大学英语四级作文练习

大学英语四级作文练习（通用6篇）

篇1：大学英语四级作文练习

时间内做好大学英语四级作文练习，在此为大家整理记叙文的思路及大学英语四级记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：

时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?

一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。

【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。

对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。

When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。

Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。

What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。

Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。

当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。

When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few

middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friOn the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.

篇2：大学英语四级作文练习

2、第一段，写明主题，阐述主题的现象。

该文主题是西方节日的盛行，我们则需将在中国出现的这种现象简单阐述一下就行。

3、第二段，分点论述，说明原因。

第一段阐述了现象，第二段我们则需要阐述出现这种现象的原因。

篇3：大学英语四级作文练习

改革开放以来,我国经济发展迅速。随着国力日益强盛,中国在世界舞台得以参与更多的国际间的交流活动。英语作为当前国际较通用的语言,是得力的交流工具。交流方式多样,但口头交流是最为直接和便捷的方式之一。可见,英语口语在越来越频繁的国际交流中扮演着极其重要的角色。此外,由于互联网等信息传播媒介的迅速发展和普及,英语也越来越常见于日常工作生活之中。因此,若要跟上时代步伐,与时共进,较好地掌握英语尤其是英语口语显得尤为重要。不仅如此,英语口语也是英语能力水平高低最直观的反映。拥有良好的英语口语对于增强个人的自信心以及进一步发展英语其它能力都有很大作用。由此我们不难看出英语口语的重要性,但由于种种原因,在众多英语作为第二语言的学习者中,英语口语往往成为较弱的环节。尤其对于三本独立院校的学生而言,由于特定原因,英语口语在英语学习中更显困难。本文试着以三本独立院校非英语专业本科学生为对象,以焦虑/不确定性协调理论为支撑,从英语教师的角度浅谈如何充分利用课堂教学的前五分钟尽可能多地提高学生的英语口语以及学习英语口语的兴趣。

1 焦虑/不确定性协调理论简介

Berger和Calabrese于1975年在普通交际学领域提出“减少不确定性理论”,认为人们交流的目的之一就是为了减少不确定性,并提出七个公理来阐述该理论[1]。Gudykunst将这一理论延伸到跨文化语境中,提出了“焦虑/不确定性协调理论”,指出对焦虑和不确定性的处理是影响有效交际的根本原因[2]。焦虑感是指在交际中感觉不自在、紧张、担忧或预知某事要发生,它是不确定性的情感等同物;不确定性是指在交际中无法预测对方的态度、感情、信仰、价值观、行为等[3]。

随着上世纪六十年代人本主义心理学的发展,情感因素在教育和语言学习中逐渐受到重视。焦虑是情感因素中影响语言发展最主要的因素[4]。语言学习中的焦虑主要指学习者用外语或第二语言进行表达时产生的恐惧或不安心理[5]。

Horwitz et al(ibid.)通过研究发现,焦虑对外语学习的影响很普遍,它作为外语学习过程中重要的情感变量,常常与一些消极的情感因素如不安、灰心、自我否定、忧虑和紧张相联系。许多研究证明,焦虑与外语成绩以及特定语言技能成绩呈负相关(Aida 1994[6];Horwitz&Young 1991[7]。Cheng,Horwitz&Schallert[8]发现,外语课堂焦虑与口语呈负相关。

课堂口语教学和口语学习即是教师与学生之间、学生与学生之间的多边交流。学生作为第二语言学习者,在课堂口语学习过程中因为面对的是更多观众,受到焦虑情绪的影响较之课外交流数倍增加,若得不到教师充分灵活及时的调节,他们势必更容易产生各种消极情绪,如紧张、受挫、自卑、甚至丧失兴趣等。因此提高课堂口语教学的效率,克服学生的焦虑情绪是至关重要的。

2 焦虑产生的原因探析

第二语言课堂学习焦虑产生的原因因人而异,但对于三本院校非英语专业本科学生而言,就笔者初步调查来看,也存在如下共性。

2.1 自卑心理

绝大部分学生表示自觉基础较一本二本差。三本院校学生在高中的学习状态要么是严重偏科,要么整体成绩居中,既不突出也不摆尾。因此在高中英语口语课上他们基本都属于沉默或者被忽视的群体。久而久之便习惯了沉默或者被忽视,以至于后来再有机会开口时也习惯性保持沉默。

