初一英语语法总结

2024-07-27

初一英语语法总结(通用6篇)

篇1:初一英语语法总结

初一英语语法总结

在我们身边,经常会看到学生为语法感到头疼的现象,中学阶段的学生经常说语法太难了,语法对于很多初中学生来说简直是一片空白,如果不懂得语法就没办法翻译,更谈不上对篇章的理解了。下面是小编给大家汇总的语法知识点,希望对大家有所帮助。

一、词法

1、名词

A)、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s), Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself

复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself

he him his his himself it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes 五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B)现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier

sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worstlittle-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。)first, second, third;fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

二、句式

1.陈述句

肯定陈述

a)This is a book.(be动词)

b)He looks very young.(连系动词)

c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)

d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)

e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)

否定陈述句

a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)

2.祈使句

肯定祈使句 a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!

c)Come in, please.否定祈使句a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句

1)一般疑问句 a)Is Jim a student? b)Can I help you? c)Does she like salad? d)Do they watch TV? e)Is she reading?

肯定回答: a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes, they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答: a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.三、时态

1、一般现在时

表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:

Be 动词:She’s a worker.Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词:I can play the piano.Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes.Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch.Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时

表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball.Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter.Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music.Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.晒课网小编小结:语法在英语学习中很重要难度也很大,如果是针对中考或者高考的话,语法是很基础的东西,首先单选的二十道题都是考察语法点的,其次改错部分也是针对语法错误的改错,写作的话写作也是基础,你要会用定语从句写句子肯定要比一个用俩简单句写句子的人得分高。其次阅读的部分,文章中会出现一些长难句,要通过分析句子成分来找中心意思,句子分析这不就是语法的内容么,语法是整个英语的基础。

篇2:初一英语语法总结

1、名词

A)、名词的数(   )

                                           

一)直接接s 如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, 后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二)特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B)名词的格(      

)

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成              如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’;Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day妇女节

由and连接两个词,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词(  )

人称代词      物主代词       指示代词

    反身代词

第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词( )A)第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数复数那样加s,如下:一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二)在x, sh, ch, s后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys B)现在分词      

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,                  ing 构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

二、初一英语语法——句式

1.陈述句( )肯定式( )

a)This is a book.(be动词)b)He looks very young.(连系动词)c)I want a sweat like this.(实义动词)d)I can bring some things to school.(情态动词)e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)否定式( )

b)a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)2.祈使句     肯定祈使句

a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!c)Come in, please.否定祈使句a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句

1)一般疑问句 a)Is Jim a student? b)Can I help you? c)Does she like salad? d)Do they watch TV? e)Is she reading? 肯定回答: a)Yes, he is.b)Yes, you can.c)Yes, she does.d)Yes,they do.e)Yes, she is.否定回答: a)No, he isn’t.b)No, you can’t.c)No, she doesn’t.d)No, they don’t.e)No, she isn’t.2)选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3)特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time?(=What time is it?)It’s a quarter to ten a.m..What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.What’s your favourite color? It’s black.⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that(in English)? It’s a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作)What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.17 问职业(身份)What do you do? I’m a teacher.What’s your father? He’s a doctor.三、初一英语语法——时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:

Be 动词:She’s a worker.Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.情态动词:I can play the piano.Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes.Do they want to eat any

tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch.Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.I’m playing baseball.Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter.Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.They’re listening to the pop music.Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer-nicest, larger-largest 二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier

friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/wellmore most bad/ill – worse worst little-less least old-older/elder oldest/eldest far-farther/further farthest/furthest

篇3:初一英语语法总结

1.“生成语法”Generative grammar, (N. Chomsky) 。

生成语法学不是一般人所理解的语法学。其研究对象是内在性语言, 而不是外表化语言, 是指人脑对语法结构的认识以心理形式体现。生成语法学研究范围限于人的语言知识或语言能力, 而不是语言的使用。生成语法学以描写和解释语言能力为目标, 提出语法假设和理论来揭示其规律, 说明其原因。乔姆斯基说, 与其把生成语法看作一种理论, 不如看作一门“学科”, 其性质和研究方法与以往的语言学有本质的区别, 它是建立在三个基本的假设之上:

(1) 语言是一个自足的认知系统, 语言能力独立于人的其他认知能力。

(2) 句法是一个自足的形式系统, 独立于语言结构的词汇和语义部分。

(3) 描写语义的手段是以真值条件为基础的某种形式逻辑。

2.“认知语法”Cognitive Grammar, (Langacker, R.W) 。

跟“生成语法”注重形式、从形式出发相反, “认知语法”注重意义、从意义出发。Langacker据此提出三个与“生成语法”针锋相对的假设:

