,①——②(情况)，④——⑥（解决问题），⑦——⑧（评价）。简要地勾画出问题解型思维模式语篇结构的轮廓。从概述标题中所提及的工具或设备、系统的基本特点出发，以其用途和作用为叙述核心，最后补充说明使用过程中该注意的问题或该器具的发展前景。此模式广泛用于科技性说明文体。

（3）匹配比较型

匹配比较型思维模式用于对比语段，立足两种事物之间的相似之处对其进行比较，或立足二者之间的不同之处对其进行对照。从而客观描述某一事物的正反两个方面，或优劣、或利弊、或积极消极因素，然后权衡利弊，提出作者的评论或扬长避短的体会。例如：

The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a charge, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining. Unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.

这是一篇典型的alternating comparison, 立足于house guest and hospital patient二者之间相似处进行比较，从而让读者对二者的性质有了清晰的认识。

东方人螺旋型语篇修辞模式

心理学家研究了美国人和中国人对两起谋杀事件的归因,发现中国人倾向于把事件归于周围的客观环境，而美国人则认为是凶手本人的特征造成的结果。总结得出，中国人习惯强调外因和他人的作用，喜欢折中主义。这造成中国学生在进行英语写作时，往往开始说明情况，但又不明确议论主题，先用思维内容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在，最后针对问题点明主题，结果是缺少主题句，让人难以理解文章所要表达的主旨。看下面一篇Dorine S.Houston 教授通过互联网对中国学生英语作文进行改评的典例。下面是关于一个女孩在公交车上为老人让座，受到嗤笑，作者看到的感受。

Faulty: In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience. So now,I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader.

Revised: A little girl taught me, and a busy of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves .One day I took a very crowded bus to school……

这段是典型的螺旋式思维，缺少段落主题句，不能准确说明段落中心思想内容。所以，如何准确设定主题句及其位置，是中国学生在英语写作中值得注意的一项任务。写好段落主题句要把握三个原则：有说明段落中心思想的内容；有体现中心思想的关键词；使用简明扼要的句子，避免用过于简单的单句。且看下例：

There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprise. In the small enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you have established “policies”,“channels”organization, and fairly rigid procedures.

此段开头就提供主题，简洁明了，吸引读者的注意力，达到事半功倍的效果。要想达到这样的效果，在英文写作时，不论是以问题法，数据法，还是引语法开头列举的主题段中，一定要有主题句，要努力克服传统螺旋式思维的影响。

总之，不同的思维方式决定了写作语篇修辞模式不一样，只有充分了解中西方写作的特点与差异，平时有意识地思考一些社会热点问题和生活中遇到的常见问题，很好地锻炼自己用英语思维分析解决问题的能力。在写作中，灵活运用西方人的语篇修辞模式，定能争取英语写作的高分。

参考文献:

[1]Wangdao Ding. A handbook of Writing. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.

[2]Renqing Liu. On English Language Teaching. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press,1999.

[3]Xianhai Yu. English Advanced Writing Guidance, National Defense Industry Press,2002.

[4]Aiqing Zhang. Frames and Models of English Writing for MA/Ms Candidates, Aviation Industry Press, 2003.

篇4：普通的英文简历写作模式

一、英文简历的要素与特色

英文简历有基本的格式要素与语言特色, 但是如何在英文简历中完美地体现自己的优势特色, 从而让招聘单位耳目一新, 对求职者留下好印象, 则需要认真的态度和一定的技巧。