2.2 畏惧心理

笼统而言,三本院校学生在高中有一定学习进取心但因为种种原因成绩并不拔尖。他们起初愿意在课堂上尝试配合英语口语老师,但由于自身能力有限表现往往不理想,长期得不到鼓励,最后对英语口语产生了畏惧心理。

2.3 定位过高

介于拔尖和摆尾之间,这些学生容易对自己产生过高的期望值,一旦无法实现既定目标,他们往往会陷入焦躁不安的情绪之中,这也不利于认清事实,找到适合自己的定位和学习方法。

除了学生自身的原因外,教师的课堂设置以及集体氛围也有一定影响。如果课堂设置不够科学合理,没有充分照顾到学生自身的特点,没有在最大程度上消除学生的焦虑心理,也很难让学生参与到口语教学中来。而缺乏良好的集体氛围也会影响口语课堂教学的效果。

3 如何设置口语课堂前五分钟的口语练习

针对上述情况,结合笔者在教学实践中的总结,以下建议可供参考。

从课程大纲来看,许多学校并没有为非英语专业本科生开设英语口语课程,英语口语教学只能在平时的大学英语课程中捎带进行。有鉴于此,每节大学英语课的前五分钟可以专门开辟出来作为英语口语的练习实间。每一个五分钟都由两名学生站在讲台上进行每周的校内新闻和三天的天气播报(建议此项练习不要计入平时成绩)。可以事先安排由哪两名学生分别播报哪一项目(学生可以在天气播报和新闻播报两项中自主选择)。如有必要,教师可以先给出一次新闻播报和天气预报的范例,并讲解新闻播报和天气预报应注意的相关事项,如仪态、手势、神情、眼神交流等。最为重要的是,注意培养良好的集体气氛,解释清楚作为观众应该如何配合,纠正学生对于口语过分注重语法正确和发音标准的错误理解,讲明做播报的同学不仅仅是在完成课堂任务更是在为全班同学服务提供有用的信息和资讯,要求学生在听同学做播报的同时努力发现播报人可借鉴之处并帮助对方发现问题。最后,当两名学生都做完播报后,要及时组织学生包括播报人自己就本次播报的表现进行讨论,播报人先自我评价,然后学生评价,教师总结,提出建议,尽量多发现优点,真诚鼓励,善意批评。

这种练习有以下优点:

3.1 可操作性、趣味性和实用性

该练习题材贴近大学校园生活,内容与学生息息相关,增加了可操作性、趣味性和实用性。该练习因为锁定天气和每周校园新闻,播报人可以使用简单的词汇和句型写稿件,这样一来就减轻了播报人写稿件的心理压力和写作难度以及口头播报的难度,从而能有效减轻其畏惧心理,使这一练习容易操作。又因为内容贴近校园生活,对于听众而言,即使听力能力较低,也能通过生活经历和播报人的相关词汇连听带猜懂得大半。这样一来便使得该练习有了趣味性,因为自己或者身边的朋友可能就是新闻中的主要人物。同时,天气预报和校园新闻都具有实时性,对于信息闭塞的学生而言这种练习也是获取信息和资讯的一种便捷渠道,故而这种练习也兼具了实用性。

3.2 客观性、公正性、平等性

在这个练习中,每一名学生都要发言,他们既是观察者也是参与者,既是评判人员也是被评判人员,既有批评也有自我批评,这些双重身份能最大限度地保证该练习客观、公正、公平。在这样一种环境中,每一名学生的第二语言课堂焦虑都能大大降低。因为大家都是第二语言学习者,层次也都相差不大,可能会犯的错误类型也大致相同,比如大家的发音都不怎么标准,站在讲台上都会有些紧张的动作等,有了这样一种心理,犯错或者被批评就显得不那么可怕了,自卑心理和畏惧心理自然也就会慢慢消失。

3.3 有助于学生正确自我定位,提高学习积极性

在公平公正客观友善的环境中进行批评与自我批评能使学生更清晰地认识自己评价自己,了解自己的优点和不足,从而准确定位自己,设置合理的学习目标,减少挫折感,提高学习积极性。此外,通过集体公开讨论,每一名学生都能知道自己在哪些方面可以向哪些同学学习。这样就打破了大学校园中常见的各自为营的学习现象,为学生找到学习伙伴提供了一个平台。