(1) 语言不是一个自足的认知系统;对语言的描写必须参照人的一般认知规律。

(2) 句法不是一个自足的形式系统;句法 (和词法) 在本质上跟词汇一样是一个约定俗成的象征系统;句法分析不能脱离语义。

(3) 基于真值条件的形式逻辑用来描写语义是不够用的, 因为语义描写必须参照开放的、无限度的知识系统。

二、用“生成语法”指导基本语法规则教学

众所周知, 英语最基本的语法规则几乎都是固定的。对于基本的语法规则, 学习者几乎不可能从意义出发去掌握这些规则。“A generative grammar views linguistics combinatorially, through use of formal grammars. A generative grammar is defined as one that is fully explicit, in the sense that it consists of a set of rules by which it is possible to decide whether any given sentence is grammatical or not.” (N. Chomsky) 。乔姆斯基在此强调了“rules” (语法规则) 对“explicit” (达意) 的影响。因此, 要想真正学好英语语法, 就要在学习中自觉运用“生成语法”的基本原理:“语言是一个自足的认知系统, 语言能力独立于人的其他认知能力” (N. Chomsky) , 排除来自于母语思维的影响, 牢记语法基本原则, 构建基本的语法框架。具体说来应该掌握以下几个方面知识:

(1) 词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、助词、连词。

(2) 时态:现在、过去、将来时态, 然后在此基础上拓展相应时态。

(3) 语态:主动语态与被动语态;主动语态用来表示被动语态。

(4) 语气:真实条件与虚拟语气。

(5) 句式:简单句五种基本句式, 八种感叹句的特殊表达。

(6) 从句:名词性从句 (主、宾、表、同位语) , 定语从句, 状语从句体系。

三、用“认知语法”指导对语法难点的理解

在掌握了基本的语法规则之后, 学习者常常会发现对于一些复杂的语法现象难以理解。这时就需要运用“认知”这个概念。“认知语法”认为人类语言由语义单位 (semantic units) 、语音单位 (phonological units) 以及符号单位 (symbolic units) 组成。该理论也是目前为国内大多数人接受的理论模式。“Target structure is the result of conceptualization. It is essentially the coding of language unit and the context.. grammar plays the role of supplying potential conventionalization.” (Langacker) .要使语义单位达到“conceptualization” (概念化) 的结果, 必须先要经过大量“conceptualized”的训练, 也就是说在符合基本语法规则的前提下, 才可能实现这一目标。如下面两句话:

(1) We can’t help her break the code. It’s too elaborate.

(2) We can’t help her breaking the code. It’s too simple.

在这两个句子中, 学习者用“生成语法”的原理, 记住了“can’t help sb do sth”, “没法帮助某人做某事”, 但是如果仍这样去理解 (2) , 那就大相径庭了。这时候就需要把语义单位 (semantic units) 和文脉关系 (contextual details) 结合在一起。由于后面的单词“Simple”提供了另外一个语义, 从而理解“can’t help sb doing sth”中“help”实为“prevent”之意。

又如:

(3) Some authors write because they have a story to tell.

(4) Some authors write because they have to tell a story.

初看两句话, 似乎无多大区别。但是这种语序的调整, 带来了意思上本质的不同。“If the target structure is acknowledged by grammar, it can be converted to a perceptible expression, with schematization and conceptualization with or across structures .The expression can be processed either directly or with cognitive interventions like schematization and conceptualization.” (Langacker) 所以, 根据“cognitive interventions” (认知干预) 可知 (3) 为:“有些作家写文章是因为感到有东西可写。”而 (4) 的意思则为“有些作家写文章是因为非写不可。”

四、结语

Ross (1972) 在其论文“The category squish” (《范畴的果酱性》) 中指出了语法中存在的一些概念模糊和范畴模糊的现象:“语法规则不是要么适用要么不适用, 而是在一定程度上适用;语法成分不是要么属于某一语法范畴或要么不属于某一语法范畴, 而是在一定程度上属于。”Quirk (1985) 亦认为语法在某种程度上是一个不明确的体系, 在许多不同范畴或结构之间, 往往缺乏明确的界限, 而且这种模糊性分布很广。学习者在学习语法的过程中一定不要生搬硬套某一种理论。就目前现存的这两种主流的语法理论, 笔者认为也应“模糊”两种理论的界限, 综合运用两种理论中最适用的部分来指导自己学习英语语法。

摘要:本文在对比认知语法与生成语法的基础上, 根据两种理论的基本原理, 用简单通俗的语言阐明其在英语语法教学中的实际应用, 并力图模糊语言理论边界, 根据有利于掌握英语语法的原则, 把两种看似对立的理论统一地运用于英语语法教学之中。

关键词:生成语法,认知语法,英语语法教学

参考文献

[1]RONALDW.LANGACKDER.认知语法基础 (II) ——描写与运用[M].北京大学出版社, 2004, 9.

