考研英语词汇翻译题

2024-07-09

考研英语词汇翻译题(共6篇)

篇1:考研英语词汇翻译题

sentence n. 句子,意见,宣判,刑罚,命题 vt. 宣判,判决,使遭受

general n. 一般,将军,大体 adj. 一般的,普遍的 v. 指挥,作...将军

consequence n. 结果,后果

precede vt. &vi. 在...之前,优于,较...优先

predecessor n. 前辈, 前任, 原有事物

conference n. 会议

electrical adj. 电的,电气科学的

prescription n. 药方, 对策, 开处方

vehicle n. 传播媒介, 工具, 手段, 交通工具, 车辆;

consistent adj. 始终如一的, 一致的, 坚持的

constant adj. 经常的, 不变的 n. 常数, 恒量

prestige n. 威望,声望

convention n.会议; 全体与会者; 国际公约; 惯例,习俗,规矩

migration n. 移民,移往,移动

contest n. 竞赛,比赛 vt. 竞赛,争取 vi. 奋斗

concede vt. 承认,给予 vi. 让步

contrast n.对比,对照; 差异; 对照物,对立面; [摄]反差

emphasize v. 强调,着重 vt. 强调

severe adj. 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的, 严厉的, 严格的

historian n. 历史学家,编史者

promote vt. 促进, 提升, 升迁; 发起; 促销

convince vt. 说服, 使...相信

extravagant adj. 奢侈的,浪费的,过度的,大量的

myth n. 神话

provocative adj. 气人的, 挑拨的, 刺激的 n. 刺激物, 挑拨物, 兴奋剂

endure vt. 忍耐,容忍 vi. 持久,持续

inertia n. 惯性,惰性

collaborate vi. 合作,通敌

heir n. 继承人

optimist n. 乐观主义者

elaborate adj. 精细的, 详尽的, 精心的 v. 详细地说明, 用心地作, 推敲

commence v. 开始;着手;<英>获得学位

entitle v. 取名为,给与名称,叫做,使有权利

lens n. 镜头,透镜

rapid adj. 迅速的,急促的 n. 急流

industrial adj. 工业的,产业的 n. 工业公司

competitive adj. 竞争的, 比赛的

reckless adj. 不计后果的,大意的,鲁莽的

reconcile vt. 和解,调和,妥协 vi. 调和

migrate v. 移动,移往,随季节而移居 [计算机] 迁移

management n. 管理(层),经营,处理

concentrate vt.& vi.专心于; 注意; 集中; 聚集 vt.浓缩,(使)浓缩; [采矿]汰选; 选矿,精选,富集 vi.凝缩,浓缩,提纯 n.浓缩物 adj.集中起来的,经过浓缩的

bracket n. 支架, 括号, 档次 vt. 支撑, 放在括号内, 归入一类, 包含, 支持

crime n. 犯罪, 羞耻, 罪行

critic n. 批评家, 评论家

significant adj. 有意义的, 意味深长的; 相当数量的; 重要的, 重大的 n. (复)有意义的事物; 标志

incidence n. 发生(率),入射

rebel n. 叛徒,起义者 vi. 造反,反抗,反感 adj. 造反的,反抗的,反叛者的

consumer n. 消费者,用户, 消费品

mask n. 口罩, 假面具,掩饰, 面膜 vt. &vi. 戴面具,掩饰,化装 [计算机] 掩码

induce vt. 引诱,导致,催生

master n. 主人, 硕士, 母机 adj. 主人的, 主要的 v. 征服, 控制, 精通

correlation n. 相互关系,相关,关连

revolve vt. &vi. 旋转,考虑,循环

exaggerate vt. &vi. 夸大,夸张

infectious adj. 传染的

bust n. 半身像,胸部,萧条,破产 vt. &vi. 打碎

romance n. 冒险故事, 浪漫史, 传奇文学

reflect v. 反映, 反射, 归咎

suburb n. 郊区

interaction n. 相互作用, 相互影响

territory n. 领土, 版图, 领域, 范围

executive n.总经理; 行政部门; [计算机]执行指令 adj.执行的; 管理的; 政府部门的

calcium n. 钙

luxury n. 奢侈, 豪华, 奢侈品

nasty adj.肮脏的; 下流的,令人讨厌的; 恶劣的,艰险的; 严重的 n.令人不愉快的事物

rigor n. 严格,严酷, 严密,严厉,[医]寒战,僵直,强直

register v. 记录, 登记, 注册, 挂号 n. 暂存器, 记录, 登记簿 n. (语)语域; 通风调节设备

regulation n. 规则, 规章, 管理 adj. 规定的, 官方的

biography n. 传记

radically adv. 根本地, 完全地,过激地

invest vt.& vi.投资; 花费 vt.授予,使就职; 给…穿衣,装饰; 使充满; 覆盖

slogan n. 标语,口号

slope n. 倾斜,斜坡,斜面,斜线 vt. 使倾斜 vi. 倾斜,有坡度

sentiment n. 感情, 情趣, 意见,观点, 多愁善感

expose vt. 暴露,揭穿,使遭受(危险或不快)