4 结语

英语口语的重要性与日俱增,如何提高三本院校大学英语课堂口语教学值得每一位大学英语教师探讨研究,而在课堂前五分钟设置天气预报和新闻播报这种形式的口语练习能通过最大限度地减少学生第二语言课堂焦虑情绪来提高课堂口语教学效率。

参考文献

[1]Berger,J.R.&Calabrese,R.Some Explorations in Initia1 Interactionsand Beyond:Toward a Developmental Theory of Interpersona1 Communication[J].Human Communication Research,1975.(1).

[2]Gudykunst,W.B.Anxiety/Uncertainty Management(AUM Theory in R.L.Wiseman(ed.),Intercultura1 Communication Theory[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage,1 995:11-12.

[3]张卫东.焦虑/不确定性协调理论与课堂教学[J].外语与外语教学,2009,10.

[4]Arnold,J.1999.Affect in Language Learning[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

[5]Gardner,R.C.&P.D.MacIntyre.1993.On the measurement ofaffective variables in second language learning[J].Language Learning 43:157-4.

[6]Aida,Y.1994.Examination of Horwitz,Horwitz and Cope’s construct offoreign language anxiety:The case of students of Japanese[J].The ModernLanguage Journal 78:155-68.

[7]Horwitz,E.K.&D.Young.1991.Language Anxiety:From Theory andResearch to Classroom Implications[M].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hal1.

[8]Cheng,Y.S.,E.K.Horwitz&D.L.Schallert.1999.Language anxiety:Differentiating writing and speaking components[J].Language Learning 49:417-46.

[9]朱战炜.基于焦虑/不确定性协调理论的大学英语口语教学模式构建[J].黑龙江教育:高教研究与评估.2010,(10).

篇4：大学英语四级作文练习

关键词：《大学英语》（全新版）；四级考试；练习类型；Pearson相关系数

［中图分类号］H319.3

［文献标识码］A

［文章编号］1006-2831(2008)02-0016-3

Abstract:In this paper, qualitative and quantitative methods are applied to research on the relevance between CET4 results and the exercises that students have completed in the new edition of the college English series, which includes an integrated course, a reading course, Using English Grammar, paragraph memorization, etc. The result of the research indicates that these exercises contribute to different scores in the CET4 results in general. The paper concludes by outlining some basic principles of dealing with these exercises.

Key words: New Edition College English, CET4, exercises type, Pearson correlation coefficient

1. 引言

《大学英语》（全新版）是上海外语教育出版社组织编写的普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。（董亚芬、李荫华、王秀珍等，2002）这套教材自出版之日起就受到了各种赞扬。“《大学英语》（全新版）《阅读教程》除了采取全新的内容和编排之外，还希望在教学理念上有所突破。把学生的注意力转向语境和作者的思想有利于提高学生的兴趣，提高英语教学效率。”（柯彦玢，2002：2-4）《大学英语》（全新版）系列教材既博采众长，又有不少创新，从各个方面体现了《大学英语教学大纲》（修订本）的精神，它将以其独有的特点，有效地服务于大学外语教学改革事业。（汤声平，2002：76-80）全新版是一套不可多得的好教材，它尤其适用于生源较好的院校。（祝平，2002：11-16）这些赞扬都是在教材刚出版时的声音，所以有待于接受实践的检验。

大学英语非专业四级考试是学生学完这些教材后必须参加的考试，也是我国目前规模较大的外语标准化测试之一。四级考试对大学英语的教与学产生不同程度的反拨效应，其中影响较大的方面是教材的选用和教学方法以及学生的学习目的和学习策略。《大学英语》（全新版）采用糅合中外多种教学方法的折衷主义教学法，通过在读、听、说、写、译等方面的训练，以达到全面提高学生的语言实际运用能力的目的。提高语言的实际运用能力，师生都赞成，但在行动上的反映却不热烈，因为学了这套教材后，四级考试能得多少分才是师生共同关心的内容。本文的目的在于探索《大学英语》（全新版）系列教材的课后练习题与全国大学四级考试及格之间的相关性的大小，从而为我们在教学中对《大学英语》（全新版）课后练习题如何处理，有一个客观的认识。