(一) 基本要素

1) 个人信息。一份优秀且地道的英文简历一般只用写上姓名、地址、联系电话和电子邮箱就可以了。但在国际化进程日益推进的今天, 各国的文化交融, 跨国公司的建立等使得英文简历也越来越国际化, 有很多求职岗位有性别、年龄等方面的要求, 这时候就需要在简历中注明。2) 求职目标。通常求职者会在简历里简单地写上所应聘的职位, 例如:求职目标:translator。看似求职的职位已经很明确, 实则不然, translator是个很笼统的概念, 会让用人单位对你的求职定位产生歧义。翻译有很多种, 有随行口译, 会议笔译, 网站翻译, 各类单据合同的翻译等等。因此, 求职者最好能清晰地注明。3) 教育背景。在书写教育背景时, 应注意英文简历中的时间排列顺序与中文恰好相反, 要求求职者从最高学历写起, 最低的一般涉及高中学历。对于已参加工作多年的人来说, 用人单位重点考虑的是其工作经验, 学历只是参考因素, 因而只需注明就读的校系名称、始止时间和学位即可。而对于刚刚跨入社会的应届毕业生而言, 尤其是高职高专的毕业生, 他们的教学进程往往与工作实习相伴进行, 因此工作经验与教育经历显得一样重要。最好是在前者基础上, 再简单地列举主修的课程及成绩。4) 工作经历。同样还是采用倒叙的方式, 从目前的工作写起。但为了简洁, 一些不重要的工作经历往往需要被省略, 只留下与应聘职位有关的经历。求职者除了写清楚所服务单位的名称和自身的职位, 还需描述自身的工作内容和职责。若是专业的技术人员, 就更需要在简历中详细地描述其专业技能和项目经验。如果作为应届毕业生没有什么工作经验, 写上自己在学校期间参加的一些实践活动也是可取的。5) 所获奖励与成就。这一部分相对比较灵活。对于学生而言, 可以是他们曾受到的表彰, 得到的荣誉称号, 或赢得的奖项等。但切记一定要避免那些“又红又砖”的荣誉称号, 例如“三好学生”“优秀班干部”等, 这些称号即使写上, 外籍人士也不一定明白是怎么回事。你可以写上获得的技能证书或是做过的公益活动, 在许多发达的地方, 公司往往注重个人修养。

(二) 语言特色

大对数高职高专毕业生 (非英语专业) 的英文简历可能只是把中文简历直接翻译过来。由于中文与英文在用词、语法和习惯上有较大的不同, 直译过来的英文简历可能存在许多问题, 因此需要了解英语这门语言的特色。

1) 频用短语。英文简历很重要的一点就是要言简意赅, 简洁明了, 在撰写中一定要注意到一些语言特色与技巧。切忌长句, 而多采用一些行为动词短语的表达。因为在简历中, 行为动词让你听起来更有目的性, 更有活力。2) 调整语法。由于空间有限, 英文简历写作的标准只允许使用缩写句。可以省略句子的主语 (I, my manager) 、物主代词 (my/mine, his/hers) 有时甚至省略冠词 (the/a) 。如果要在一个句子中列出不只一项内容, 可以用"and"连接。3) 注重语体。英语言与汉语一样, 十分注重场合, 所表述的语言会因场合不同而变化。这在求职简历这类书面应用文中也有体现。比如一些格式、称谓要使用正式的文体, 能够体现求职者的重视与认真。切忌过多地使用口语甚至是俚语。

二、在简历中体现自己的特点

1) 过往经历。过往经历包括求职者的教育经历与工作实践经历。在教育经历上, 高职高专毕业生相对于本科生或是更高学历的毕业生, 在学历上学位上或许有所不及。但是, 本科生们注重的是理论, 而高职高专学生则更注重实践操作。作为高职高专的毕业生具备了专业的实践技能, 可以说是技能型人才。许多毕业生在就学期间就已经积累了在相关专业企业实习实践的经验。因此在英文简历中, 工作经历一栏, 可以为自己添上加分的一笔。2) 预期效果。当求职者完成了一份英文简历, 准备投给某家公司之前, 有必要预期一下这封简历的效果, 是石沉大海, 还是脱颖而出。但实际上许多求职者在第一步———英文简历中就被招聘单位淘汰了, 所以求职者应当谨记YRIS原则, 即Yourresumes isscanned, 招聘单位是在浏览 (scanned) 求职者的简历, 而不是阅读 (read) 。在投递之前, 再次检查英文简历的侧重点, 即关键字和行动词, 它们最能体现你的本质。而且在简历中对求职者的描述切记不可夸大, 但也不要把自己的缺点全都罗列上去, 可以选择写上自己擅长的, 而忽略一些不足。最重要的是要让招聘单位感到你对未来职业生涯的充分准备与活力。如果觉得英文简历在内容上已经能完美地展现自己, 还需要注重格式与页面的事项。在将你的英文简历投递给企业后, 需要保持自己的电话通畅与及时的电邮收发。3) 谋篇布局。作为一份英语简历, 最重要的职能就是在招聘单位进行浏览时, 能够一眼被吸引, 从而对你产生兴趣, 留下初步好印象, 以及进一步交流的意愿。所以英文简历的谋篇布局非常重要, 最好能达到让人眼前一亮的效果。

