(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典

2024-05-10

(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典（共4篇）

篇1：(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典

《2013考研英语高分策略——7天突破小作文》小作文满分

宝典打印版

第一章：方法与技巧

考研作文有两类，其中的小作文，多是辞职信、道歉信、感谢信等应用文体。它的形式是给出提示要点，要求考生根据要求表达清楚要点。尽管它并不需要华丽的词藻和吸引阅卷人眼球的文采。但是，它还是需要考生在平时的复习中点滴积累，适当训练。以言简意赅的词句及一定的逻辑性，将事情叙述清楚，表意明确。万事都有方法和尺度，只要找到了小作文的写作技巧和复习方法，这部分的分数还是很容易拿到的。复习方法

1、精读会写的前提还是多读。看得多学得多了，自然就会有话可说。对于小作文来说，考生在平时的复习过程中，应该注意熟悉一些应用文的格式，及英语的应用文表达习惯。考生可以找来历年真题。先是自己写，然后找来当年真题的范文，对比着学习。思考范文的得分点和闪光点。

2、背诵背诵不能不说是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。考生可以选择历年真题的范文和一些与真题作文相近的文章进行背诵。同时，基础稍好些的同学们，可以背一下小作的优秀模板。然后，依据模板进行训练。

3、勤练小作文和大作文一样，需要把功夫落在平时，勤写勤练是提高写作能力的又一有效捷径。加强实际写作练习有着至关重要的作用。练习的重点是要检查文章表达是否明确，有无严重的语法错误等。写作技巧小作文满分为10分，因为其更加套路化，所以它比大作文更加容易得分。但是，得高分的前提是要在格式、语言和要点等方面下功夫。

格式—— 1）称呼

英语应用文称呼有这样的特点，如果是不认识的人，一般称呼为敬词+尊称。例如，Dear Sir or Madam ；如果是写给关系正式的某团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名。例如，Dear Mr.xx或Dear Ms.xx；对于关系较亲密的人可以直呼其名。2）正文正文格式一般格式为首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行；现在流行的格式，每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。考生在格式方面可以根据自己的习惯进行选择。只要让阅卷人看得舒服，且完全符合应用文要求的文体就可以。语言—— 用词准确是最基础的要求之一。其次，句型多变。例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句。注意语法运用要正确。再者，正式语言一般是写给具有正式关系的团体或机构，注意这样的情况不用缩略语和口语用法。除了正式的文体以外，其他的文体皆为非正式文体。像写给朋友的书信等。小作的考查要求中会体现出写该篇的目的和场合。考生在写作时要注意针对不同场合使用不同语言，使交流得以进行。另外，也要注意不同的应用文有不同的用语。建议你对某些应用文的格式和习惯用语，应该加以熟悉和背诵，以便运用自如。其他要点—— 考试时注意在看到题目要求后不要忙于动笔。虽说小作文的字数充其量在一百多个单词，但是依旧要在脑子里理清思路。最好能够在仔细审题以后，认真列个提纲，这样更有利于思路清晰。写作时，注意表达清楚以下几个方面。首先交代清楚写信目的；其次为了让阅卷者对你的文章结构及表意一目了然，注意关联词或衔接词的运用；接下来，应该对个人的观点进行阐述（在写作有此必要的时候）。最后，行文间要注意简化描述。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。

第二章：经典范文

2.1、投诉信参考范文

Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student.You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting.He/She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you.Write a letter to the

Accommodation Officer at the college and:

1）ask for a new room next term,2）you would prefer a single room,3）explain your reasons.Don‟t sign your own name at the end of your letter, using“Li Ming”instead.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation.I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate‟s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him;for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this difficulty/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming

(136 words)

2.2、求职信参考范文

Directions: You want to apply for the following post/position:

Waiter/waitress required for evening work.Write a letter:

show your interest, 2）describe your previous experience, 3）explain why you would be suitable for the job.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress.Enclosed（被附上的）with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.Not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitress.I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport（密切关系）with people of all ages.I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant.Thank you for your consideration of my application.I look forward to meeting you in the near future.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（119 words）

2.3、建议信参考范文

Directions: You have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in—history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects.1）Give your suggestions.2）Explain the reasons.3）Other recommendation.Dear Wangcai, You have asked me for my advice concerning/regarding whether you should study history or computer science at university, and I will try to make some useful/practical/conducive suggestions/proposals/recommendations.You must keep in mind that, above all, your university training is a preparation for your future career.There is no doubt that the field of computer science offers far wider job opportunities than history.Besides, for the foreseeable future, not only will it be necessary for everyone to be computer-literate, it will also

be necessary to be equipped with computer skills merely to earn a living.Of course, I would recommend that you keep up your reading of history in your spare time.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（111 words）