2. 研究方法

参加实验的调查对象是来自西安科技大学地质工程2005级01和02班的学生，共66人。他们参加了第三学期期末的全国大学英语四级考试，且有成绩。这批学生进校后，学校立即组织了6次小测验，这些成绩可视为代表了学生在中学时代的英语基础。在第一、二、三学期的学习期间，笔者亲自对他们做作业的数量和类型进行了详细的、认真的、逐个的统计、记录，以此作为研究的资料。他们的作业包括以下内容：（1）单词背诵：每学完一个单元后，要求学生背诵综合教程课后生词。笔者任意挑选10个单词，读出其汉语意思，要求学生写出对应的英语单词，写对8个（包括8个）单词以上者，算其完成一次单词背诵作业；（2）段落背诵：从课文中抽取几个段落要求学生背诵。笔者在结束每单元后，对学生进行逐个检查，能从头背到尾者，算完成一次背诵作业；（3）综合教程：每单元课后作业，从comprehension，language sense enhancement到language focus，把所有答案都写在教材上或练习本上的算完成一次作业；（4）语法手册：把本单元的练习答案写在语法手册上的，算完成一次语法作业；（5）阅读教程：学完每一个单元后，能口头复述每单元3篇文章之中1篇者，算完成一次阅读教程的作业。

经过3个学期的统计，算出3个学期各项作业的次数，再折算成百分制成绩，输入电脑，使用SPSS 11.0统计软件，可算出各项练习成绩与四级成绩的相关系数。同时，我们也可以对比四级考试及格的同学与不及格的同学间的练习成绩的均值和方差，从而使我们对课本上的练习相对于四级成绩的有效性有更恰当的认识。统计结果见表1和表2。

3. 讨论分析

从各项成绩分别与四级成绩的Pearson相关系数（表1）可以看出：学生的中学英语基础与四级成绩相关性最大（相关系数为0.564），学生所做课后练习的总量与四级成绩相关性最小（相关系数为0.187）。这一结果表明，只有在中学阶段打好坚实的基础，才能适应大学阶段英语学习的需要。

相关性排在第二的是段落背诵；相关性排列第三的是单词背诵。背诵是英语学习者采用最频繁的学习策略，它与英语四级成绩的相关性仅次于基础成绩。段落背诵与四级考试成绩的相关性优于孤立的单词背诵与四级考试成绩的相关性，也说明有上下文语境的背诵比孤立的单词背诵效果更好。

与四级成绩相关程度排列第四、第五的分别是语法手册与综合教程。它们与四级成绩的相关系数分别为0.278、0.265，学生的完成情况也相当不错。造成这种情况的原因可能是练习量太大，太繁琐，学生难以独立完成；而综合教程辅导材料及其答案随手可及，语法手册答案附在教材后面，学生疲于应付教师检查，抄袭现象严重，练习的目的没有达到。

阅读教程与四级英语成绩的相关系数为0.198，排名第六。学生成绩非常低，这反映出学生很少顾及阅读教程。这一方面是由于阅读教程词汇量大，学生难以读懂，更重要的是因为口头检查的方式无疑增加了学生的完成难度，即使有学生读过，也没有统计在成绩之内；另一方面，教师学生都习惯于学习综合教程，没有认识到阅读教程的重要性，这是在教学中有待加强的方面。

四级成绩及格与不及格的同学的其它各项成绩的均值与标准差（表2）给我们的启示：四级及格的同学的单词背诵、段落背诵和阅读教程的成绩分别为：83.3333、60.8889、19.1111，不及格的同学的分数分别为：69.4771、44.1830、10.9150。这说明单词背诵、段落背诵和阅读教程对四级如何重要。四级不及格的同学综合教程和语法手册成绩较高于四级及格的同学，这说明了两个问题：（1）不及格的同学的学习方向有待改进，不但要重视综合教程、语法手册，更要重视单词、课文的背诵和阅读教程；（2）由于综合教程和语法手册的答案很容易获得，而且由于笔者把这些作业的完成情况计入了平时成绩，所以带有强迫的性质。在这两项上，四级不及格的同学的成绩高于四级及格的学生的成绩，只能说明这些四级不及格的同学学习比较懒散，专挑容易的练习应付差事，而不愿花费力气背诵、阅读，自然导致成绩较低。