英语简历的基本格式是确定的, 需要在框定的格式之中寻求突破与新颖之处。英文简历上的内容大致可以分三点来写, 第一点是最能体现求职者能力的事迹, 例如之前所组织负责过 (参与过) 的重大活动或是担任过的职务等等;第二点是最能体现你专业技能的事例。作为高职高专的毕业生, 可能在学历上体现不出优势, 那就要把矛头调转到最关键的信息上———专业技术能力与社会实践 (工作) 经历。把自己擅长的一面简明扼要的强调出来, 可以是学术专业上的成就, 或是具有代表性的荣誉等等;第三点则是社会工作经历, 若是没什么工作经历, 参加过的能体现自我的社会实践活动也可。

同时一定要用积极的语言, 切忌用缺乏自信和消极的语言书写简历。要组织好英文简历的结构, 避免出现重复的内容, 让人感到条理清楚, 结构严谨。要使你的个人简历富有创造性, 让招聘单位产生想进一步了解你的兴趣。

篇5：普通的英文简历写作模式

关键词：思维,差异,英语写作,模式

从思维方式看, 中国人与欧美差异主要体现在辩证思维与逻辑思维上。广大学者常常把中国人归类为用辩证思维思考问题。用逻辑思维或者分析思维来描述西方人的思维方式。研究发现, 中国人的辩证思维包含三个原理:变化论、矛盾论及中和论。从宏观上看, 变化论普遍认为世界永远处于变化之中, 没有永恒的对与错;矛盾论则认为万事万物都是由对立面构成的矛盾统一体, 没有矛盾就没有事物本身;中和论则体现在中庸之道上, 认为任何事物都存在着适度的合理性。这三个辩证的认识事物的原理决定了中国人看问题、思考问题、解决问题的思维方式。对中国人来说, 经过数千年的历史文化积淀, 辩证思维已经内化成了自己的性格特征。从而, 也就形成了中国人说话, 记事, 写作的这种固定模式。

与中国人的辩证思维截然不同, 西方人的思维是一种逻辑思维。这种思维强调世界的同一性, 非矛盾性和排中性。从宏观上看, 同一性认为事物的本质不会发生变化, 一个事物永远是它自己;非矛盾性相信一个命题不可能同时对或错;排中性强调一个事物要么对, 要么错, 无中间性。西方人的这种思维主导着西方人与东方人风格迥异的看问题、思考问题的角度, 他们在考虑问题的时候喜欢从一个整体中把事物分离出来, 对事物本质特性进行逻辑分析。完全不像中国人那样追求折中与和谐, 而是强调个人作用, 表现出外倾、求异、开拓。

正是因为思维方式的取向不同, 造成东方人和西方人在写作思维上也存在着明显的差异, 从而对写作的布局谋篇有着至关重要的影响。总的来讲, 共有两类截然不同的修辞写作模式:西方人的线性修辞模式和东方人的螺旋型修辞模式。

西方人的线性修辞模式

线性修辞模式又包括:一般特殊型、问题解决型、匹配比较型。

⑴一般特殊型

一般特殊型又称“直线型”, 其写作特点是:开宗明义第一句往往概括主题思想, 然后再引出具体事例或细节并对其进行发展。主要运用的方法是演绎法, 即从总体概念到具体情节。且看下面段落:

You have your tension.Sometimes you come close to having an accident that upsets you.You just escape maybe by a hair or so.Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and start a big argument Traffic.You have someone who cuts you for stops in front of the bus.There’s a lot of tension behind that.You got to watch that all the time.You are watching the drivers, you are watching other cars.Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers to avoid hitting them.So you take the tension home with you.

