剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析（共5篇）

篇1：剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

题目：

WRITING TASK 1

You should spend abo

20 minutes on this task.

The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in and in .

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

解题思路：

1. 图表类型：地图题

2. 主体段时态：一般过去时

3. 题目要求：

两幅地图分别展示了和去城市医院的通行道路。选择一些主要的特点来描述并作出一些相关的对比。

4. 描述重点：

1)20地图中的city hospital的东南风是staff and public car park，而在20这个地方变为了staff car park。

2)2007年Hospital Rd 两边的六个bus stops 没有了，在道路西边建造了较大的bus station， 并有道路通往北边和南边两个环岛，分别与围绕医院的ring road 和city road相连。

范文：

SAMPLE ANSWER

This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 5.5 score. Here is the examiner’s comment:

The candidate has identified all the key features (hospital, ring road, new public car park, staff car park and bus station in 2010) but the descriptions are not always accurate e.g. [two features that still remained. This two features are City Hospital and staff carpark] whereas the staff car park was formerly a car park for both staff and public, while the mention of the bus station is not developed. Organisation is clear, however, with some good use of cohesive devices [According to | Apart from | The further additional features], although there is an error in the use of reference pronouns [This/These two features]. The range of vocabulary is sufficient for the task [two different years | features | remained | additional], though [features] is over-used. A spelling error is noted in the second line [sourrounded] but this does not cause any difficulty for the reader; similarly, the use of [around-turn] can be easily understood as ‘roundabout’. There is a mix of simple and complex sentences, mainly used accurately.

Two maps illustrate, the way to get to a city hospital of two different years (2007 and 2010).

According to both maps, the main features which is city hospital is sourrounded by Ring Road. In these two maps, there have been two features that still remained. This two features are City Hospital and staff car park. Apart from these two features there are some features that shows on 2010 map but haven’t shown on 2007 map. The additional features that appear on the map of 2010 are public car parte which located on the east-side of the city hospital. The further additional features are two around-turn on the hospital Rd. which can lead to the bus station.

Overall, there are two major features that never change on both 2007 and 2010 map. These features are city hospital and staff car park. However, there are some additional features that appear on the map of 2010 but not on 2007. These features are public car park, bus station and two around-turns.

篇2：剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

1.话题和题型分类

政府类;同意不同意型

2.题目分析

政府是否应该将更多的资金投入放在铁路建设上而不是公路建设上

3.思路提示

A.同意

增强对铁路系统的建设可以提高运输效率，降低运输成本

铁路系统建设包含各种新型交通设施，比如高铁，空中列车等等，完善了公共交通系统，让人们有更多的更方便舒适的出行选择

铁路系统建设得更完善可以一定程度减少公路的拥堵情况，提高公共交通效率，比如地铁。

B.不同意

公路建设是相对铁路建设耗费的财政经费成本相对小多了

铁路路线建设受制于地形，一些山区应该优先发展公路建设

公路的选线和建设更灵活方便，产生的经济效益比铁路大

雅思英语词汇积累：用于夸奖

gorgeous靓美养眼,

hilarious热闹有料,

fantastic可赞优秀,

excellent出众超棒,

intelligent聪明机灵,

marvelous很好很强,

bravo不错真好,

brilliant赞绝了,

glorious出色光辉,

outstanding出众有才,

superb超赞,

impressive挺好,

exquisite绝好,

incomparable无与伦比

雅思英语词汇积累：入住酒店

check-in住宿登记;

check-out退房;

hotel rates房价;

advance deposit定金;

discounts折扣;

lowest price最低价;

single rooms单人间;

double rooms双人间;

deluxe suites豪华套房;

Presidential suites总统套房;

hotel Features酒店特色;

篇3：剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

TEST 4

WRITING TASK 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The plans below show a pubic park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

【答案解析】

这是一道地点变迁类地图题，需要分析同一个公园在不同的时间(19和现在)的整体布局变化。地点变迁类地图题的整体写作顺序为第一张地图按照图片内容完整描述，从第二张图片开始重点描述图片之间的差异，即变化了的布局，没有发生变化的内容无需重点呈现。在这道题目中，整体分析顺序为自西向东(图片从左往右)，在大方向一致的前提下，需要关注1920年公园的西边(左边)为环状布局，音乐家演出台被四周的观众坐席和玫瑰花园环绕。中部的同样为对称布局，喷泉的北边和南边是对应的两个入口。公园现在的布局中，类似的对称结构也可以在中部观察到，玫瑰花园四周被座位环绕，北边和南边的入口不变。

The maps show changes in the layout of the Grange Park, which stands between the Arnold Avenue and Eldon Street in 1920 and today.

In 1920, a stage for musicians could be observed in the center of the western area, with two rose gardens built to its north and south respectively. There were both two seats areas facilitated on each side of the two rose gardens, surrounding the stage altogether. In the middle of the park, a fountain could be found, while two entrances on the Arnold Avenue and Eldon Street located to the north and south of the fountain. In the eastern area, another rose garden stood next to the entrance on the Arnold Avenue, opposing to a Glasshouse in the south. There was a pond for water plants standing in the northeastern corner of the park, next to which another seats area was founded.

At present, several changes have taken place. The stage for musician is transformed into an amphitheater for concerts, while four seats areas and the rose garden in the south are all moved to the center of the park, with four seats areas surrounding the garden. Another rose garden at the east of the entrance is changed into a café, while the pond for water plants is transformed into a children’s play area. A water feature area replaces the glasshouse in the southern direction. What is more, an entrance to the underground car park is established on the original site of seats next to the pond.

剑桥雅思14test4写作task2范文解析：个体经营的优缺点

WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Nowadays many people choose to be self-employed, rather than to work for a company or organization.

Why might this be the case?

What could be the disadvantages of being self-employed?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Write at least 250 words.

【答案解析】

这是一道变体的问题解决类大作文。常规问题解决类大作文的出题形式为分析问题产生的原因以及提出相应的解决方案，而这道题的写作要去为分析现象出现的原因以及相应的弊端，与常规问题解决类答题要求略有出入。但从题目本身而言，和问题解决类大作文相类似的地方是同样不用给出具体个人对于现象本身的利弊判断，因为题干中已经替考生决定了论述的方向“自主经营的弊端”，主体段按照两段式划分，一段分析为什么会出现越来越多的个体经营，一段分析这个现象可能会产生的弊端即可。

主体段1：

1)对于个人自由和自主性的追求。

2)对于个人抱负的追求。

主体段2：

1)承受更大的压力。

2)缺乏稳定性。

【参考答案】

Contemporary working modes have been gigantically reshaped under reforms of traditional concepts as well as increased social demands. As can be prevalently witnessed in many cities, especially metropolises around the world, an increasing number of people are becoming self-employed. Both the causes and possible negative influences will be further discussed in following paragraphs.