4. 结束语

（1）要想学好大学英语，通过大学英语非专业英语四级考试，必须在中学时打好牢固的基础；

（2）教师不能强迫学生完成综合教程的所有练习，对练习必须根据学生的实际情况有所选择、取舍。学生首先必须背诵课文段落和单词，然后再进行阅读教程，彻底改变不重视阅读教程的倾向，加大阅读教程占用的课堂时间；

（3）英语学习受多种因素影响，比如神经、心理、认知、情感和语言学因素等等，课后练习的影响仅仅是其中之一。从相关系数可以看出，大学英语各种练习对四级及格的影响并不是很大（最高仅为0.372），所以我们不应该过分迷信课后练习，而是应该突破课本，结合学生的实际情况，选择更有效的练习来提高学生英语学习的效率。(Griffiths & Parr, 2001: 247-253; Douglas, 1987: 42-54)

（4）此次实验的结果也有相当大的局限性，只适用于与西安科技大学相类似的二本院校。各类练习成绩用完成作业的次数来统计，而没有把作业的质量考虑进去。对作业的完成过程，也缺乏严格的监控。这些都是本次实验的缺陷。

参考文献

Griffiths, C & J. M. Parr. Language-learning strategies: theory and perception[J]. ELT JOURNAL Volume, 2001(3): 247-253.

Douglas, B. H. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching[M]. Los Angeles: University of California, 1987: 42-54.

董亚芬、李荫华、王秀珍等.《大学英语》系列教材（全新版）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.

柯彦玢.《大学英语》（全新版）《阅读教程》的教学理念[J]. 外语界，2002(2)：2-4.

汤声平. 从教与学的双重视角看《大学英语》（全新版）系列教材[J]. 外语界，2002(3)：76-80.

篇5：大学英语四级听力试题练习

Film Shows Effort to Stop Tribes from Killing Children

电影展示努力阻止部落杀害儿童的成果

Filmmaker John Rowe discovered a secret after many visits to the Omo River Valley in Ethiopia: people there thought some children were “cursed.”

Villagers blamed the children for sickness, a lack of rainfall and other problems. So they killed them.

The Omo Valley is a place of beauty. It is home to villagers with customs that date back many generations.

Rowe says the villagers believe that if a child’s teeth first appear on the upper gum instead of the lower part of the mouth, the child is cursed and must be killed. He says children are also killed when they are born to a woman who is not married, or if they are disabled or are twins.

Rowe heard about this belief from Lale Labuko, the man who helped him during his visits to the Omo Valley. Rowe made a documentary film about the practice. He called the film “Omo Child.”

Labuko says that when he was 15 years old, he saw a two-year-old child being drowned in a river. His mother told him that he had two sisters who were killed before he was born.

In the film, a woman says 15 of her children were considered cursed. She says when they were born, older members of her village took them and fed them to crocodiles.

In the film, Labuko says “I want to stop these things.”

Labuko was the first member of his village to be educated. He asked Rowe to help him end the killings. First, he persuaded some young villagers, then families and leaders of the village.

Rowe’s son Tyler filmed the documentary over a five year period. He says it was not easy. He says some people admitted they had killed their children. But others said children were not killed.

Tyler says some villagers told him, “It doesn’t happen here. We stopped it a long time ago. It only happens (in another village, not here.)”

Labuko’s work caused people to begin speaking out about the practice. His tribe agreed to ban the killings in 2012. Rowe’s documentary shows Labuko’s efforts.

A charity group created by Labuko and his wife has saved more than 40 children. They now live in a home in Jinka, Ethiopia.

The Ethiopian government has banned the practice, but Rowe says “there are two other tribes that continue to” kill children. But because of the film, more people know about the killings and the efforts of one man to stop them.

I’m Christopher Jones-Cruise.

______________________________________________________________

Words in This Story

twin n. either one of two babies that are born at the same time to the same mother

charity group n. an organization that helps people who are poor, sick, etc.