2.4、请求信参考范文

Directions: You find your study load is too heavy.Write a letter to your college teacher: 1）you need to withdraw from two courses, 2）explain the reasons, 3）ask if it is possible to obtain a refund(退款).Dear Professor Shakespeare,I am writing to formally request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to Elementary Education and Teaching Methods.The main reason for reducing my course load is that I am finding it extremely difficult to manage six courses.Because I really have to work part time, I have no other choice but to decrease my course load.I would also like to request a tuition refund.I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this change in plans.This decision was not taken lightly, and I do appreciate the kind consideration you have shown to me.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 82036600.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（134 words）

2.5、邀请信参考范文

Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually: 1）Invite them to the party.2）Elaborate(精心制作；详细阐述)on the reason why such a party should be held.3）What activities will be arranged for them.Dear Xiaobao,I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2006 to celebrate Mr.Old Fish‟s marriage with Miss Fujiwora.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o‟clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree(音乐晚会), at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss（施特劳斯）.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（118 words）

2.6、道歉信参考范文

Directions: You have already had a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go.Express your reason clearly in about 100 words.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write the address.Dear Jane, I am excessively(过分地；极度)sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p.m.to meet an overseas visitor from Australia.I really have kept our date in my mind all these days.However, I received my boss’e-mail this morning, and he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad.It’s sudden and urgent and I must go.I’m sorry for any inconvenience caused.Please forgive me.Would you please ring me up to make another time? We may meet again and I hope to see you soon.Sincerely，Li Ming（115 words）

2.7、感谢信参考范文

Directions: While your family was on vacation, your friend, Mary looked after your dog, Smart.Now you came back, write a letter to her to show your gratitude.Your letter should be no less than 100 words.You don’t need to write the address.Don’t sign your own name at the end of the

letter;use “Li Ming” instead.Dear Mary, I am writing to express our heartfelt(忠心的)thanks for your taking good care of Smart while we were on holiday.He was such a happy dog when we got home.We knew he must have had lots of loving attention.When we picked up him from the kennel（狗屋）in your home he would whimper and carry on for hours.You not only saved us some money, but also spared us the worry about him while we were away.Your kind help is very appreciated, not only by Smart, but also by our whole family as well.Please accept our thanks again.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（107 words）

2.8、询问信参考范文

Directions: As part of a student social survey project, you are leading a group to visit an exhibition in a small town.Write a letter: 1）ask for information regarding such things as the contents of the exhibition, 2）the dates of its opening and closing, 3）any discounts.Dear Sir or Madam, I am organizing a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town.I am writing the letter in purpose of inquiring/seeking/obtaining/requesting information concerning/regarding the following aspects.First of all, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display? Secondly, what are the dates between which the exhibition will be held, and what are the daily opening hours? I must point out that I hope to bring over students to the exhibition.So I would like to inquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets for students.I look forward to your reply.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（116 words）

2.9、推荐信参考范文

Directions: One of your friends wants to apply for a job involving working with foreign teenagers.Write a letter: 1）Recommend him/her.2）Describe his/her past experience.3）Explain the reasons.Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post.With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Fudan University several times.Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record.Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Fudan Middle School.What‟s more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children.This has won him great popularity among his students.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（122 words）

2.10、祝贺信参考范文

Directions： Suppose that your friend‟s birthday is coming.Write a letter in about 100 words to congratulate her.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Helen, I remember all the time that your birthday is around the corner.I am sure all the friends and relatives are planning a grand birthday party and happy surprises for you.May I join them in wishing you a happy birthday? How I wish I could stretch out my hand to shake with you, but you are so far away on the other side of the globe.Do you know how much I cherish our friendship during the past ten years, and how much I anticipate maintaining it for the years to come? I write this letter to send my heartiest congratulations.I am sure that your birthday party will be a great success and I wish you many happy returns.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（126 words）

2.11、辞职信参考范文

Directions: You have been working in Morning Star Company for two years.However, you want to pursue your Master‟s degree this September.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss, Mr.Johnson, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address.Dear Mr.Johnson, I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign my position as a sales representative.I have enjoyed working with you and the staff in the Morning Star Company for these two years.Yon have given me plenty of help and encouragement.However, our work with local community groups has inspired me to return for my Master‟s degree in social work.I appreciate how valuable such a degree can be in my field of endeavor.I‟d like to pursue my Master‟s degree in autumn, and would appreciate it if you would accept my resignation before September 3.I will be able to stay on through the summer and help you find a replacement for my position.Thank you for all the patience, wisdom, and experience that you shared with me.I will always remember my time with the Morning Star with great affection, and hope to work with you and the staff again in the future.I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（175 words）

2.12、介绍信参考范文

Directions: You are writing your first letter to a pen pal.1）Describe your previous studies and work experience.2）Your current activities, hobbies and interests.3）Suggest meeting him/her.Dear Audrey, Hi!My name is Li Ming.I am very glad to have this chance to write to you and become pen pals.Let me first introduce myself.I‟m currently working as a computer programmer in a large multi-national company.I graduated from Beijing Normal University with a Bachelor‟s Degree in computer science in 2005.My hobbies include listening to pop music and traveling.This summer, I will be traveling with Mr.Yang Guo to Norway.If you are free, I would be very happy to meet you in person.Well, let me finish here.I am already eagerly awaiting your reply.I hope that we can become good friends.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（115 words）