Various reasons can contribute to the present situation. First and foremost, the pursuit of personal ambition and dream has motivated people to escape from the shackle of ordinary companies. In traditional working modes, employees have to strive really hard to climb the career hierarchy, while they may spend more than half of their life to improve their status. By being the employers of themselves, people can spare no efforts to realize their own dreams. What is more, with the awakening of democratic consciousness, people nowadays are more aware of the personal freedom. In such contexts, many of them would not like to be constrained by the routine commuting life, and would rather hold the decision-making power at hand. Hence being self-employed gradually becomes one of the most favorable choices for people who value personal freedom. Under the influences of aforementioned elements, the emergence of such a phenomenon is quite understandable.

In terms of the possible disadvantages, on the one hand, people who are self-employed may face certain periods of instability. Compared to regular companies and enterprises, the client resources of those individual employers are quite unsteady, since those individual employers should take more efforts to establish a convincing image and reputation. Once the shortage of incomes occurs, people who are self-employed will confront tougher times to survive. On the other hand, more pressure will be exerted on shoulders of those individual employers. In order to maintain the healthy operation of business, people who run their own companies should strive against all odds no matter in competing with rival companies or managing their own employees. As a result, they must undertake stresses they will never face when they are employed by large companies. Without proper mental and physical regulation, their health might be further hampered under such an intense state.

The causing effects of being self-employed are quite diverse and it is really significant for people who want to be self-employed to think twice before making this decision.

雅思词汇：表达心情的英文词有哪些

embarrassed尴尬

ashamed惭愧

flustered慌张

guilty内疚

agony苦恼

heartbroken伤心

miserable悲惨

depressed沮丧

discouraged气馁

melancholy忧郁

jealous嫉妒

insecure不安全

leery狡猾

reserved冷淡

sensitive敏感

anxious焦虑

cranky暴躁

distraught心烦意乱

stressed out紧张有压力

雅思变题期高频词汇：建筑

Buddhist temple 佛寺;

Taoist temple 道观 ;

Confucian temple 孔庙;

pavilion 亭，阁

beacon tower 烽火台;

memorial arch 牌坊 ;

ornamental column 华表;

篇4：剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

时间记录的历史

我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式

有考古证据表明，至少50前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。日历的编排基于三个自然周期：以由地球绕地轴自转形成的连续的光明与黑喑为标记的太阳日;以由月球环绕地球公转形成的月相来衡量的太阴月;以及根据地球绕太阳公转形成的四季来定义的回归年。

在人造光发明以前，月亮对社会产生的影响尤为显著。尤其对于赤道附近的居民而言，月圆月缺比季节更替更加明显。因此，低纬度地区日历的形成更多受到月运周期的影响，而不是回归年。然而，在践行季节性农业的更偏北的气候带，回归年则更为重要。随着罗马帝国向北扩张，它的活动图表通常都是根据回归年而编排的。

早在罗马帝国建立几个世纪以前，埃及人就已制定了市政日历，规定一年有12个月，每月有30天，此外还有5天用来补充一个近似回归年。每10天以特定星群的出现为标志，这些星群被称作“德坎”(黄道十度分度)。天狼星刚好在日出之前升起，此时可以看见12个德坎横跨天空，而这一现象会在每年极其重要的尼罗河泛洪前后出现。埃及人赋予12个德坎的宇宙意义使他们形成一种新的系统，他们将每一个黑夜区间(之后又将每一个白昼区间)分成12等份。这些时段被称为日光时，因为它的持续时间随着季节更替引起的昼夜长度的变化而变化。夏季日光时长，冬季日光时短;只有在春分和秋分时白昼与黑夜的时长才是一致的。日光时最早被希腊人采用，然后由罗马人采用并传到欧洲，一直使用了2500多年。

为了在白天记录日光时，发明家们创造了日晷，用太阳阴影的长度和方向来指示时间。水钟与日晷作用相当，用于在夜晚测量日光时。最早的水钟之一是一个水盆，盆底附近有一个小孔，水通过小孔滴出来。随着水降至盆子内表面刻着的小时刻度线以下，水位降低的刻度就表示流逝的时间长度。尽管这些装置在地中海地区十分好用，但在多云并常有严寒天气的欧洲北部却不能一直使用。

机械钟的出现意味着尽管人们可以调试它以记录日光时，但机械钟本身更适合于记录长度相同的时间段。由此引发了一个问题，即计时该从何时开始。于是14世纪初，许多新型计时系统逐渐形成。人们计划将一天分为24个等份，而这些计划因为计时起点的术同而不向：意大利时间从日落开始算起，巴比伦时间从日出开始，天文学时间从中午开始，而德国一些大型公共时钟使用的“大钟”时间从午夜开始算起。最终，这些计时方法被“小钟”时间，即法国时间所取代，它将一天分成两个12小时时段，从午夜开始算起。

最早有记载的以重量驱动的机械钟1283年建于英国贝德福德郡。这种新型计时器所具有的革命意义既不在于依靠向下的重力提供起动力，也不在于依靠齿轮(至少有1300年的使用历史)传递动力，而在于它使用了一个叫做擒纵机构棘轮装置的部件。15世纪初人们又创造出了螺旋弹簧，也被称为均力圆锥轮。尽管主发条承受着不断变化的张力，但该装置仍能为钟表齿轮提供恒力。到了16世纪，人们发明了摆钟。但由于钟摆摆动弧度很大，因此并不十分有效。

为了解决这个问题，原有擒纵机构棘轮装置的改进装置1670年在英格兰发明出来。该装置被称为锚型擒纵机构，以杠杆为基础，形状像一艘船的锚。钟摆的动作对该设备产生振动，以使它抓紧而后释放擒纵机构棘轮装置的每一个齿，从而使得齿轮精确地旋转。与早期摆钟中所使用的原始装置不同，锚型擒纵机构使钟摆的摆动弧度变得很小。此外，这一发明使得摆钟可以使用长摆，一秒钟摆动一下，从而引发了新型落地柜式造型的开发，也就是落地摆钟。

如今，高度精确的计时工具为大多数电子设备设置时间。几乎所有的计算机都带有石英钟以控制其运行。此外，从全球定位系统卫星发射的时间信号不仅校准精密导航设备的功能，还被用于移动电话、即时股票交易系统和全国电力分配网。这些以时间为基础的技术已完全成为日常生活的一部分，只有当它们无法正常工作时，我们才会意识到人类多么依赖这些技术。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

美国航空交通管制

A. 1956年美国大峡谷上空发生的一起事故促成了联邦航空局(FAA)的成立。该局负责管理和监督美国越来越拥挤的天空。由此形成的空中交通管制结构大大增加了飞机在美国的飞行安全，世界其他很多地方也采取了类似的空中交通管制程序。

B.早在大峡谷灾难发生之前就存在雏形的航空交通管制(ATC)。早在20世纪代初，最早的空中交通管制员在机场附近用灯和标志旗手动引导飞机。当时，灯标和闪光灯沿着越野路线放置以建立最早的航线。然而，这种纯粹的视觉系统在恶劣天气情况下是无用的。到20世纪30年代，航空交通管制开始使用无线电通讯。首个采用类似于今天的航空交通管制的地方是纽约市，其他主要的大都市紧随其后。