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篇6：2016大学英语四级 翻译练习

The Olympic Games are an international multisport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events.The summer and winter games are each held every four years.The original Olympic Games were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece.The Olympics are one of the largest media events.In Sydney in 2000 there were more than 16 000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television.However, the development of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today.3 《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡(turbulent)时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一(reunification)时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1 191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800 000 words, 1 191 characters, and 120 chapters.4 秧歌舞(Yangko)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装(costume)，他们的表演动作有力而迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣(gong)鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick.During holidays such as lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.5 中国人喜欢在一起吃饭，这个传统可以追溯到很久之前。这反映出中国人喜欢团圆、不愿分离的观念——圆桌、圆盘、圆碗都象征着团圆和美满。盘子通常放在桌子的中央,这样坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一锅热汤尤其可以增加和谐、团圆的气氛。朋友们也喜欢在一起吃饭、生活。最近一位美国汉学家(Sinologist)的著作认为，中国人的集体观念(collective tradition)就是从一同吃饭发展而来的。

Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time ago.It reflects the Chinese notion of union versus division—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and perfection.Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them.A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and union.Friends also like to eat and live together.A recent book by an American Sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out of the practice of eating together.6 川剧(Sichuan Opera)就像四川火锅以及其他的名菜一样动人、丰富。变脸(Face Changing)是川剧中的一大亮点。据说古人在他们的脸上作画，[JP2]以便赶走野生动物。川剧吸收了这一古老的技艺并将其升华为一门艺术。变脸是一门神奇的艺术。演员在不到20秒的时间内要换十多次脸谱。通过举手、摆袖或摇头，演员使用不同的脸谱来表现不同的情绪，并通过看得见摸得着的脸谱表达出看不见摸不着的感情。

Sichuan Opera(Chuan Ju), like hotpot and other famous Sichuan dishes, is exciting and rich.Face Changing is the highlight of Sichuan Opera.It is said that ancient people painted their faces to drive away wild animals.Sichuan Opera absorbs this ancient skill and perfects it into an art.Face Changing is a magical art.Actors change more than 10 masks in less than 20 seconds.By raising the hand, swinging a sleeve or tossing the head, an actor uses different masks to show different emotions, expressing invisible and intangible feelings through visible and tangible masks.7 长城作为世界上最伟大的奇观之一，是古代中国在不同时期为抵御北方游牧民族（nomadic tribe）侵袭而修筑的规模浩大的军事工程的统称。如同巨龙一般，长城自东向西绵延8 800多公里。距今已有2 000多年历史的万里长城很多地方已经变成了废墟，但是它仍然是世界上最具吸引力的地方。1987年，长城被联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）列为世界文化遗产。The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders in the world, is the general name of a series of largescale military constructions during different periods in ancient China, hoped for the defense against the invasion of nomadic tribes from the north.Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall stretches over 8 800 kilometers from east to west of China.With a history of more than 2 000 years, many sections of the Great Wall have been in ruins now.However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world.In 1987, the Great Wall was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.8 光棍节，又称“双十一”，最初是由大学生发起的单身人士的情人节，现在已经从最初的庆祝单身变成了中国人的一个网购狂欢节。过去六年里，中国的电商（ecommerce）巨头们开始利用这一商机，通过打折促销吸引顾客，提高销售收入。天猫(Tmall.com)双十一一天的销售额从2009年的5 000万飙升至2013年的350亿。邮政部门（the State Post Bureau）表示由于准备充分，尽管订单增加，快递业务仍然运行正常。

Singles Day, also named the Double 11 Day, which originated with college students as an alternative to Valentines Day for single people, now has transformed its original function as a day of celebration for the great unloved into a day of crazy online shopping for the Chinese people.Over the past six years, Singles Day has been taken advantage of by Chinese ecommerce giants by offering discounts and launching sales campaigns on that day to attract customers and boost sales income.Sales at Tmall.com on Singles Day have snowballed from 50 million yuan in 2009 to 35 billion yuan in 2013.The State Post Bureau said that thanks to adequate preparation, express deliveries were running on schedule despite the increase in orders.9 对于中国人来说，“面子”十分重要，它指的是一个人根源于自尊的名誉观。大部分中国人都认为，有面子是最重要的事情之一，丢面子则会带来巨大的痛苦。因此，人们必须了解并遵守面子规则，如果违反就会受到严厉的惩罚。然而，有时候一个人丢面子不仅仅是因为他们的行为不符合社会的要求，还可能是由于别人的行为没有符合他个人的期待。