这段先勾画出轮廓tension, 然后提供细节, 分别提及accident, passenger, traffic, 围绕主题加以阐明, 从而把造成司机心理紧张的因素交代清楚。一般特殊型思维模式在英语语篇中占主导地位, 不但广泛应用于论说文中, 而且也常用于记叙和描写文体里。所以在平时练习中, 教师要多注意引导学生读此文章, 多模仿此类写作模式。

(2) 问题解决型

本模块立意在“how”以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为短文的核心, 其特征是首先说明情况 (对现状、形势或困难的描述) , 接着作出反应, 解决问题 (列举做某事的途径或方法) , 最后给予适当的评价 (对前段中提及的途径进行简要评价或选取其中一二种自己认为合适的方法, 途径, 略述选择依据) 。下面英文段落属问题解决型:

(1) Information is indispensable in the modern world. (2) It is true that successes in many fields depend on getting the latest information while failures often result from the lack of necessary information. (3) That is why our current era is called“the Information Age”. (4) There are many ways of getting information and keeping us well informed of what is going in the world. (5) First, we can get information by reading newspapers and news magazines which contains articles about information including local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sports news, weather reports, and other features. (6) second, we can listen to the news on the radio and watch it on television to get information. (7) With the rapid development of science and technology, I believe that information will become still more important in the future and will playmore and more important part in people’s decision---making. (8) And in the mean while, the means by which to get information will also be constantly renewed.

其实, 本段立意就在“how”, (1) —— (2) (情况) , (4) —— (6) (解决问题) , (7) —— (8) (评价) 。简要地勾画出问题解型思维模式语篇结构的轮廓。从概述标题中所提及的工具或设备、系统的基本特点出发, 以其用途和作用为叙述核心, 最后补充说明使用过程中该注意的问题或该器具的发展前景。此模式广泛用于科技性说明文体。

(3) 匹配比较型

匹配比较型思维模式用于对比语段, 立足两种事物之间的相似之处对其进行比较, 或立足二者之间的不同之处对其进行对照。从而客观描述某一事物的正反两个方面, 或优劣、或利弊、或积极消极因素, 然后权衡利弊, 提出作者的评论或扬长避短的体会。例如:

The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients.Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also.Guests have to adjust to what is for them a charge, and certainly hospital patients must do the same.No one appreciates a complaining.Unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception.House guest, and the hospital staff is no exception.House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long.Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care.Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.

这是一篇典型的alternating comparison, 立足于house guest and hospital patient二者之间相似处进行比较, 从而让读者对二者的性质有了清晰的认识。

东方人螺旋型语篇修辞模式

心理学家研究了美国人和中国人对两起谋杀事件的归因, 发现中国人倾向于把事件归于周围的客观环境, 而美国人则认为是凶手本人的特征造成的结果。总结得出, 中国人习惯强调外因和他人的作用, 喜欢折中主义。这造成中国学生在进行英语写作时, 往往开始说明情况, 但又不明确议论主题, 先用思维内容推理暗示, 然后由暗到明逐步提示问题的存在, 最后针对问题点明主题, 结果是缺少主题句, 让人难以理解文章所要表达的主旨。看下面一篇Dorine S.Houston教授通过互联网对中国学生英语作文进行改评的典例。下面是关于一个女孩在公交车上为老人让座, 受到嗤笑, 作者看到的感受。

Faulty:In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves, is my personal view.But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience.So now, I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader.

Revised:A little girl taught me, and a busy of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves.One day I took a very crowded bus to school……

这段是典型的螺旋式思维, 缺少段落主题句, 不能准确说明段落中心思想内容。所以, 如何准确设定主题句及其位置, 是中国学生在英语写作中值得注意的一项任务。写好段落主题句要把握三个原则:有说明段落中心思想的内容;有体现中心思想的关键词;使用简明扼要的句子, 避免用过于简单的单句。且看下例:

There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprise.In the small enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts.In the large enterprise you have established“policies”, “channels”organization, and fairly rigid procedures.