C.20世纪40年代，航空交通管制中心利用了第二次世界大战催生出的新研制的雷达和改进后的无线电通讯技术，但管制系统仍然很不成熟。直到联邦航空局分创建以后，美国才开始进行全面的领空管制。而这一事件却是偶然的，因为喷气式发动机的产生突然导致大批快速飞机的出现。这些飞机减少了飞行员的误差幅度，并且需要实际的整套规则以使飞机之间保持良好的分离状态，在空中安全行驶。

D.很多人认为，航空交通管制就是一排管理人员坐在国家机场的雷达屏幕前指挥着抵港及离港的交通。这只是整个场景中的一部分。美国联邦航空局认识到每时每刻都会有许多不同种类的飞机，为了这样那样的目的，在各种各样的天气情况下飞行在美国的空中。因此，急需一个能够容纳所有情况的同一体系。

E.为了迎接这一挑战，美国联邦航天局实施了以下重要措施。首先，让航空交通管制几乎遍及整个美国。一般来说，离地面365米以及更高的地方，整个国家都被管制空域覆盖。在某些地区，主要是靠近机场的地带，管制空域扩大到自地面215米以上的范围，而在紧邻机场的区域，管制空域包括地面以上所有区域。管制空域是美国联邦航空局规定适用的空域。在其他非受控空域，飞行员受到的限制较少。如此一来，那些出于娱乐目的只想短时间飞行而不受美国联邦航空局规定限制的飞行员就只能停留在365米以下的非受控领空，而希望得到航空局保护的飞行员可以很容易地进人管制空域。

F.然后，美国联邦航空局确认了两种类型的飞行环境。在气象条件良好的情况下，飞行员可按照目视飞行规则(VPR)飞行。该规则主要依靠视觉线索来维持可接受的安全水平。低能见度使建立一套仪表飞行规则(IFR)成为必需。根据该规则，飞行员依靠飞机仪表盘提供的飞行高度和导航信息确保飞行安全。天气晴朗时，管制空域内的飞行员可以选择在目视飞行规则或仪表飞行规则下飞行，而美国联邦航空局 的规定在同一空域同时适用于两套规则的实施。但如果飞行员的仪表等级超出或低于了其必须持有的基本飞行员执照规定的等级，飞行员只能选择遵循仪表飞行规则。

G.管制空域分为几个不同的类型，以英文字母命名。非受控空域被定为F级，而海拔5490米以下非紧邻机 场的受控空域被定为E级。5490米以上的所有空域被定为A级。E级和A级是根据其间飞行的不同飞机类型而划分的。一般来说，通用航空飞机(这类飞机的飞行高度大多不超过5490米)和商业涡轮螺旋桨飞机在E级空域飞行。5490米以上是大型喷气机的领空，因为喷气式发动机的效率随着高度的增加而增高。E级和A级之间的区别在于A级空域中所有的操作都遵循仪表飞行规则，飞行员必须具有仪表级别，换言之，必须熟练掌握飞机仪表的使用并获得许可。因为航空交通管制对整个空域的控制是至关重要的。其他三个等级：D级、C级和B级用于管理机场附近的区域。这三个级别大致分别适用于小型城市、中等城市和大型城市的机场，包含了一套越来越严格的规章制度。例如，目视飞行规则飞行员如要进入C级空域，必须与航空交通管制建立双向无线电联系。航空交通管制无需提供明确的进人许可，但飞行员必须始终遵守在目视飞行规则下飞行的所有规定。如要进人B级空域，比如飞临主要城市机场，则必须有明确的航空交通管制许可。未经许可进入领空的私人飞行员可能会被吊销飞行执照。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

心灵感应

人类可以仅凭思想沟通吗?一个多世纪以来，心灵感应问题一直使科学界意见不一，直至今天依然在学界精英中引发着激烈的争论。

上世纪70年代以来，世界各地顶尖高校和科研院所的超心理学家冒着遭受那些持怀疑态度的同事们嘲笑的危险，将关于心灵感应的各种断言假说放人几十个严谨的科学研究中进行试验。试验的结果及其启 示甚至将发现该结果的研究者们也分成了几派。

一些研究者认为试验结果构成令人信服的证据，表明心灵感应是真实存在的。其他超心理学家则认为该学科曾试图提出明确的科学论证，但却失败了，因此正处于瓦解的边缘。不过，怀疑者和倡导者却在一 个问题上达成共识：即迄今为止令人印象最为深刻的证据出自所谓的“ganzfeld”(超感官知觉全域测试)实验中，这一德文术语的意思是“整个领域”。人类在冥想状态下的心灵感应体验报告使超心理学家怀疑心灵感应可能包含人与人之间传递的“信号”。这种信号十分微弱，以至于往往被正常的大脑活动所淹没。如此说来，这种信号可能更容易被那些沉浸于冥想般宁静中的人检测到。他们所处的“整个领域”有着令人放松的灯光，怡人的声音和温暖的环境。

超感官知觉全域测试试图重新营造这些条件，让参与者坐在一个封闭房间里的柔软躺椅上，听着令人放松的声音，用特殊滤光器将参与者的眼睛蒙住，使他们只能看见柔和的粉红色光线。在早期的超感官知觉全域测试实验中，心灵感应测试包括识别从大型图片库中随机选择的四张图片中的其中一张。试验的想 法是有一个人作为“发送者”，尝试把图像发送给在封闭房间中休息的“接收者”。传递过程结束时，接收者 需要回答四张图片中的哪一张是刚刚使用过的。随机猜测的命中率是25%,但如果心灵感应是真实存在的，命中率应该更高。1982年，此项研究的先驱者之一，美国超心理学家Charles Honorton对第一批超感官知觉全域测试研究结果进行了分析。研究结果显示了高于30%的典型命中率。虽然效果不甚明显，但统计测试显示不能将它归因于偶然。

其言下之意是超感官知觉全域测试方法揭示了心灵感应的真实证据。但这种说法有一个关键的漏洞—— 一个在较传统的科学领域经常被忽视的问题。仅仅由于这种解释排除了偶然因素并不能证明心灵感应一定存在;通过很多其他的方法也能获得积极结果。这些可能性既包括“感官泄漏”，即与图片有关的线索意外地传给了接收者，也包括彻底的欺诈。作为回应，研究者们发表了一份综述，总结了 1985年以前进行的所有超感官知觉全域测试研究，以表明80%的研究都发现了有统计意义的证据。但他们也同意目前实验中尚有太多的问题可能导致积极的结果，他们还草拟了一份清单，要求为今后的研究设立新的标准。

此后，许多研咳嗽弊蛄俗远泄僦跞虿馐裕馐且恢旨际醯淖远涮澹簿褪鞘褂电脑完成许多关键任务，如随机选择图像。通过最大限度地减少人为参与，这一想法是要将有缺陷的结果最小化。1987年，Honorton使用“荟萃分析”，即从一系列研究中寻找整体结果的统计技术，对上百次的自动超感官知觉全域测试结果进行了研究。结果虽然没有以往引人注目，却仍然令人印象深刻。