[2]徐广联.大学英语语法讲座与测试[M].华东理工大学出版社, 1998, 11.

[3]卢植.认知与语言——认知语言学引论[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2006.

[4]王寅.认知语法概论[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2006.

篇4:初一英语语法总结

【关键词】 倒装;全部倒装;部分倒装

在英语中,有时为了强调句子某一部分,或适应一定的语法结构的需要,把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面,就构成倒装。我们平时遇到的句子基本都是自然语序,如:主语 + 谓语;主语 + 谓语 + 宾语;主语 + 系动词 + 表语。

采用倒装的目的有两点:

1. 语法结构的需要:疑问句、there be 结构等通常要用倒装句。

There is a pen and three pencils in the box

What are you doing here?

2.修辞的需要:倒装句可以起强调作用,加强语气。

Away went the football fans.

而根据倒装的构成,可将其分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

一、全部倒装(Full Inversion)

全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:

1.以here, there, out, in, up, down, off, away等方位副词和now, then,thus等副词置于句首以示强调,句子要全部倒装,谓语动词常用come, go, be, lie, run, rush等。

Here comes the bus Down fall the leaves

There goes the bell Away went the boy

Attention:当主语是人称代词时,主谓不倒装。E.g.:

Away he went Out they rushed

Here it is Here you are

2. 当表示地点的介词短语在句首时。

At the foot of the hill lies a small village.

By the side of the road is our school.

At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China. (2010年重庆卷,33)

A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies

C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie

3.直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时,主句中的主谓也常用全部倒装。

“Perfect,” said the teacher.

“Get out,” shouted the manager.

二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion)

就是谓语的一部分, be/助动词/情态动词提到主语的前面,如is / am / are / was / were,do / does / did / have/ has / had,can / could / would / may / will / might 等。

1. only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 要进行部分倒装,e.g.:

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only when I got home did I hear of the news.

Attention: only修饰主语或only+状语放在句末时,仍用自然语序,而不用倒装。e.g.

Only Li Hua knows the secret.

You can learn English well only in this way.

Only then ____ how much damage had been caused.(2006 陕西,16)

A.had she realized B. she realized

C. did she realize D. she had realized

2. 表示否定的副词never , not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere等以及介词短语by no means, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account, , on no condition, under no circumstances(这七个短语均表示“无论如何都不,绝不”,其后不能再出现否定词)等位于句首时。

I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _____ with my progress. (2006年重庆卷,24)

A.the teacher is not satisfied

B. is the teacher not satisfied

C.the teacher is satisfied

D. is the teacher satisfied

3. not until+时间状语(从句)位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。

He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back.

→Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework.

→It was not until his mother came back that he finished his homework.

4.在 hardly / scarcely /…when…; no sooner…than 的倒装句中,前倒后不倒。

hardly / scarecly / no sooner后句子的谓语用had done, when / than后句子的谓语用一般过去时,结构为:Hardly/Scarcely had sb done sth when sb did sth; No sooner had had sb done sth than sb did sth.

(1) Hardly had I fallen asleep when he came in.

(2) No sooner had I reached the station than the train moved.

5. 以关联连词not only...but also…开首的句子前倒后不倒。

Not only did he say so, but (also) he did so.

Attention :当连接主语时不倒装,谓语动词依据就近一致原则。

Not only he but also his parents like reading.

三、其他特殊的倒装结构

1. 祝愿语

May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

2. However / No matter how + adj / adv.

However difficult the question was, Jack answered it easily.

3. as/ though (虽然,尽管)引导的让步状语从句,其结构为:名词/形容词/副词/动词原形+as/though+主语+其他。

Although I was tired, I decided to walk on.

→Tired as I was, I decided to walk on.

Though he is a child, he knows a lot.

→Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Although I may fail, I have to work hard.

→Fail as I may, I have to work hard.

Even though he shouted angrily, I didn’t care.

→Angrily as he shouted, I didn’t care.

Attention:从句的表语是名词时,名词前不加任何冠词; though后面的让步状语从句可倒可不倒。

_______, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. [2007 重庆]

A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange

C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound

简要总结:1.全部倒装主要用在以方位副词或地点状语开头的句子中,而部分倒装主要用在否定副词和以下句型中,So / Such…that…;Not only…but also…; Hardly / Scarcely …when…; No sooner…than…(以上句型中前倒后不倒),Not until+状语;Only+状语(而这两个句型中前不倒后倒)。

2. 主语为人称代词时不倒装是针对全部倒装而言的。

3. as引导的让步状语从句和其他的特殊结构既不属于全部倒装,也不属于部分倒装。

篇5:初一英语语法总结

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。对于从小就生活在中国的同学们,学起英语语法来会显得特别吃力。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语名词的语法特点。