Face is immensely important for the Chinese.It can be defined as a notion of ones reputation rooted in selfesteem.Most of the Chinese people believe that to have face is one of the most valued things, while to lose face is a cause of great anguish.Thus, people are expected to know and abide by the rules of face and are penalized harshly if they break them.However, sometimes a person could lose face not only because of his failure to match up to societys obligations on him, but also from the failure of others to act in accordance with his expectations of them.武术在我国源远流长，是中国传统文化的瑰宝(gem)。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界的其他地方而成为人类的共同财富。为了更好地推广武术，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联(the Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation)做了艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术已被列为一种与保龄球(bowling)和国际标准舞(international standard dance)有同等地位的奥运表演项目。

With a long history in China, wushu is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As we all know, the excellent cultural heritage of a nation doesnt belong to the nation alone but will be spread to the rest of the world gradually to be shared by all humanity.The Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation have been working very hard to popularize wushu and move it closer to the Olympic events.Now, wushu has been accepted as an Olympic demonstration event with the same status as bowling and international standard dance.11 旗袍(Qipao)是中国独特的传统服饰。旗袍原本是满族(Manchu)妇女的服装，穿在身上非常宽松，直上直下，中间没有腰线。后来一些汉族的女性对这种服饰进行了改造，使它更加合身、性感。20世纪20年代，旗袍在上海的女学生中变得非常流行。旗袍一般是由丝绸制成，领口、袖口和腋襟上都绣有精细的花边。旗袍体现了中国女性的端庄、温柔和美丽。

Qipao is a unique kind of traditional Chinese attire.Originally worn by Manchu women, Qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body with no waistlines.And then some Han Chinese ladies carried out some improvements on the design, making it more fitting and sexier.When it came to the 1920s, Qipao became very popular among the girl students in Shanghai.Qipao is usually made of silk, and embroidered with delicate laces at the neckline, cuffs and edges.Qipao embodies Chinese womens modesty, softness and beauty.中国石窟(grotto)主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美(sublimity)与世俗情(secular feeling)融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture.In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance.They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind.The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, displaying the art of architecture, painting, sculptures and etc.The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become an important international cultural heritage.13 中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说及词(ci)、赋(fu)、曲(qu)等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。小说历史悠久，并在明清时期达到巅峰。小说中的《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》《红楼梦》被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗，是汲取古代文明精粹、处世为人策略与智慧的重要途径。

Chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci(new lyrics written to preexisting tunes), fu(“descriptive poems” of prosepoetry), qu(a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles.Its artistic expressions are various in techniques.Chinese fiction has a long history, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Four classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Pilgrimage to the West, and A Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and farreaching significance both on a national and international level.Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can understand traditional Chinese society and human culture, and its folklore.And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of ancient culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.14 泰山(Mount Tai)位于山东中部，占地426平方千米，最高峰“玉皇顶(the Jade Emperor Peak)”海拔约1 545米。泰山以恢宏的自然景观著称于世，山上点缀着寺庙、石碑和石刻(stone inscription)。身为中国五大名山之首，泰山备受佛教(Buddhism)和道教(Taoism)的推崇。中国的很多皇帝都曾到泰山敬拜天地。传统观念认为泰山是每天太阳最先升起的地方。因此为了到泰山之巅看日出，成千上万的人午夜就开始攀登泰山。

Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai covers 426 square kilometers with its highest peak, the Jade Emperor Peak, reaching about 1 545 meters above sea level.Mount Tai earns a reputation for its imposing natural scenery festooned with a chain of temples, stone tablets and stone inscriptions.As the first of the “Five Great Mountains” in China, Mount Tai is revered both in Buddhism and Taoism.Many emperors in China visited it to hold the Heaven Worship ceremony.Traditional belief maintains that each day begins with the sun rising at Mount Tai, thus thousands of sun worshipers climbed it from as early as midnight in order to appreciate sunrise at its peak.中国古代四大艺术中的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸墨、颜料作画于绢或宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青(inkpainting)。为区别于西方的油画而称之为中国画，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔(fine brushwork)和写意(freehand brushwork)。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。