此段开头就提供主题, 简洁明了, 吸引读者的注意力, 达到事半功倍的效果。要想达到这样的效果, 在英文写作时, 不论是以问题法, 数据法, 还是引语法开头列举的主题段中, 一定要有主题句, 要努力克服传统螺旋式思维的影响。

总之, 不同的思维方式决定了写作语篇修辞模式不一样, 只有充分了解中西方写作的特点与差异, 平时有意识地思考一些社会热点问题和生活中遇到的常见问题, 很好地锻炼自己用英语思维分析解决问题的能力。在写作中, 灵活运用西方人的语篇修辞模式, 定能争取英语写作的高分。

参考文献

[1]Wangdao Ding.A handbook of Writing.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.

[2]Renqing Liu.On English Language Teaching.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 1999.

[3]Xianhai Yu.English Advanced Writing Guidance, Na-tional Defense Industry Press, 2002.

篇6：普通的英文简历写作模式

The Catcher in the Rye is an American initiation story,which is a genre borrowed from classical Bildungsroman.Aside from the characteristic of attaching great importance to the adolescents’growing-up problems,which inherited from classical Bildungsroman,the American initiation story developed its own features.Unlike the classical Bildungsroman,in which the protagonist achieves maturity by figuring out how to coorperate with the social world around him through self-meditation,“the American initiation story focuses more on adolescent’s contact with the social world where he find his identity and accomplishes the initiation process through epiphany”(Rui Yuping,2004),thus enables American initiation story to form its special written pattern known as temptation—roaming—puzzlement—epiphany.

The Catcher in the Rye portrays a sixteen-year-old boy Holden Caulfield,who dropped out of school and spent three days roaming around New York,searching for innocence and goodness,but finding only hypocrisy everywhere.Through a series of experience,he finally learned the truth of the adult world and adapted himself to the social reality,therefore,accomplished his initiation process from an adolescent to an adult.It is regarded as a typical American initiation story because the special written pattern is clearly embodied in the novel.This paper is going to match the details of the novel with the“temptation--roaming--puzzlement--epiphany”pattren to illustrate Holden’s initiation into adulthood.

1 Temptation,the Starter to Roam

In American initiation story,temptation is the starter of protagonist’s growth.It refers to the factor which lures the protagonist to begin his initiation journey.The example is not hard to find.In Moby-Dick,the Queequeg’s curiosity about Christian World urges him to on board a whaling boat,leaving his tribe for the voyage of discovering a new world;in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,the yearning for a life of freedom tempts Huckleberry to take his journey along the Mississippi River.And the roaming life of Holden,though not very long,is no exception.In The Catcher in the Rye,the thing lures Holden is the world outside Pencey,his school,for he finds that everything and everyone in it made him uncomfortable.He hates its phony way of attracting students,“They advertise in about a thousand magazines,always showing some hotshot guy on a horse jumping over a fence.Like as if all you ever did at Pencey was play polo all the time.I never even once saw a horse anywhere near the place”(Salinger,1964:2);he hates its hyprocratic headmaster,“Mr.Haas,that was the phoniest bastard I ever met in my life…if some boy had little old funny-looking parents…then old Haas would just shake hands with them and give them a phony smile and then he’d go talk,for maybe a half an hour,with somebody else’s parents”(Salinger,1964:2);he hates its superficial students who“talk about girls and liquor and sex all day”(Salinger,1964:9)and he hates its education system,“all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day”(Salinger,1964:71),therefore,to Holden,school is a place full of phony and philistinism.Since the world outside school cannot be worse than that,it becomes the temptation for Holden.In the hope of escaping from the terrible life at this terrible school and seeking comfort from the outside world,he chooses to leave Pencey and begin his roaming journey.

2 Roaming,the Journey to Grow

In American initiation story,leaving a place and begin a roaming journey is the evitable process of protagonist’s growth.It absorbs some elements from the picaresque model,“protagonists in initiation stories always appeared as stragglers in different types”(Salinger,1964:71).Most of the time,these protagonists are not satisfied with their plain life,they prefer to roam in the world which is unknown to them.But unlike the stragglers in traditional picaresque novels who roam for food,money and shelter,they roam in the hope of escaping from spiritual emptiness and seeking the meaning of life.Since the familiar things around them bears no help to their further understanding of the world,they have to enter a new environment to explore more of their lives.So,roaming plays an important part in protagonists’growth,because during the roaming journey,they will go through all kinds of stuff which can help shaping them mentally and physically in the initiation process.