express n. 快车, 快递, 专使 adj. 急速的, 明确的, 直接的 adv. 用快递; 特意地 vt. 表达, 表示; 挤压出; 快递

religious adj. 宗教的,虔诚的,细心的 n. 修道院成员, 僧侣

merit n. 功绩, 价值,优点 v. 博得,值得或应得

extensive adj. 广泛的,广阔的

intimidate vt. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫

depression n. 沮丧,萧条

inspiration n. 灵感,吸入,鼓舞人心(的东西)

hesitate vi. 犹豫, 停顿,口吃,迟疑,踌躇 vt. 用犹疑的态度表示

deduce vt. 演绎,推断,溯源

kidney n. 肾,腰子,类型

simultaneously adv. 同时地

detective adj. 侦探的 n. 侦探

residential adj. 住宅的,与居住有关的

buzz n. 嗡嗡声 vi. 发出嗡嗡声,充满,匆忙 vt. 飞进,使嗡嗡叫

willingness

degree n. 学位,程度, 度数

situated adj. 位于, 处于...立场的 动词situate的过去式和过去分词

skip n. 跳跃,跳读 vt. &vi. 跳越,蹦跳,略过,跳过

mirror n. 镜子 vt. 反映,反射

diploma n. 文凭

segregate adj. 分离的, 被隔离的 v. 分离, 隔离, 分凝

world n. 世界(人),领域,俗世

disperse vt. 分散,传播,散开 vi. 分散

description n. 描写, 描述, 说明书, 作图 n. 类型

篇2:考研英语词汇翻译题

A.in demand B.demande C.on demand D.demanding 30 I can’t understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to denounce him.A.compliment B.criticize C.flatter D.challenge 31 Because of the bombing that killed six people, Washington has been urging the spokesman to______ terrorism more severely.A.charge B.censor C.blame D.denounce 32 The degree of downward slope of a beach depends o its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A.sentiment B.sediment C.semester D.segment 33 Nobody at work is very happy, because last week’s sales figures were pretty _____.A.destroying B.depressing C.deceasing D.declining 34 I want to talk about all these points in_____ order of importance.A.declining

B.descending

C.plunging

D.falling

Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.A.conveys

B.defines

C.indicates

D.explains

If you call the 911 emergency number, they will______ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.A.assign

B.detach

C.attach

D.dispatch 37 The bus moved slowly in the thick fog.We arrived at our______ almost two hours later.A.designation

B.destiny

C.destination

D.dignity

He was ______ to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.A.deduced

B.damped

C.diminished

D.destined

My grandmother has been ill for two months, so her health has______.A.deteriorated

B.diminished

C.dwindled

D.lessened

Smuggling is a ______ activity which might bring destruction to our economy;therefore, it must be banned.A.pertinent

B.fruitful

C.detrimental

D.casual

The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be _____ from a straight line.A.distracted

B.deviated

C.intrigued

D.permeated 42 In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger than others.A.distinguished