一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词

(一)名词的分类

名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。

可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干

个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。

不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)

专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)

(二)名词的数

1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:

(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.

eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys

以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。

(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.

eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕

(3)以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.

eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,

strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])

(注:以―元音字母+y‖结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days)

(4)以o结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:

①,.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes, hero—heroes negro ——negroes mongo——mongoesp

②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos

④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,

eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos

⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes

(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.

eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz]

(注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)

(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字

eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth,

child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)

(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。

eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish

(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。

eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors

另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。

eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。

eg.two men teachers,three women doctors

②可用―量词+of+名词复数‖这一结构表示可数名词的数量。

eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils

2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的―量‖的表示方式如下。

(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread

(2)表确定数量时,一般用―数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。

eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water

3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。

eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间

(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)

(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s.

eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day

②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。

eg.teachers’office,students’rooms

③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s.

eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.

eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)

(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构

eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room

(3)特殊形式

①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格

eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)

the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)

China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)

China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)

②双重所有格

eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友

a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片

初中英语语法名词的知识点总结,希望对于同学们的英语学习有所帮助和裨益,祝大家的学习越来越好!

初中英语语法归纳:连词

初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。初中英语连词有很多种。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语连词的用法。

连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。

第一类表示并列关系的连词

并列连词:并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。

1) and 和

判断改错:

(错) They sat down and talk about something.

(错) They started to dance and sang.

(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

(对) They sat down and talked about something.

(对) They started to dance and sing.

(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

解析:

第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked。

第二句:and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing。

第三句:and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。

注意:1. and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法) Make up your mind, and youll get the chance.

= If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.

One more effort, and youll succeed.

= If you make one more effort, youll succeed

2, A and B 当表示整体或者指同一人时谓语动词用单数, 当and连接的单数名词前分别有each,every,many等词修饰时,谓语也用单数。

bread and butter a knife and fork

The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.

No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.

3. and连接的是两个相同意思的词,表示―渐渐‖,或加强语气

Read it again and again

2) both …and 两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3) neither…nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。

Neither you nor he is to blame.

4) not only…but (also)不但······而且······

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

5) as well as 以及,也,与···同样

The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.

比较and和or

1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。

2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:

There is no air or water in the moon.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。

第二类表示选择关系的连词

1) or 意思为“或则”。

Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?

2) either…or 意思为“或者……或者 ……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 Either you or I am right.

3) or else/ otherwise 否则

Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.

I am tired, otherwise, I would play.

第三类表示转折或对比关系的连词

1) but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.

while 然而,表示对比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them. yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.

however 然而,可是,不过 She does not like him, however, I like him.

2) not…but… 意思为“不是 ……而是……”

not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 第四类表因果关系的连词

1) for 因为,做并列连词使用时,是在对先行的句子补述原因或者理由,只可以连接句子与句子,通常不置于句首。

He is absent today, for he is ill.

2) so, therefore 因此

He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game.

I think, therefore I am

3)then 那么,因而

篇6:初一英语作文语法总结

一、词法

1、名词

A)、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的`有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B)名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

项目:人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

第一人称

单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称

单数 you you your yours yourself

复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称

单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A) 第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B) 现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三) 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst

little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

二、句式

1.陈述句

肯定陈述句

a) This is a book. (be动词)

b) He looks very young. (连系动词)

c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)

d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)

e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)

否定陈述句

a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.

c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.

e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)

2. 祈使句

肯定祈使句

a) Please go and ask the man.

b) Let’s learn English!

c) Come in, please.

否定祈使句

a) Don’t be late.

b) Don’t hurry.

3. 疑问句

1) 一般疑问句

a) Is Jim a student?

b) Can I help you?

c) Does she like salad?

d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?

肯定回答:

a) Yes, he is.

b) Yes, you can.

c) Yes, she does.

d) Yes, they do.

e) Yes, she is.

否定回答:

a) No, he isn’t.

b) No, you can’t.

c) No, she doesn’t.

d) No, they don’t.

e) No, she isn’t.

2) 选择疑问句

Is the table big or small?

回答 It’s big./ It’s small.

3) 特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.

② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.

③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.

④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.

How do we contact you? My e-mail address is president@xueersi.com.

⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..

What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.

When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.

⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.

⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.

What’s your favourite color? It’s black.

⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.

Who is the boy in blue? My brother.

Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.

Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.

What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.

11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.

What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.

What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.

12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.

13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.

14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.

15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.

16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.

17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.

What’s your father? He’s a doctor.

三、时态

1、一般现在时

表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:

Be 动词:

She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.

情态动词:

I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.

行为动词:

They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.

Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.

2、现在进行时

表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.

Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.

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