然而，一些超心理学家仍然为单个超感官知觉全域测试研究之间缺乏一致性感到烦恼。心灵感应捍卫者指出，要求每一项研究都提供令人印象深刻的证据忽略了一个基本的统计事实：检测这些微小影响需要大量的样本支持。如果像目前研究结果表明的那样，心灵感应的命中率仅仅略高于概率预测的25%，涉及40人左右的典型超感官知觉全域测试也不太可能检测得到：试验群体根本不够大。只有当大量研究结合在一个荟萃分析之中，心灵感应的微弱信号才会真正明显起来。而这似乎正是研究者们所发现的。

然而，他们肯定当然不会发现主流科学家们的态度有任何变化：大部分人仍然完全排斥心灵感应的观点。至少一部分问题在于心灵感应缺乏合理的机制。

篇5：剑桥雅思14Test1雅思写作真题及解析

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

William Henry Perkin

The man who invented synthetic dyes

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.

As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.

At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.

During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made.

Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.

Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.

With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.

Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’s ability as a student of chemistry.

2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.

3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.

4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.

5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.

6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.

7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.

Questions 8-13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?

9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?

10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?

11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?

12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first become fashionable?

13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Seeking the transmission of radio signals from planets

ii Appropriate responses to signals from other civilisations

iii Vast distances to Earth’s closest neighbours

iv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence

v Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence

vi Knowledge of extra-terrestrial life forms

vii Likelihood of life on other planets

Example Answer

Paragraph A v

14 Paragraph B

15 Paragraph C

16 Paragraph D

17 Paragraph E

IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?

The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence

The question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.

A

The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity hethe same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that, we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven’t yet discovered.

B

In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.

C

Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.

D

An alien civilistation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct, a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency rang 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.

E

There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.

Questions 18-20

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.

18 What is the life expectancy of Earth?

19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?

20 How many stars are the world’s most powerful radio telescopes searching?

Questions 21-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

21 Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.

22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.

23 The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.

24 So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.

25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.

26 If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The history of the tortoise

If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.

Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.

There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.

Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.

You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.

Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.

Questions 27-30

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27 What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?

28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto lands?

29 Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?

30 which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?

Questions 31-33

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

31 Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.

32 It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.

33 The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.

Questions 34-39

Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.

Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come from

Step 1

71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of 34 ……………………. were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.

Step 2

The data was recorded on a 35 ……………….. (necessary for comparing the information).

Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36 …………………………… of points towards the top.

Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.

Step 3

The same data was collected from some living 37 ………………. species and added to the other results.

Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about 38 ……………… up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.

Step 4

Bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.

Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39…………..

Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is that

A they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.

B their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.

C they have so much in common with sea turtles.

D they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.

剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test1)

PASSAGE 1参考译文：

William Henry Perkin 合成染料的发明者

Wiliam Henry Perkin于1838年3月12日出生于英国伦敦。还是个小男孩儿的时候，Perkin的好奇心就早早激发了他对艺术、科学、摄影与工程的兴趣。但是一次偶然的机会，他发现已故祖父家有一个破旧但功能齐全的实验室，正是这个发现使得这位年轻人确定了他对化学的热情。

当Perkin就读于伦敦城市学院时，他开始沉浸于对化学的研究。他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，于是后来，在1853年，15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

在Perkin入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。不久之后，Perkin就取得了一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

当时，奎宁是唯一可以治疗疟疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的，而在1856年奎宁经常供不应求。因此，当Hofmann随口提到想用合成药物来替代奎宁时，自然而然，他的得意门生Perkin马上承担起了这项重任。

1856年，Perkin整个假期都待在他家顶楼的实验室里。他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。虽然他尽了最大努力，他最终并没有制造出奎宁;但却制造出了一种神秘的黑色沉淀物。幸运的是，长期的科学训练与自身的天性使他对该沉淀物进行了深入的研究。在实验过程中的不同阶段，他把重铬酸钾和酒精加入苯胺中，最终他得到了一种深紫色的溶液。正如著名科学家Louis Pasteur所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

历来，纺织染料都是由诸如植物与动物排泄物等的天然原料制成的，其中一些原料，比如蜗牛黏液， 很难获得，而且价格极其昂贵。事实上，从蜗牛身上提取出来的紫色染料曾经一度非常贵，在当时的社会条件下，只有富人才能买得起。此外，天然染料的颜色偏浑浊而且很快就会褪色。Perkin的发明正是在这种大背景下诞生的。

Perkin很快想到这种紫色溶液可以用到织物的染色中，由此使其成为世界上第一种合成染料。意识到这项突破的重要性后，Perkin立即为其申请专利。但是在Perkin对自己发明的各种反应中，最有趣的也许是他几乎本能地想到这种新染料具有商业潜力。

起初Perkin把他发明的染料命名为泰尔紫(Tyrian Purple)，但是后来人们通常称其为木槿紫(mauve，法语中制造蓝紫色染料的植物的名字)。Perkin向苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar寻求建议，Pullar向他保证，如果这种颜色不会褪色，那么加工这种染料将大有“钱途”，而且成本相对低廉。因此，尽管他的导师Hofmann极力反对，Perkin还是离开了皇家学院，去为现代化学工业的诞生而奋斗了。

在父亲与兄弟的帮助下，Perkin在离伦敦不远的地方建立了一家工厂。1857年，他的染料坊开始生产世界上第一种合成染料，所用原料是廉价而充足的煤焦油，这种煤焦油是伦敦煤气路灯所产生的几乎无穷无尽的副产品。当法国皇后Eugenie看好这种新颜色后，Perkin的染料坊迎来了它的商业繁荣期。不久，木槿紫 就成了法国所有时尚女郎的必备品。英国女王Victoria也不甘示弱，身着木槿紫礼服出现在公共场合，这使得木槿紫在英国也风靡一时。这种染料颜色醒目、不易褪色，人们的需求越来越多，因此Perkin开始绘制新的蓝图。

虽然第一项发现使Perkin收获了名誉和财富，但是这位化学家仍然继续他的研究工作。他合成并给人们带来了众多其他颜色的染料，包括1859年合成的苯胺红、1863年合成的苯胺黑，以及19世纪60年代末期的帕金绿。值得注意的是，Perkin的合成染料的发明不仅为装饰领域作出了贡献，而且在医学研究的诸多方面也起到了至关重要的作用。比如合成染料预先被用于给肉眼看不见的微生物与细菌上色，这就使研究者能够辨别诸如肺结核、霍乱和炭疽之类的病菌。如今，人工合成染料还在继续发挥着至关重要的作用。而且，最应该让Perkin感到欣慰的是，合成染料目前正在被用于研究治疗疟疾的疫苗。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文：

外星有生命存在吗?