B.estranged

C.deferred

D.enlarged

The ______ of the occasion was spoiled when she fell down the steps.A.privacy

B.dignity

C.morality

D.secrecy 44 Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live_____.A.subtly B.frugally C.explicitly D.cautiously 45 His wife says that he was more frugal in his youth than later years.A.listless B.robust C.thrifty D.gullible 46 To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A.improve B.enhance C.guarantee D.gear 47 Desperation, hunger, thirst, and resentment all make it more likely that people will______ a more powerful figure who promised them help and/or salvation.A.be prone to B.give in to C.live up to D.put an end to 48 She ______ at the thought of being parted from her family for so long.A.suffered B.grieved C.discriminate D.scared 49 It______ me to see him in such a bad health.He was such an energetic and strong young man only several months ago.A.depressed B.upset C.harmed D.grieved 50 I’m surprised they are no longer on speaking terms.It’s not like either of them to bear a _______.A.grudge B.hatred C.disgust D.curse 51 Participants in the Shanghai Cooperation Forum______ regional teamwork to promote investment and economic development.A.cursed B.echoed C.bounced D.hailed 52 The snow_____ my plan to visit my aunt in the countryside.A.confused B.bewildered C.conversed D.hampered 53 The trucks _____ heavy goods from factories to the ports.A.pull B.haul C.drag D.push 54 Cigarette smoking is a great health _____ and may lead to fatal diseases.A.opposition B.protagonist C.fault D.hazard 55 The manager stubbornly_____ the section director from reducing his staff despite the failing business of the company.A.hindered B.adapted C.imposed D.permitted 56 It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all _____ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A.prophecies B.transactions C.argument D.hindrances 57 Some birds______ when they look for animals to kill on the ground.A.hosed B.rolled C.hovered D.revolved 58 The full _____ of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years.A.affect B.impact C.action D.importance 59 The degree of economic growth is an ______ of the level of living.A.index B.advantage C.access D.aspect 60 The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induce B.abduct C.indulge D.lure 61 Since the package was______, the damage was paid for.A.ensured B.insured C.assured D.promised 62 The point at ______ at the meeting is whether they are to import the assembly line.A.argument B.controversy C.issue D.conflict 63 Lawyer have a terrible habit of using Latin and industry ______ to mystify people and themselves more valuable.A.inflections B.dialects C.accent D.jargon 64 As the cat lay asleep, dreaming her whiskers______.A.twitched B.twisted C.jerked D.jogged 65 The manager______ facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A.beguiled B.besmirched C.juxtaposed D.juggled 66 The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a_______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion.A.long B.forever C.lasting D.lively 67 His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.A.hidden B.sophisticated C.delicate D.profound 68 When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _____ can be distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies C.platitudes D.analogies 69 Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the_____ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A.legacy B.bequest C.converse D.miracle 70 The farmer put up iron fences around the flower______ garden neighbor’s sheep should break in.A.on condition that B.now that C.lest D.but 71 _____ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A.In order that B.Lest C.If D.Providing 72 After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground______ with papers, bottles and cans.A.scrubbed B.used C.littered D.dispersed 73 I don’t understand why people_____ such a beautiful garden with cans and bottles.A.located B.provided C.protected D.littered 74 Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the______ bins provided.A.junk B.litter C.scrap D.deposit 75 Laura, who comes from a wealthy family, spends most of her time enjoying herself, but takes _____ pains with her lessons.A.little B.few C.a little D.a few 76 What he told me was a _____ of downright lies.A.load B.mob C.pack D.flock 77 A _____ refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body, not from an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby.A.mammoth B.penguin C.mosquito D.mammal 78 He expected the House to pass the bill by a comfortable______.A.maple B.marble C.marsh D.margin 79 The tiger continued to ______ us by walking round and round our tent.A.trap B.transplant C.menace D.provoke 80 A______ of this approach is that the variables are visually presented in a style that can be understood by generalists and specialists alike.A.value B.merit C.factor D.worth 81 Americans are highly_____, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.A.moving B.mobile C.movable D.motional 82 The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees’ spontaneous gestures.A.change B.abort C.shorten D.enhance 83 The whole program is well designed, but some details need further _____by some experts.A.proofing B.modifying C.demonstrating D.polishing 84 A scientific law is liable at anytime to need_____, that is an eternal truth.A.modifying B.changing C.revising D.adjusting 85 The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of ideas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff_____.A.moral B.mortal C.morale D.mores 86 Another popular misconception is the _____ that great talent is usually highly specifiC.A.notion B.dilemma C.domain D.analogy 87 On behalf of my company, I am______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.A.subjected B.inclined C.available D.obliged 88 They were tired, but not any less enthusiastic_____ that account.A.on B.by C.for D.with 89 The Barbie doll comes with a whole range of_______ that you can dress her in.A.outlooks B.outlines C.outskirts D.outfits 90 Such an _____act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overt B.episodic C.ample D.ultimate 91 Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would______, for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A.prevail B.preside C.perish D.persecute 92 There’s one girl at my school who everybody______ because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears;they are horrible to her.A.picks out B.picks over C.picks on D.picks off 93 Players will be_____ against four others worldwide in a timed competition to answer trivia questions from the 1950s to present day.A.trifled B.wreathed C.instigated D.pitted 94 The criminal’s _____ for leniency was ignored by the jurors.A.protest B.demand C.plea D.defence 95 When the rent was due, the poor man______ for more time.A.pleaded B.squashed C.exerted D.cursed 96 The couple had been trying to satisfy all the needs of their only youngster, who had been ____ for more pocket money all the time.A.supposing B.pleading C.trailing D.devising 97 He told a story about his sister who was in a sad______ when she was ill and had no money.A.plight B.polarization C.plague D.pigment 98 In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe______ Europe into a great war.A.pitched B.imposed C.inserted D.plunged 99 In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe______ Europe into a bloody war.A.imposed B.plunged C.pitched D.inserted 100 It is not too late, but_____ action is needed.A.right B.urgent C.hurry D.prompt