In The Catcher in the Rye,Holden was so disappointed with the school,being aware that he cannot accept appropriate education at school,he choose to be educated by the social reality,therefore,the roaming journey began.Holden experienced a lot during his roaming in New York:told a big lie to his classmate’s mother on a train to New York;saw some adults’ridiculous behavior through the hotel window,“a gray-haired guy…took out all these women’s clothes,and put them on…walking up and down the room,taking these very small steps,the way a woman does…a man and a woman squirting water out of their mouths at each other…they were in hysterics the whole time,like it was the funniest thing that ever happened”(Sun Shengzhong,2002);tried to hook up with a prostitute but failed;talked with his respected teacher about the meaning of life,only got the answer that“The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause,while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one.”(Salinger,1964:35);scared of his teacher’s homosextual action and escaped from his house because“he was sort of petting me or patting me on the goddam head”(Salinger,1964:102)when he was sleeping.Besides those unpleasant thing he went through,Holden also had some delightful experiences:encountered with two kind nuns and enjoyed the talk with them because they never tried to find out his religious;donated ten bucks to them;had a pleasant talk with the kids in the park;sneaked back to home to see his sister Phoebe for the last time because he planned to go West.Holden’s roaming journey came to an end when Phoebe insisted to leave home with him.For his sister’s sake,he decided to stay,which signals his maturity.If there was no such roaming,Holden would not have the opportunity to see the dark side of the social reality as well as the bright side hidden in it.Though the roaming journey ends,the valuable experience it brings to him will accelerate his growth.

3 Puzzlement,the Inspiration for Meditating

During the roaming journey,puzzlement occurs when the protagonist is dealing with things and people he has never encountered before.However,the initiation process is accomplished by meditating and solving the puzzles.Like other adolescents going through puberty,Holden also confused about many things.The major puzzlement which affected his mind lie in three aspects:love&sex,problem of his family and problems of the society.

Firstly,the temptation of love and sex made him puzzle.On the one hand,he had a longing for setting up a relation with the girl he really loved,rather than a girl he wanted to have sex with.On the other hand,he was worried about not having enough experience and tried to prove he was not homosexual.This thought confused him.He had no one to share his puzzlement,so he tried to figure it out by doing a really ridiculous thing:he paid a prostitute just wanted to talk with her about“how she got to be a prostitute”(Salinger,1964:104)in stead of having sex with her.We can infer that it did not solve his puzzlement but made it even worse.

Secondly,the problems of his family also brought him puzzlement.Living in a family with father a lawyer and brother a writer,Holden was supposed to enjoy a happy life.But the fact is that though his family could prepare him a prosperous living environment,they could not provide him a helpful spiritual world.When Phoebe was told he was expelled from school again,all she said was,“Daddy’s going to kill you”(Salinger,1964:53).His father could get him into another school once he was kick out,but he could not help him finding the reason why he is resenting school.Holden’s brother was once one of his favourite writers who used to write moving stories,but“now he’s out in Hollywood,being a prostitute”(Salinger,1964:94),wasting his talent to write some lousy film script in change of money.This is the most puzzle thing that Holden did not understand.And his innocent sister Phoebe was always facing the danger of ruining by the hypocritical world,he wanted to prevent her,but finding him helpless when facing the mighty reality,therefore,a family with these problems burdened him with more puzzlement.

Thirdly,the problems existed in society is the major factor that resulted Holden’s puzzlement.Since the society is set upon values of the adults,adolescents usually have resentment of the social reality.Holden hated the society because he thought it was full of phony.In the theater,“there was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture…you’d have thought she did it because she was kindhearted as hell,but…she wasn’t…she had this little kid with her and had to go to the bathroom,but she wouldn’t take him”(Salinger,1964:1).Seeing all this,Holden satirized the lady“was about as kindhearted as a goddam wolf”(Salinger,1964:76).He noticed that social words such as“grand”,“nice to meet you”,“good luck”etc.are phony.Unfortunately,“if you want to stay alive,you have to say that stuff”(Salinger,1964:76).In Holden’s eye,he lived in a world of hypocrisy;the only clean and pure place is the children’s world.Meanwhile,he realized he was now inevitably going through a phase of growing,and eventually he would be a phony member of this phony society.He wanted to keep a pure heart,but clearly knew that he was not capable of.Again,he could not find a way to solve this paradox,therefore,led to his puzzlement.