——搜寻外星文明计划

人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命这个问题已经困扰我们几百年了，然而随着搜索来自其他智慧文明的无线电信号，现在我们或许离这个问题的答案已经不远了。这项也被称为SETI (search for extra?terrestrial intelligence, 搜寻外星文明)的计划进行起来非常困难。虽然世界各地的团体已经断断续续地搜寻了三十多年，然而直到现在，我们所达到的技术水平才允许我们下定决心去尝试搜寻附近所有附近星球上的任何生命迹象。

A 人类之所以搜索无线电信号，主要是出于一种基本的好奇心，正是这种对大自然的好奇心推动了所有纯科学的发展。我们想知道人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。我们想知道在适宜的条件下，生命是否会自然形成。我们还想知道地球上是否存在某种特殊的物质，孕育了那些我们司空见惯的各种形式的生命体。只需监测一下无线电信号，这些最根本的问题就能够得到充分解答。从这种意义上来说，SETI 是纯科学系统发展的又一个重要推动力，而纯科学正不断拓宽着人类的知识范围。然而，人类之所以对其他地方是否存在生命这件事感兴趣，还有其他原因。比如，我们地球上的文明历史只有寥寥数千年，而过去几十年的核战争与污染的威胁告诉人类，我们的生命也许很脆弱。我们还能再延续两千年吗?还是将自我灭绝呢?既然像地球这样的星球拥有数十亿年的寿命，我们可以猜想，如果银河系中确实还有其他文明存在，那么它们的历史可能从零到数十亿年不等。因此，如果我们收到其他文明的信号，那它们的平均历史很有可能比人类历史长得多。只要这种文明存在，就说明生命是有可能长期存活的，同时也会带给我们一个保持乐观的理由。这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们，例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁，以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。

B 在探讨我们是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命时，大多数SETI的科学家遵循两个基本原则。第一，UFOs (不明飞行物) 通常不在考虑范围内，因为大多数科学家认为UFO的存在缺乏确凿的证据，不做慎重考虑(尽管保持开放的思想也很重要，同时以防将来会出现令人信服的(关于UFO的)证据)。第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似，如果完全不同，那么我们可能不会把它看作是一种生命形式，更不用说能否与它进行交流了。换句话说，我们正在搜寻的生命形式也许会有两个绿色的脑袋和七根手指，但是它们和人类一样，能与同伴进行交流、对宇宙充满兴趣、生活在一个围绕恒星公转的星球上，就像地球绕着太阳转一样。也许更严格地说，它们和我们一样，由基本的化学物质碳和水构成。

C 即使做出了这些假设，我们对其他生命形式的了解还是非常有限。比如，我们甚至不知道多少颗恒星有行星围绕，当然，我们也不知道在适宜的条件下，生命自然形成的可能性有多大。然而，当我们观测银河系中的1000亿颗恒星和可见宇宙中的1000亿个星系的时候，很难相信这些恒星中没有一个有生命存在。事实上，凭借我们仅有的一点对碳基生命的了解，我们所能做出的最有根据的推测是，或许每十万个恒星中的一个会有孕育着生命的行星围绕着它运转。这意味着我们最近的邻居离我们也许只有100 光年，从天文学角度来讲，这几乎就相当于和隔壁邻居的距离了。

D 外星文明可以选择多种不同的方式在银河系中发送信息，但是许多方式要么需要消耗过多的能量，要么在银河系中长距离传播时严重衰减。事实证明，在发射功率一定的情况下，频率在1000到3000兆赫 之间的无线电波传播的距离最远，所以到目前为止，我们主要在搜寻这个频率范围的无线电波。迄今为止，世界各地已经有许多不同的团体进行了多次搜寻，包括澳大利亚在新南威尔士的帕克斯用无线电天文望远镜进行的搜寻。直到现在，在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。1992年，美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1000万美元，用于对外星生命进行彻底搜寻。从那时起，搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。项目中的很多资金用于开发可以同时搜索多个频率的特殊硬件 上。该项目分为两个部分，一部分是利用世界上最大的无线电天文望远镜进行有针对性的搜寻，分别通过位于波多黎各阿雷西沃港的、由美国操作的望远镜和位于法国南锡的、由法国操作的望远镜来完成。 这部分项目在距离最近的有可能接收到信号的1000颗活跃恒星中，对1000到3000兆赫的频率进行搜索。该项目的另一部分是利用美国国家航空航天局深空网的小天线进行不定向搜寻，监控所有不太活跃的宇宙空间。

E 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。且不说要马上向如此遥远的地方发出回应是多么不切实际，这还会引发一系列的民族问题，这些问题在回应被发出去之前必须由国际社会联合解决。如果面对一种更优越、更古老的文明，人类会不会面临着文化冲击呢?幸运的是，我们不需要立即作出回应，因为被搜寻的恒星离我们有数百光年之远，它们的信号到达我们这里需要数百年的时间，而我们作出的回应到达这些恒星又需要花上数百年。就这一点而言，当人类在争论是否要作出回应时，或者在精心起草回应内容的时候，再耽误个几年甚至几十年也没关系。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：

乌龟的进化史

如果追溯到远古时代，那时一切生物都生活在水里。在进化史的不同时期，各个动物种群中都有一些胆大的开始向陆地迁徙，有的甚至跑到了非常干旱的沙漠里，这些生物的血液与细胞液里还储存着曾经所生活海域里的海水。除了我们周围随处可见的爬行动物、鸟类、哺乳动物和昆虫以外，其他成功登陆的生物还包括蝎子、蜗牛和潮虫、陆蟹、千足虫、蜈蚣等甲壳类动物，还有蜘蛛及各种虫子。当然还有植物，如杲没有它们率先登陆，其他任何生物都不可能在陆地上生存。

从水里转移到陆地上使这些生物在方方面面都发生了巨大变化，包括呼吸和繁殖方式。然而，一大批动物彻底在陆地上安家后，却忽然回心转意，放弃了来之不易的陆上新生活，又重新回到了水中。海豹只恢复了部分水中生活的特征，向我们展示了演变过程中半成品的模样，而成品则是如鲸鱼和儒艮这样纯粹的海洋生物。鲸鱼(包括我们称作海豚的小鲸鱼)和儒艮，与它们的同类动物海牛一样不再是陆地动物，而是完全恢复了与老祖先一样的海洋生活习惯，它们甚至都不上岸繁殖。它们虽然仍呼吸空气，却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。海龟在很早以前就回到了水中，和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一 样，它们也需要呼吸空气，但是却没有像鲸鱼和儒艮那样完全返回水中，这体现在一个方面——海龟仍然在海滩上产卵。

有证据表明，所有现代海龟的祖先都曾经生活在陆地上，比大多数恐龙在陆地上出现的时间还要早。 有两种可以追溯到恐龙时代早期的重要化石，分别是Proganochelys quenstedti (原颚龟化石)和 Potoeocfeersis tatompayewsis(古老的陆地龟化石)，它们与所有现代海龟和乌龟的祖先最为接近。你可能会问，我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的，尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。有时候这个问题的答案很明显。鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物，它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚，它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。海龟在这一点上则没有这么明显。判断动物水生还是陆生的方法之一就是对它们前肢的骨骼进行检测。