篇3:经济词汇的英语翻译

关键词:经济词汇,中式英语,英语翻译

中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进程的加快促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不可分。不仅如此, 中国经济的发展产生了许多具有中国国情和中国特色的经济词汇, 这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词, 要么来源于人们现实经济活动中的约定成俗。作为对外宣传和对内交流的手段, 这些经济词汇不可避免地会被翻译成英语, 然而要保证翻译的准确性可接受性却并不是一件简单的工作。因为翻译是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁, 其本质是不同思维形式的转换, 思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式。对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致, 从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式, 因而不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。由于东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同, 在翻译过程中, 很容易掉入“中式英语”的陷阱。《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出如下解释:中式英语 (Chinglish, 它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成) 指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家Joan Pinkham曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义:“Chinglish, of course, is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as‘English with Chinese characteristics’” (所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混合的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字, 也可称其为“具有汉语特色的英语”) 。中式英语的表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的, 它不符合英语的规律和习惯和思维方式;它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。因此, 中式英语是不规范的, 甚至是晦涩难懂的, 更有可能令人产生误解。由此可见, 透视经济词汇翻译中的Chinglish倾向, 进行“中式英语”的分析与研究具有积极的意义。

一、经济词汇翻译的中式英语倾向的原因

造成这一问题的原因是多方面的, 既有客观方面的原因, 也有主观方面的原因, “信、达、雅”被封为是翻译的黄金标准, 但在实践中要达到这个标准, 却不是一件容易的事。

1、害怕出“政治差错”

经济类词汇大多首现在官方文件中, 其翻译对忠实原文的要求就更为严格。一旦出现纰漏, 后果严重, 再加上“信、达、雅”的翻译标准“信”字当头, 因此为了保险, 译者认为直译比较保险, 从而过于拘泥原文字句, 机械地从字面上“对号入座”, 因而译文常常迁就中文, 易产生不符合英文词法句法的中式英语。

2、频繁出现带有中国特色的经济词汇

Joan Pinkham在她编写的《中式英语之鉴》 (《The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish》) 一书中, 将中式英语称为English with Chinese characteristics (中文特色的英文) 。中国的经济词汇在中国的具体运用过程中有可能使那些原产于西方国家的经济学术语的含义有所改变, 从而更适合中国国情和反映中国的经济特色, 更不用提中国的经济词汇, 除少数借用固定的经济术语外, 大部分是中国所特有, 无法从英文词典中找到现成的对应词, 也就不会有现成的英译法, 更容易产生中式英语。如中文有“摇钱树”之说, 有些人就把它按照中文习惯把它译成“money tree”, 然而英语中也有“cash cow” (产现金的牛) 的比喻。这二者虽然一个是“树”, 一个是“牛”, 但含义却是一样的, 尽管在各自的语言中都十分地道, 但是在对外翻译的过程中如果我们能译成后者会更地道。再如与数字结合的词组很多都是中国专有的, 在英文里找不到相应的词组, 即使深刻理解了原文, 用通顺易懂的英文译出来, 也未必理想。英语专家王弄笙在其《近年来汉英翻译中出现的一些新问题》中提议将“三条保障线”译作the system of three social security programs, 既强调了数量的概念, the system又使三者浑然一体, 还体现了社会保障的范畴, 可谓言简意赅。

3、中英文本身的差别

英语要求句子结构紧凑、逻辑关系严密、层次分明、主谓关系密切, 而中文 (尤其是政府报告) 句子偏长、句型结构单一, 多用并列短句或并列谓语, “一逗到底”, 连接成分使用不多, 层次不太明显。

二、经济词汇翻译的中式英语的克服策略

1、翻译前了解相关经济领域的知识, 熟练掌握同一概念的中英文表达法

比如要翻译“三角债”这一词汇, 如果译者对于“三角债”的具体含义不清楚, 根据字面意思直译成“triangle debts”, 那就不太准确, 因为很多情况下, 三角债都不仅仅只牵涉到三方, 这里的“三”是指“多”, 所以不能与英文的triangle对应, 应根据实际情况译成“chain debts”更确切。因此, 了解经济知识, 在翻译过程中对翻译人员的语言理解力和翻译质量都有很大帮助。