Painting in the four art forms in ancient China particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on spun silk or xuan paper.In ancient China, it was called inkpainting.In order to distinguish it from Western oilpaintings, the Chinese people term their works “Chinese painting”, short for traditional Chinese painting.The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers.The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and freehand brushwork.The artistic characteristics of Chinese painting lie in “the writing brush and ink”.Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter.Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning.In terms of the artistic creation, Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.16 瓷器(porcelain)是中国最为重要的手工艺品之一。中国瓷器有3 500多年的历史，明清时期尤其繁荣。瓷器不仅可以用作日常餐具(dinnerware)、花瓶等，精美的瓷器更是常常被人们用来装饰家居。作为高档艺术品的象征，真品瓷器常常具有极高的艺术价值和经济价值，因此，常被很多人视为珍藏品。中国瓷器受到各国人民的欢迎，经常被用作表达中外友谊的礼物。Porcelains are one of Chinas most important handicrafts.Chinese porcelains have a history of more than 3 500 years, their most prosperous period being Ming and Qing Dynasties.Porcelains can be used as daily dinnerware and vases, and delicate porcelains are even commonly used for home decorations by people.As the symbols of highend works of art, authentic porcelains are often of extremely high artistic and economic value and therefore they are often regarded as precious collections by many people.Chinese porcelains are popular with people around the world, and they are often used as presents for expressing friendship between Chinese and foreign people.17 酒是中国人生活中的重要饮品之一。中国制酒源远流长，享誉中外。在中国最具有代表性的酒莫过于白酒(liquor)了，从某种角度上来说，中国的酒文化就是白酒文化。酒在中国人眼里更多的是一种交际的工具。酒在中国人生活中占有重要的位置，渗透于(permeate)整个中华五千年的文明史中，包括文学创作、娱乐、烹饪、养生保健等各方面。

Alcohol is one of the important drinks in Chinese peoples life.Chinese alcoholmaking has a long history and has been renowned at home and abroad.In China, no alcohol is more representative than Chinese liquor and at some point, Chinese alcohol culture is Chinese liquor culture.Alcohol is more of a communication tool in Chinese peoples eyes.Alcohol has permeated 5 000 years civilization of the whole Chinese history, which plays an important role in every aspect of Chinese peoples life, from literary creation and entertainment to cooking and health preservation.18 11月11日由四个1构成，因此每年此日就是光棍节(Singles Day)。20世纪90年代，南京众多大学首先开始庆祝光棍节。正如其名，这个新节日是专门为单身人士设立的。近年来，中国成为世界上互联网用户最多的国家，而单身人士是网购的主力军(main force)，许多电子商务平台(platform)就在光棍节当天开展促销活动以吸引中国不计其数的单身人士前来购物。目前，光棍节已成为中国人疯狂网购的日子。

Singles Day falls on every November 11th because the date is comprised of four “ones”.It was initially celebrated at many universities in Nanjing during the 1990s.As the name indicates, this new holiday is one exclusively for people who are still living a single life.In recent years, as China has become a country with the worlds biggest population of Internet users and the single people are the main force of Chinas online spending power, many ecommerce platforms launch promotion campaigns on the day in order to attract countless single people around China to their websites.Singles Day has become a day of crazy online shopping among the Chinese now.19 随着城市化(urbanization)进程的加快，越来越多的农民工(migrant worker)在城市里安顿下来。他们把子女接到城里来，希望孩子能接受到更好的教育。然而，这些农民工发现现实并不像他们预期的那么美好。城市公立学校的设施和师资远远不能满足大批农民工子女的需求。幸运的是，农民工子女的教育已成为政府议事日程上优先处理的问题。

With the acceleration of urbanization, an increasing number of migrant workers settle down in the cities.They bring their children along with them to the cities, with the hope of their children receiving better education.However, the migrants find the reality is not as promising as theyve expected.The facilities and faculties in the urban public schools are far from enough to meet the needs of the big group of migrant children.Luckily, the education problem of the migrant children has become a priority on the governments agenda.20 杭州市拥有世界上最大的公用自行车系统(bike sharing system)。目前杭州市共有2 700个公用自行车租赁站点，共计66 500辆车。计划至2020年，公共自行车的数量将增至175 000辆。租用自行车需要智能卡(smart card)，可在任意站点租车、在任意站点还车。租车骑行1小时内免费，1小时以上则按每小时1元收费。公用自行车系统对缓解杭州市的交通拥堵(congestion)起到了很大的作用。