耶鲁大学的Watter Joyce和Jacques Gauthier从三个方面对71种活的海龟和乌龟的特有骨骼进行了检测。他们用一种三角坐标纸分别标记了这三个方面的检测结果。所有陆栖乌龟的数据在三角坐标的上半部分形成了一簇密集的点，而所有水栖海龟的数据集中于下半部分。两部分数据没有重叠，除非在其中增加一些水陆两栖乌龟的检测结果。当然，这些数据出现在接近三角坐标中间的位置，位于水栖海龟与陆栖乌龟的坐标点之间。下一步就是确定具体的位置。毫无疑问，P. quenstedti与P. totompayewsis的坐标点正好位于陆栖乌龟的坐标点最密集的地方。这两种化石都是陆栖乌龟化石，而且都生存在海龟返回水里之前的时代。

也许你会认为，现代的陆栖乌龟可能自从早期有陆地生物以来就一直生活在陆地上，就像除了少数哺乳动物返回水中以外，大多数哺乳动物还在陆地上生活一样。但事实显然不是这样的。如果你画出所有现代海龟与乌龟的家谱图，会发现几乎所有的龟类分支都属于水栖动物。而现代的陆栖乌龟单独形成一个分支，穿插在水栖海龟的分支中。这说明自P. quenstedti与P. talampayensis的时代以来，现代的陆栖乌龟并没有一直在陆地上生活。更确切地说，它们的祖先曾经返回水中，只是在(相对)较近的年代又回到了陆地上。

因此很明显，乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。与所有的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类一样，乌龟的老祖先是海洋中的鱼类。再向前追溯，它们也是海洋中类似蠕虫生物的原始细菌。后来，乌龟的祖先来到陆地 上并持续生活了相当长的年代，但后来又回到了水中，成为了水栖海龟。直到最后，它们再一次回到陆地上，成为陆龟，其中有一些甚至生活在干旱的沙漠中。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文解析(test1)

Passage1

Question 1

答案： FALSE

关键词： Michael Faraday the first person

定位原文: 第2段第2句“His talent and devotion…” 他的老师Thomas Hall发现了他在化学方面的天赋与热忱，鼓励其参加皇家学院著名科学家Michael Faraday的一系列讲座。

解题思路: 从这句话很容易看出，Thomas Hall是文中提到的第一个发现Perkin化学天赋的人，尽管文中没有用到the first person这样的确切说法，但是看完第二段就不难发现，这点的确是对的。因此，题中的说法与文中的事实相反。

Question 2

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： Michael Faraday, Royal College of Chemistry，suggested

定位原文： 第2段第3句“Those speeches fired…” Faraday的讲座进一步激发了这位年轻化学家的热情，在1853年，15岁的Perkin成功进入皇家化学学院学习。

解题思路： 这句话仅仅告诉我们，Perkin是在听了Faraday的讲座后，对化学的激情更加澎湃，进而考上了皇家化学学院，而并没有提到Faraday与Perkin进行直接接触或沟通，所以题目是对文章中出现的人和事的过分解读。

Question 3

答案： FALSE

关键词： employed, assistant，August Wilhelm Hofmann

定位原文： 第3段第1、2句“At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the…” 在Perkin入学时，皇家化学学院的院长正是著名的德国化学家August Wilhelm Hofmann。Perkin的科学天赋很快引起了Hofmann的注意，不到两年他就成了Hofmann最年轻的助理。

解题思路：从这两句话中可以清晰地看出Perkin和Hofmann之间的关系，前者是后者最年轻的助理， 题目的说法和文中的陈述是直接抵触的。

Question 4

答案： TRUE

关键词： rich and famous，still young

对应原文： 第3段最后一句“Not long after that, Perkin made…” 在这之后不久，Perkin就取得一项能为他带来名誉和财富的科学突破。

解题思路： 这里的“不久之后”，指的是Perkin成为Hofmann最年轻的助手之后，而成为助手是Perkin入学两年后的事情，第二段最后专门提到Perkin入学时只有15岁，所以可以推测出Perkin作出这项发现时也就十八九岁。经过这样的推断可知，题目的说法完全可以成立。

Question 5

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： only，quinine, South America

定位原文： 第4段第1句“At the time，quinine…” 当时，奎宁是唯一可以治疗症疾的药物。这种药物是从原产自南美洲的金鸡纳树的树皮中提炼出来的……

解题思路： 如果误把第一句中的only和第二句话结合，就很容易得出和题目一样的错误结论。 其实出题人的意图是说，当时只有奎宁可以治疗疟疾;而奎宁是从金鸡纳树的树皮里提炼出来的，金鸡纳树原产自南美洲。注意，这里出题人并没有说金鸡纳树只有南美洲才有。文中的说法不足以让考生得出如题目“出产奎宁的树木只能生长在南美洲”那样的结论。

Question 6

答案: TRUE

关键词: a coal tar waste product，hoped to manufacture

定位原文: 第5段第2句 “He was attempting to … ”他试图利用苯胺这种廉价又易得的煤焦油废料来制造奎宁。

解题思路：这句话很清晰地表明，Perkin的确希望用煤焦油废料产品苯胺来制造一种药物——奎宁。 此题难度很低，连动词manufacture都没有进行任何替换。

Question 7

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： Louis Pasteur，was inspired by

定位原文： 第5段最后一句“And, proving the truth of…” 正如著名科学家 Louis Pasteur所说，“机会总是垂青有准备的人”，Perkin意识到了他的意外发明拥有巨大的潜力。

解题思路： 出题人在这里引用Louis Pasteur的名言来证明Perkin的成功绝非偶然，是他不断发现、不断试验的结果，但并没有提到Perkin是受Louis Pasteur的发明激发才有了自己的发明。本题和第2题在出题方式上有异曲同工之妙，都是让Perkin和名人扯上了关系，而实际上这种关系文中并没有提到。

Question 8

答案: the rich

关键词: the colour purple

定位原文: 第6段第3句“Indeed, the purple colour…”

解题思路: The rich正好可以对应题目中what group in society,并且没有超过只能填两个字的字数限制，故答案应为the rich。

Question 9

答案: commercial possibilities

关键词: new dye

定位原文: 第7段最后一句 “But perhaps the most fascinating…”

解题思路： 寻找题干中的关键字new dye, 绕过沿途synthetic dye的陷阱，很快就能找到定位句，锁定答案是new dye 的宾语commercial possibilities。

Question 10

答案: mauve

关键词： name, finally, first colour

定位原文： 第8段第1句“Perkin originally named his dye…”

解题思路: 在此题中，考生需要注意题干中的关键副词finally, 此题指的是 Perkin的颜色最终被叫做什么，而不是起初被叫做什么。题干中的be referred to as是雅思阅读中经常出现的用法，等同于be known as / be named as / be defined as, 意为 “被称为…”答案是mauve。

Question 11

答案: Robert Pullar

关键词: the name of the person, consulted, before setting up

定位原文: 第8段的第2句“He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar,...”