2、掌握一些经济英语的翻译技巧

(1) 要注意调整句子结构。要尽量吃透中文的精神, 摆脱中文字面的束缚, 从英语读者的角度出发, 按照英语习惯, 对句子进行重组。从东方民族重在综合思维形式, 强调句子结构以动词为中心, 以时间顺序为语序链, 形成“流水型”的句式结构跳到西方民族重在分析的思维形式, 这种思维形式直接表现于句子结构以主语和谓语为核心, 统摄各种短语和从句形成了“树杈形”的句式结构。如“眼下, 咱只盼着有关部门对‘工薪族’们作一个详细的调查, 对我们的收入心里有个数, 别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。”翻译成“Now, I am expecting the departments concerned to survey on us“the salaried”, so as to gain a clear understanding of our income and abandon such a high price we can’t afford even if we toil to death.”就是一个抛弃了“中式英语”, 掌握了句子结构调整的较好的例子。

(2) 增词或减词的灵活运用。由于英汉两种语言存在许多差异, 汉译英时为了使译文通顺而且更加忠实地表达原文的意思, 往往需要增加一些原文中没有的词或者减少原文中一些不符合英语习惯的词。增词的情况表现为根据意义或修辞的需要增加表示时态意义的词, 增加英语不及物动词隐含的宾语意义的词或是根据句法上的需要, 增加原文句子中所省略的词。由于英语是主要借助语言手段 (词汇、句型、语法等) 来实现语言的连接。而汉语不是依靠语言手段, 而是靠意义上的连贯来实现的。因此, 汉语在转化成英语时, 增减词法对于具有中国特色的经济类词语的准确翻译、帮助克服“中式英语”有百益而无一害。如“一次性筷子的用量猛增, 不但加重了环境的负担, 而且加速了森林的破坏。”就可以省略连词的方法达到如下比较标准的翻译:Booming use of throw-away chopsticks increases the burden of our environment and accelerates the destruction ofwoods.

(3) 使用近义词或同义词灵活替换翻译材料中的重复词。在一份报告中“上市”一词在同一段落里就出现三次处, 但译者却根据具体情况巧妙地分别译成“go to the market”和“be listed”等。报告中还出现其他的“上市”, 译者都根据上下文变换词汇、确定搭配, 给出了不同的译文。如:“无氟冰箱一上市就领导了一场‘环保革命’”就被灵活地翻译成Freon-free refrigerator leads an“environmental revolution”on its going to the market.众所周知, 普通商品的“上市”可以说go to the market, 但金融领域的“上市”, 如公司、股票、证券等的上市却要用“be listed”。如上市公司:listed companies, 上市证券:listed securities等。

(4) 用代词代替、使用概括性名词和变换用词等手段替代重复指称。中文为了结构的平衡经常有重复的现象, 而英语不喜欢重复, 所以汉译英时要想方设法避免重复。现举用代词代替的例子:在“实现了千百年来围湖造田、与湖争地到大规模退田还湖的历史性转变。”这句话中我们可以很清楚地看到原文“湖”出现三次, “田”出现两次并且原文中“围湖造田”“与湖争地”属同意反复等中国特色的句型结构, 在克服“中式英语”后译成“This represented a great shift from the centuries-long history of reclaiming farmland from lakes to restoring it to them on a large scale.”同样我们很容易观察到译文中lakes和farmland只出现一次, 再次出现使用了代词it和them来代替。既避免了重复, 又增加了连贯性。

(5) 紧跟潮流, 不断学习新出现的经济词汇和知识。举几个例子:Quickionary扫描器字典, Telephovision电视电话, Anotfor-profit group非赢利集团, Megatrends Asia《亚洲大趋势》, Quantum Fund量子基金, Hedge Fund对冲基金。一般说来, 译者的综合素质越高, 知识面越广, 英语的造诣越深, 越能跟上飞速发展的时代, 其译文中的Chinglish就越少。

综上所述, 尽管中国人用英语表达一些具有中国特色的经济词汇具有很大的难度, 而且带有中文特色是在所难免的, 但是如果我们能用好以上各种方法, 就能达到既帮助克服中式英语, 又提高译文质量, 最终实现中国英语中的经济词汇在繁荣中国经济和跨交往中发挥更大作用的目的。

参考文献

[1]方梦之:译学辞典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.

篇4:透析考研英语翻译之词汇篇

本文主要从词汇层面透析考研翻译中的具体问题,帮助考生在翻译过程中做到有的放矢。笔者认为,从词汇层面上看,考研翻译应该注意五个方面的问题:1、专有名词的翻译;2、术语的翻译;3、熟词的翻译;4、生词的翻译;5、代词的翻译。

1、 专有名词的翻译

考研翻译中所涉及的专有名词涵盖人名、地名。人名的翻译通常直接音译即可,但是笔者建议做如下分类:

(1) 对于众所周知的人名,按约定俗成的版本翻译。比如:

Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.(1994年真题74)

该句中Galileo应该译成“伽利略”,如果译成“加力里奥”,谁会知道这是意大利的著名科学家呢?其它类似的情况还有Bernard Shaw(英国大文豪萧伯纳)、Dr. Bethune(白求恩医生)等。