4 Epiphany,the Trigger to Mature

In American initiation story,protagonist always reaches epiphany by his sudden witness of something and that thing triggers his meditation of the world around in a specific situation,thus changed his value of life.There are three epiphany of Holden which are crucial to his initiation into adulthood.

The first epiphany appeared in the 16th chapter.The song“if a body catch a body coming through the rye”(Salinger,1964:48)sang by a six-year-old boy did not triggered Holden’s meditation at first.It merely made him feel not so depressed any more.However,roamed in the society for a few days and having experienced the phony and dark side of the adult world,his epiphany was triggered by Phoebe’s question of what he would like to be in the future.This sudden question reminded him of the song.“I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye…and nobody’s around—nobody big,I mean—except me.And I’m standing on the edge of some crazy cliff.I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff…That’s all I’d do all day I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all.I know it’s crazy,but that’s the only thing I’d really like to be”(Salinger,1964:63).Holden now understand that his puzzlement occurred because there was no“catcher in the rye”in his life who would stop him,thus he fall into the ugly world of adult.

The second epiphany stroke Holden on his way to the museum.Walking through the park reminded him of experience of visiting the museum in his early times.To him,“the best thing in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was…you could go there a hundred thousand times,and the Eskimo would still be just finished catching those two fish,the birds would still be on their way south,the deers would still be drinking out of that water hole…nobody’d be different”(Salinger,1964:94).His love for things that never change revealed that deep in his heart,he hope himself would stay at his innocent childhood forever,like the items exhibited in the museum,but he knew that it was impossible,“the only thing that would be different would be you.Not that you’d be so much older or anything.It wouldn’t be that,exactly.You’d just be different,that’s all”(Salinger,1964:66).This epiphany occurred to Holden that“certain things they should stay the way they are.You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone.I know that’s impossible,but it’s too bad anyway”(Salinger,1964:66).So,he knew that one day he would enter the disgusting adult world,no matter how resentful he once was.

The last and most important epiphany is at the end of the story.When Holden decided to leave New York for the West,Phoebe insisted to go with him,but he would not let her.Neither of them could persuade the other to give up,therefore,they went to the zoo.When Phoebe was on the carrousel and kept trying to grab the gold ring like other kids,he was“sort of afraid she’d fall off the goddam horse”,but he didn’t say anything or do anything,because this scene triggered his epiphany that“The thing with kids is,if they want to grab the gold ring,you have to let them do it,and not say anything.If they fall off they fall off,but it’s bad if you say anything to them”(Salinger,1964:67).At this specific period of time,Holden was no longer obsessed of being a catcher in the rye,he now was aware that everything would change through time,therefore,children should adjust themselves to the outside world in the process of initiation,for nobody could protect them forever.The time he was experiencing this epiphany,the rain falled.He did not went over to the carrousel for shelter,instead,he stuck around on the bench for quite a while waiting for the rain to pour him wet,just like he finally prepared himself to face the fact of entering adulthood.“the way old Phoebe kept going around and around was damn near bawling,I felt so damn happy”(Salinger,1964:114),because he finally understood that though the world was full of ugliness and hypocrisy,happiness and kindness still shone.So,if he could not change the way it existed,tried to cherish the beautiful things around.That is why he decided to stay at last,a mature decision marked the accomplishment of his initiation.

5 Conclusion

Through the detailed analysis of the written pattern of temptation—roaming—puzzlement—epiphany in The Catcher in the Rye,we can conclude that in American initiation story,the protagonist’s growth is accomplished during his roaming journey,and the puzzlement aroused from the journey provides him with the experience for meditation,which can trigger protagonist’s epiphany therefore help him enter his adulthood.

参考文献

[1]Salinger J D.The Catcher in the Rye[M].Toronto:Bantam Books,1964.

[2]芮渝萍.美国成长小说研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.