解题思路: 本段提到Perkin在建立工厂之前，曾经征询苏格兰染料坊的老板Robert Pullar的意见，在得到Robert Pullar的建议之后，才开始建立自己的工厂。这里不要将Robert Pullar和Hofmann混淆，因为本段后半部分也提到了Perkin的恩师Hofmann。Hofmann是强烈反对Perkin这么做的。故本题答案是Robert Pullar。

Question 12

答案： France

关键词： what country, first

定位原文： 第9段第2、3句“Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal…”

解题思路： 此句话明确指出在Perkin的工厂首度造出了第一支人工合成材料后， 法国皇后Eugenie十分喜爱这种新颜色，于是Perkin的染料坊进入了它的商业繁荣期。故答案是France。

Question 13

答案： malaria

关键词： disease, now, synthetic dyes

定位原文： 第10段最后一句“And, in what would have been…”

解题思路： 寻找关键词 synthetic dye时，可能会被microbes, bacteria, tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax所迷惑。但是要注意的是都没有出现时间状语now。再继续向下寻找，就会发现 today, current等字眼，这说明这里才是真正的考点所在。仔细读这个句子不难发现，malaria(疟疾)才是正确答案。

Test 1 Passage 2

Question 14

答案: iv

关键词: assumptions, underlying

定位原文: B段第1句“In discussing whether we are alone, most…”

解题思路: 这句明确表明SETI科学家在搜寻外星人时遵循两个基本原则。Ground相当于题目中的 underlying, rules相当于题目中的 assumptions，接下来的文字叙述两个原则分别是什么。考生从首句可以很明确地判断出正确答案是iv。个别考生可能会看到second后面句子中的assumption— 词，进而看到a life form，就认为答案是vi，这种选择显然是以偏概全的，是不正确的。段意必须能够涵盖一整段内容，而不是某个部分或者某句话的内容。

因此本题答案是iv。

Question 15

答案: vii

关键词: likelihood of, lives, other planets

定位原文: C段第3句的后半句“… ; in fact, the best educated guess…”

解题思路: 这一段是无法仅仅从首句就判断答案的，需要读举例的内容，甚至读完整段，出题人不断用guess, estimate, perhaps, might这样的词来印证题干中的 likelihood一词。

Question 16

答案： i

关键词： radio signals, from

定位原文： D段第1、2句“An alien… It turns out…”

解题思路: 本段是文中首次正式提出搜寻外星生命的方法，radio waves一词不断被重复。Looking for相当于题目中的 seeking，radio waves 相当于 radio signals，所有剩余headings中只有i和ii谈到了 radio signals，从逻辑上推测不可能是ii，因为只有先搜寻外星信号，才可能谈到作回应的事情。故此题答案是i。

Question 17

答案： ii

关键词： appropriate responses

定位原文： E段第1句“There is considerate debate over…”

解题思路： 本段首句明确提出如果收到了外星文明信号， 人类应该如何回应的问题。React相当于题目中的responses。而how暗指appropriate。故答案是ii。

Question 18

答案: several billion years

关键词： life expectancy, Earth

定位原文： A段第9句“Since the lifetime of…”

解题思路: Earth这个词出现在A段的第九行。顺着这个词再向下找到lifetime, 显然这个词对应题目中的life expectancy(寿命)一词，读完本句发现答案应该是several billion years 。

Question 19

答案: radio waves

关键词： What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations

定位原文： D段第1句“An alien civilisation could choose…”

解题思路： 本题定位与上一题相隔较远。但是如果已经先完成了 List of Headings题目，就不难发现只有D段是在具体讲外星文明会选择哪种输送信息的方式。题目中问的是SETI科学家在搜寻从外星文明发来的哪一种信号，也就表明答案是个具体的信号形式，考生也就不难猜测答案是radio waves。注意，此处问的是信号的形式，而不是电波频率，因此填1000或者3000 MHz是不正确的。

Question 20

答案： 1000

关键词： How many, most powerful radio telescopes

定位原文：D段倒数第4句“The project has two parts. One part is…”

解题思路：通过阅读题目，发现要寻找的是恒星的数量。只要定位数字 就能迅速找到本题的位置。于是，考生找到1000这个数字，并且能迅速排除下方的1000到3000MHz。从1000这个数字向上看，考生可以看到 world’s largest radio telescopes与题目中的 most powerful radio telescopes 是同义表达。

Question 21

答案： YES

关键词： Alien civilisations / the human race

定位原文： A段最后一句“It is even possible that…” 这些更古老的文明甚至有可能将其在应对生存威胁过程中积累下来的有益经验传授给我们，例如如何应对核战争与全球污染带来的威胁，以及如何应对其他我们尚未发现的潜在威胁。

解题思路： 根据题干关键字alien civilisation以及List of Headings题目留下的线索，最终会发现A段的最后一句话能够对应本题。 be able to help能够对应文中的it is even possible, serious problems对应文中的threats。本题基本上属于同义词替换型的YES题目。

Question 22

答案： YES

关键词： SETI，resembles

定位原文： B段第3句“Second, we make a very conservative assumption…” 第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似。

解题思路: 本句的定位可以根据顺序原则推测，We在这里指的就是SETI的科学家们，resemble humans指的是is pretty well like us。只要能顺利定位，就能够通过同义词转换解答。

Question 23

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： The Americans and Australians，Co-operated

定位原文： D段第3句“...，including Australian searches using…”

解题思路： 文章的D段虽然先提到了澳大利亚的搜寻工作，接着又提到了美国航空航天局负责的美国太空望远镜的搜索工作，但是并没有明确指出在这方面澳大利亚人和美国人有没有cooperate，合作这个概念完全是出题人的杜撰，遇到这种情况，应该选择NOT GIVEN。

Question 24

答案: NO

关键词: SETI scientists，have picked up

定位原文: D段第4句“Until now there have …” 直到现在，在已经搜寻过的几百个恒星中还没有任何发现。

解题思路：此题定位处位于上一题定位词Australian的后方，比较好找。文中明确指出迄今为止，科学家们还一无所获，而不是题目中所说的已经发现了信号。文中的have not been和题目中的have picked up相矛盾, 连时态都没有改变，是一道简单的同义词冲突型的NO。

Question 25

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： NASA, Congress, criticism

定位原文：D段第5句“The scale of the search…” 1992年，美国国会计划在以后的十年里每年为美国国家航空航天局投资1,000万美元，用于对外星生命进行彻底的搜寻。从那时起，搜寻的规模便开始大幅增加。

解题思路：文中仅仅说国会通过议案给NASA拨款来对外星人进行彻底的搜寻，并未涉及这个项目有没有遭到某些议员批评一说。因此本题属于完全未提及型NOT GIVEN。

Question 26

答案： NO

关键词： respond promptly

定位原文：E段第1、2句“There is considerable debate over…” 如果我们真的发现了来自外星文明的信号，我们应该如何回应呢?这是一个备受争议的问题。所有人都认为我们不应该立即作出回应。