(2)对于不太熟悉、但是可以猜出其大致读音的,可以先做音译,再在后面加上括号补出英文原词。

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年真题73)

曾有部分考生将该句中的Pearson翻译成“人”,显然是将该词与“person”混淆了。当然,如果强求考生像参考答案那样译成“皮尔森”,也有一定难度。考生可以根据pear的读音猜出该单词读音,译成“佩尔森(Pearson)”也未尝不可。

(3)对于既不熟悉,又不能猜出其读音的,可以照搬英文原词。

The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.(2004年真题63)

参考答案中两个人名分别译为“伯阿斯”和“萨丕尔”。但是正确写出这两位西方语言学家的名字对于非语言学方向的考生无疑十分困难。这时,没有办法的办法就是照搬英文名。对于遵循公平原则的研究生入学考试来说,这种并非家喻户晓的某领域专家的名字,如果要求所有考生都书写正确,就是对该领域外考生的一种不公平,这是考研命题人不愿意看到的。

以上是对人名翻译的总结,而对于地名,处理起来要简单很多。以New York和New Zealand为例,前者译为纽约,为音译;而后者译为新西兰,则为意译,所以地名翻译的总体原则应该是约定俗成。大纲上明确开列了25组部分国家(地区)、语言、国民及国籍(168~169页),考生在复习时应尽可能地掌握。

特别提示:之所以建议考生对专有名词不做过于简单的处理,是因为阅卷老师在判主观题时,难免会受主观印象的影响。如果老师看到考生将大家熟知的东西译错,很容易对考生的翻译水平产生怀疑,从而影响考生的得分。试想如果将Greek(希腊人)译作(2004年真题61)“格里克人”,阅卷老师会做何感想?

2、术语的翻译

对术语的考查与考研英语翻译的选材有很大关系,浏览一下1994年以来的主旨:

1994年 天才、技术与科学发展的关系

1995年 标准化教育测试与标准化心理测试

1996年 科学发展的动力

1997年 动物的权利

1998年 宇宙的起源

1999年 史学研究方法

2000年 科学家与政府

2001年 计算机与未来生活展望

2002年 行为科学发展的困难

2003年 人类学简介

2004年 语言学

2005年 欧洲的大众传媒

其中出现频率最高的莫过于“学”、“科学”这样的词。这是因为该部分选择的往往是自然科学和社会科学的科普类文章,不可避免地会提到该领域的一些术语,要求考生进行准确的定义和翻译,而在句子层面往往会涉及定语从句这个难点。

先来看两道真题:

And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.(2001年真题75)

对于kitchen rage,参考答案译为“厨房狂躁症”, 而一般的考生多译为 “厨房生气”、“厨房愤怒”。2006年《考试分析》告诉我们(考试分析:91),其实,所有这些都是可接受的译法。因此,考生大可不必非要用参考答案提供的译文来苛求自己,而应把关注的重点放在可接受的译法上,对比自己的翻译与参考翻译在意义上,而具体用词上是否对等,并以此作为考研翻译部分复习的目标。

Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(2000年真题71)

参考答案中给出了“运筹学家”这样一个概念,相信多数同学可以判断出这肯定是某个领域的专家。即使不能准确地译为“运筹学家”,但译为“操作研究专家”同样是可接受的译法。

特别提示:综上所述,所谓术语的翻译,在考研中的原则就是“根据文章主题,做字面翻译即可”。这里之所以要强调根据文章主题,是为了避免出现诸如把operational research experts译成“手术研究专家”这样的错误。

3、熟词的翻译

测试的主要目标是对熟词僻义的考查。很多同学在背单词时都把精力集中在生词上,略过了自己熟悉的词汇,结果往往是能把一个句子的成分分析得很好,感觉好像也没有生词,但读完之后还是不明白句子的涵义。以下是从真题中选取的例子。

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(1996年真题72)

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999 年真题72)

We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004年真题62)

题目中选取的3个单词都是考生比较熟悉的,但在文中的意思都不是大家熟知的,影响了对整个句子涵义的理解。这3个词汇在句子中的意思分别是“机构”、“学科”、“感激”。

特别提示:考生在复习时必须对熟词僻义给予足够的重视,尽可能地消灭这些“最熟悉的陌生人”,从而杜绝“我最深爱的人伤我却是最深”的情况。

4、生词的翻译

(1) 所谓的生词

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995年真题72 )

For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. (1995年真题75)

Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. (1998 年真题73)

以上真题中的变色部分虽然是大纲以外的词,但其实都包含了我们熟悉的因素,比如说第一句中的 valid,第二句中的equal,第三句中的physicists。之所以显得陌生,完全是因为加上了一些前后缀。第一句中的-ate是个表示动词的后缀,因而validate也就有“证明……有效”的意思。第二句中的equal前面是否定前缀in-,后面是表示名词后缀-ity,加上本身“平等的”的含义,应该是“不平等”的意思;最后一个前缀astro-虽然在大纲当中未有开列,但atronomy, astronaut 这两个词是考生所熟悉的,因此,可以推出astro-应该和天文、宇宙有关,再加上physicists本身是“物理学家”的意思,整个单词的意思不难推出。

特别提示:根据大纲要求,如果一个单词的意思可以通过大纲中所列单词的常用前后缀推知,此时,该单词不计入超纲词。因此考生需要特别关注2006考研英语大纲151~167页所列的常用前后缀。

(2) 真正的生词

The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.(1998真题72)

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (2001年真题73)

They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achieve-ments. (2002年真题64)

以上变色部分都是大纲以外的词汇,对于这种生词,很多时候在其后的括号中都有英文注释,如:the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy);millennium(a period of 1000 years)。从以上三个例子可以看出:只要是真正的生词,而且又可能在翻译时影响考生的理解,出题人一般会在括号里附上英文注释。

特别提示:即使在时间非常紧张的情况下,也一定要留意括号中的英文注释,因为提示的概念往往正是多数考生理解句子的障碍。

5、代词的翻译

为了方便分析,根据代词指代对象出现的位置,笔者将指代分为句内指代与句外指代两种。

(1)句子内部指代的翻译

当代词与其指代的对象在同一划线句中时,一般来说可以将代词译为相对应的中文代词。但是如果前面出现多个名词,而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代对象,则最好将代词翻译成相对应的中文名词。

例:But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. (1998年真题71)

译文:但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

点评:这里的they与其所指代的对象scientists在同一句中,而且意思清楚明白,因此完全可以将代词译为相对应的中文代词“他们”。

There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001年真题 71)

译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。

问题译文:将来,会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目,以及带有污染监测器的汽车,当他们冒犯时,他们会使他们残废。

点评:问题译文的译者没有深刻领会原文中定语从句部分的含义,造成译文含糊不清,这正是考研翻译中应该避免的。

特别提示: 根据2006年《考试分析》提示(考试分析:88),该句中“关系代词如指代汽车,则扣一分, them(指汽车)指代关系错译,如译成监控器,扣一分,但本部分扣分最多不得超过一分。”

(2)句外指代的翻译

①如果代词的指代对象为前文提到的某个或几个名词,一定要搞清楚其指代的内容再译,译文中用代词表达不清的就用名词来表达,只有在代词能够表达清楚或者找不到合适的名词时才用代词。

But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”(2001年真题 74)

译文:但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

特别提示:根据2006《考试分析》提示(考试分析:90),该句中“that所指代的内容不译出扣0.5分。”

They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achieve-ments. (2002年真题 64)

译文:自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

②有时候代词的指代对象也可能是上文的某个句子,需要译者加以总结,因此在翻译时可以以模糊对模糊,根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法,这种说法,这个问题,这种做法……”

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. (1997年真题71)

译文:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。

“It isn't”看来非常简单,处理为“事实并非如此”,也可以将指代绕过,但是第二个it又如何处置?如果译成“它”?译者和读者恐怕都会觉得莫名其妙。往回找指代关系,会看到这样一条路径 it—it—it—this—do animals have rights? 也就是说it 指代的是最开始的一句话。应该如何处理,将这句话再翻译一遍?不必,完全可以做模糊处理,译为“这个问题”。

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.(2004年真题61)

非限制性定语从句一般可以独立成句,具体的做法往往是将先行词处理为关系词的重复,但有时which可以指代前面的某个句子,这个例子就是如此。前面是“希腊人认为,语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。”那么which指代的是这种联系根深蒂固,还是希腊人的这种看法呢?显然应该是后者。所以后半部分译成“这种想法,早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了”较为合理。

结束语

以上是考研翻译在词汇层面上常见困难的总结,希望考生在复习的过程中多加留意。对于句子层面的困难及其解决方案,笔者将另文讲解。此外,需要提醒诸位的是:一般英译汉部分不建议阅读全文。这是因为400词左右的文章通读一般需要5分钟,而每道题的答题时间在5分钟,这样翻译部分的用时就很可能超过30分钟,笔者建议该部分用时最好限制在25分钟左右。但是,我们也不能在未通读全文的情况下直接翻译句子,因为“研究生入学英语考试将英译汉作为阅读理解的一部分,其目的是测试考生根据上下文理解英语句子并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。”(《全国研究生入学统一考试英语考试分析》非英语专业2006年版),五个句子毕竟在一个大背景中。因此,建议考生注意:

1、 文章各段的首句一定要看,以便了解文章的大致内容(确定大语境);若文中有括号,括号中的内容一定要关注(扫除小障碍)。

2、 当划线句中出现句外指代时,要确定指代词的具体含义,需要借助前文。

3、 划线句中有一词多义现象,单看句子本身无法确定其具体含义,需要借助上下文。

篇5:服装英语词汇翻译

核准板,批板 approval sample

荷叶边 flounce

横裆 barre

横贴纸 inion paper

后背宽 B.mid. arm-hole

后背宽 across back

后背宽 across back

后叉 back vent

后袋 back pkt.