解题思路：文中这句话明确指出了对待外星人信号的态度，那就是不能立即回应，这与题目中提出的马上作出回应完全相反。Immediately相当于promptly。

Test 1 Passage 3

Question 27

答案： plants

关键词： before any animals could migrate

定位原文：第1段最后一句话“And we musn’t…”

解题思路： 这句话指出，如果没有植物率先登陆，其他任何生物向陆地的迁徙都不可能完成。这吻合题目中的before any animals could migrate。故答案应该是plants。

Question 28：

答案： breathing and reproduction (in either order)

关键词： TWO processes, make big changes, moved onto land

定位原文：第2段第1句话“Moving from…”

解题思路： 题目问的是：动物要想迁徙到陆地上，必须在哪两个方面作出巨大的改变?此题定位可以根据顺序原则锁定在第二段，而第二段第一句话就提到Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction.这句话中的redesign对应题目中的changes。 故答案应该是breathing和reproduction。(并列答案，顺序无关紧要)

Question 29：

答案： gills

关键词： physical feature, whales, lack

定位原文：第2段第5句“Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and…”

解题思路：先根据题目关键字定位到whale, 然后通读whale所在的句子，在这段叙述中，作者最后指出虽然鲸鱼仍呼吸空气，却没有进化出类似于鳃这样的早期海洋生物的器官。所以考生可以得出结论，鲸鱼缺乏的其实就是gills。故答案应该是gills。

Question 30：

答案： dolphins

关键词： ichthyosaurs, Resemble

定位原文：第3段倒数第4、3句“Ichthyosaurs were reptilian…”

解题思路： 定位句中的contemporaries是理解重点，指的是“同时代的人，同时代的事物”，这里说明鱼龙年代久远，和恐龙是同时代的动物，但是并不说明鱼龙和恐龙相像(其实也不大可能嘛)。而后半句的look like，就完全呼应题目中 的resemble, 这才是真正答案所在。

故答案应该是dolphins。

Question 31：

答案： NOT GIVEN

关键词： Turtles，the first group

定位原文：第2段倒数第2句“Turtles went back to the sea…” 海龟在很早以前就回到了水中，和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一样，它们也需要呼吸空气。

解题思路：文中在第二段的后半部分第一次提到了乌龟，这就是本题的定位点。寻找turtle一词后，文中这句话说很久以前，乌龟就重新返回海洋，但是并没有说明是不是第一批回海洋这个概念。实际上，整篇文章中都没有讨论到关于the first的问题，所以此题属于完全未提及型NOT GIVEN题。

Question 32：

答案： FALSE

关键词： fossilised remains, incomplete, always difficult

定位原文： 第3段第3句“You might…” 你可能会问，我们是如何通过动物化石来判断它们是生活在水中还是陆地上的，尤其当我们只找到一些化石碎片的时候。

解题思路： 在第三段中寻找fossilised一词，很快找到对应词fossil。接着读到fragments，可以对应题目中的incomplete, on land or in water对应题目中的where an animal lived。但题目中的叙述过于绝对，It is always difficult与文中Sometimes it’s obvious明显相抵触。

Question 33：

答案： TRUE

关键词： ichthyosaurs, can be determined by, appearance

定位原文：第3段倒数第4、3句“Ichthyosaurs were reptilian…” 鱼龙是与恐龙同时代的爬行动物，它有鱼鳍和流线型的身体。鱼龙化石看起来像海豚，它们确实和海豚一样曾经在水中生活。

解题思路：通过ichthyosaurs一词很好确定。文中提到鱼龙的化石看上去像海豚，因此鱼龙肯定生活在海里。这等于举个例子向我们说明只要从鱼龙化石的外表就能够判定它的栖息地，与题目的意思完全吻合。

Question 34：

答案： three measurements

关键词： 71, a total of

定位原文：第4段第1句“...obtained three measurements in these particular…”

解题思路：利用数字71，很快就可以将此题定位。但是要注意在该句中并没有提到题目中的forelimbs。该词出现于上一段的最后一句，在此句中则以these particular bones来指代，要多加注意。如果能够顺利突破这个小障碍，很快就能发现正确答案。正确答案为three measurements。

Question 35：

答案： (triangular) graph

关键词： data, a

定位原文：第4段第2句“They used a kind of triangular graph…”

解题思路：顺着上一题的对应点找下来，可以顺利找到a kind of,这个词组可以等同于题目中的不定冠词a。因此可以初步判定a kind of后面的triangular graph paper可能就是要填写的答案。题目要求NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS，而triangular graph paper有三个词， 只好牺牲最无关紧要的paper。

Question 36：

答案： cluster

关键词： Land tortoises, a dense, points

定位原文：第4段第3句“All the land tortoise species…”

解题思路：题目中需要填的词位于短语a dense of points 中，只要定位到陆龟这个词，再顺着向下读到a tight cluster of points即可。这个词组的结构和题目中的词组一模一样，只是将dense和tight做了替换。正确答案为cluster。

Question 37：

答案： amphibious

关键词： Sea turtles, living, added to

定位原文：第4段第4句“There was no overlap, except when they…”

解题思路： 此题的定位可以根据上一题最后一句话中的sea turtles定位到第四段water turtle后面这句话。从题目可以得知从某种物种搜集的数据被添加到了结果中去。Add一词是解题的关键。读完这句话，很容易发现被添加的物种是既可以在陆上生活，也可以在水中生存的两栖物种。

Question 38：

答案： half way

关键词： up the triangle between

定位原文： 第4段第5句“Sure enough, these amphibious…”

解题思路： 此题十分简单，找到两栖物种之后寻找between，between前面的half way, 就是本题所要的答案。

Question 39：

答案： dry-land tortoises

关键词： P. quenstedti, P. talampayensis, The position of the points, both

定位原文： 第4段倒数第2句“Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises.”

解题思路： 用两个专有名词可以顺利找到第四段结尾处。然后利用题目中的The position of the points锁定在Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster.答案就是之后的那句。正确答案为dry-land tortoises 。

Question 40：

答案： D

关键词： the most significant thing, tortoises

定位原文：参见解题思路解析

解题思路： 题目：作者认为关于乌龟最重要的一件事情是：A.它们能够适应极其干燥的环境。B.它们生命的最初形态是某种原始细菌。C.它们与海龟十分相似。D.它们不止一次从海洋迁徙到陆地。最后一段首句就表明Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return, 含义为“因此很明显，乌龟曾往返于水中和陆地上生存。”选项A中所说的干燥环境，选项B中所说的原始细菌，以及选项C中提到的海龟，在最后一段中悉数登场，但是没有一个是题目论述的核心。题目的真正意图就是想告诉考生乌龟finally retuned yet again to the land as tortoises。故答案应该选D。