后幅 back panel

后幅 back panel

后夹圈 back armhole

后浪 back rise

后浪 BR/back rise

后浪缝骨 seat-seam

后浪骨 seat seam

后领圈 back neck

后片 back part

后中 CB/C.B./center back

后中长 C/B length

厚绒针织布 terry knit

厚毯,小地毯 rug

滑移 slippage

还口 clean finish/turn finish

还口,锁边 serge

黄麻 jute

回针 back stitching

会计部门 account department

混纺纱 mixed yarn

混合纤维 blend fibre

混码 sized-multiple

活胸衬 floating chest piece

活褶 pleat/knife pleat

机械的 mechanical

机械结构 mechanism

机械设备 machinery

基本纸样 block pattern

缉边线 edge-stitched

缉面线 topstitching

稽查水平 audit level/Aud.L.

计件工 piecework

计件工资 piece rate

加工厂 source mill

夹克 jacket

夹克,上衣 jacket

夹圈 scye/armhole

价钱牌 price tag/ticket

假缝 baste

假缝,绷缝 basting

间边线 edge-stitching

间线 top-stitching

肩衬 shoulder piece

肩缝 shoulder seam

肩宽 across shoulder

肩宽 shoulder

肩宽,肩部 shoulder

肩斜 shoulder slope

剪线 trim

剪线 trimming

剪线刀 thread trimmer

检查 inspect

检查报告 audit report

检查员 inspector

交织 interlacing

胶袋 poly-bag

胶针 plastic pin

胶纸包 poly-warp

脚贴 hem facing

脚围 bottoms

接受 accept/Acc.

解决,溶解 solution

金属附件 metal-ware

金属纤维 metal fibre

金属装饰品 metallic decoration

篇6:服装英语词汇翻译

核准板,批板  approval sample

荷叶边  flounce

横裆  barre

横贴纸  inion paper

后背宽  B.mid. arm-hole

后背宽  across back

后背宽  across back

后叉  back vent

后袋  back pkt.

后幅  back panel

后幅  back panel

后夹圈  back armhole

后浪  back rise

后浪  BR/back rise

后浪缝骨  seat-seam

后浪骨  seat seam

后领圈  back neck

后片  back part

后中  CB/C.B./center back

后中长  C/B length

厚绒针织布  terry knit

厚毯,小地毯  rug

滑移  slippage

还口  clean finish/turn finish

还口,锁边  serge

黄麻  jute

回针  back stitching

会计部门  account department

混纺纱  mixed yarn

混合纤维  blend fibre

混码  sized-multiple

活胸衬  floating chest piece

活褶  pleat/knife pleat

机械的  mechanical

机械结构  mechanism

机械设备  machinery

基本纸样  block pattern

缉边线  edge-stitched

缉面线  topstitching

稽查水平  audit level/Aud.L.

计件工  piecework

计件工资  piece rate

加工厂  source mill

夹克  jacket

夹克,上衣  jacket

夹圈  scye/armhole

价钱牌  price tag/ticket

假缝  baste

假缝,绷缝  basting

间边线  edge-stitching

间线  top-stitching

肩衬  shoulder piece

肩缝  shoulder seam

肩宽  across shoulder

肩宽  shoulder

肩宽,肩部  shoulder

肩斜  shoulder slope

剪线  trim

剪线  trimming

剪线刀  thread trimmer

检查  inspect

检查报告  audit report

检查员  inspector

交织  interlacing

胶袋  poly-bag

胶针  plastic pin

胶纸包  poly-warp

脚贴  hem facing

脚围  bottoms

接受  accept/Acc.

解决,溶解  solution

金属附件  metal-ware

金属纤维  metal fibre

金属装饰品  metallic decoration

★ 邮局英语词汇

★ 地名英语词汇

★ 高尔夫球相关英语词汇

★ 英语词汇心得体会

★ 有关金融英语词汇

★ 金融英语词汇

★ 薪酬英语词汇

★ 浅谈大学英语词汇教学法

★ 工程英语词汇(L)

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