2.13、申请信参考范文

Directions: You are a student of Fudan University.Write an application to get a scholarship for your graduate study in another university in America.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address.Dear Sir, I am writing to apply for a scholarship in your university in order that I could pursue my graduate study for the Master‟s Degree in your university.Here is my personal information for you.I was born in 1981 in Shanghai.I was admitted to the Physics Department of Fudan University in 2000 and will graduate this June.During my four academic years, besides my major, physics, I also take such selective courses as chemistry, computer and mathematics.I have made straight grades on all required subjects.Moreover, I have passed CET6 and kept on learning English all these years.So I don‟t think I will have any problems in language during my study in your country.If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful.And I am looking forward to your early reply.Enclosed are my score reports on all subjects and two recommendations.Sincerely yours, Li Ming（157 words）

2.14、便笺参考范文

Directions: Suppose that you cannot return the book to Ma Bin in person for some emergency and will ask someone else to return it.Write a note in about 100 words to inform him of it.Do not sign your own name at the end of your note, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Ma Bin, I would like to apologize for my not being able to return in person the book you lent me last Wednesday.You know, I have done a parttime job as a private teacher.Originally the lessons were

scheduled on Saturday.But it happens that my student is going to take part in a football match this Saturday, the day after tomorrow and so the lesson is shifted to tomorrow evening, which renders me to meet you then.But don‟t worry.I have asked a classmate to return that book for me.She is a pretty girl with short curly hair, and will go to your dormitory at 7:00 tomorrow evening.Thank you again for your book.It is really helpful to my English assignment.Yours, Li Ming(130 words)

2.15、通知参考范文

Directions: Write a notice in about 100 words for the Office of Fudan University to inform the teachers, workers and some students of a meeting to commend the advanced teachers and workers.NOTICE To commend the advanced teachers and workers, whose performance is outstanding in the year of 2004, a meeting will be held at 3:00 p.m.in the first Meeting Room on Friday.Our president will preside over the meeting in person and make a year-end summing up of the work of our university.What makes us feel even more honored is that the director of the Bureau of Education will attend the meeting, make an encouragement speech, and give out rewards to the advanced teachers and workers personally.All teachers, staff and junior and senior students are requested to be present on time.The Office of Fudan University Dec.27, 2004（112 words）

2.16、备忘录参考范文

Directions: You are the president of a company.Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee‟s training on computer: 1）the need to train the employees, 2）detailed information, 3）ask him to write a plan.To: Percy Shelley, Vice President From: Li Ming, President Date: January 10th, 2006 Subject: Computer Training of the Staff As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.I would like you to design our own inhouse computertraining program.We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover.Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.（127 words）

篇2：(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典

1.不要用长句。

长句有两个问题，一是中国学生水平不够，很难写出语法没有错误、意思表达准确的长句，语法错误、几个逗号连用、倒装从句混合是经常的。二是看essay的人也是人，经常是那种大学生研究生，没人愿意看长句混在一起的文章，短剧更讨人喜欢，并且表达意思更加清晰，准确。

2.细节要注意

出现My brother, friend的时候要加上名字，出现university的时候要给上名字，给出事例的时候要给出时间地点人物，没人愿意看“我的弟弟去了一个大学，然后再大学里交了很多朋友，后来去了公司里那些朋友成为了他的财富”，而“我的弟弟Dan去了Upenn读书，在学校里认识了Jeff、Dennis等好朋友，而他后来去Google公司工作的时候发现了他们成为了自己一生宝贵的财富”比上面那句好了很多。实在要写流水账也要写出细节和感觉。

3.瞎编要编的像

这个问题尤其出现在例子的应用上面，很多考生对于想要引用的例子并不是十分清楚，就自己按照一个模糊的印象进行描述。这是非常危险的事。专家建议考生在备考的时候，对于自己想要用的例子，一定要有一个清晰的了解。

4.自己的事例难写，最好不要写

应用自己的事例最重要的问题是主观性太大，没有太多的代表性。尤其是，对于自己的例子，考生提前准备的几率并不大，所以如果没有对文章结构等的把握能力，最好不要用。

5.积累，积累，再积累

这个就是老生常谈了，写作是最需要平时积累的，无论是论述和方法还是论点的新颖与否，或者是例子的应用

篇3：(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典

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【摘要】

针对雅思议论文写作中的辩论式话题，在教学中我们通常会向学生介绍两种安排结构的方式，即单边支持和双边讨论。所谓单边支持，顾名思义就是文章的辩论从一边展开，作者的观点和理由呈现“一边倒”的形式；而双边讨论型文章的特点则是文章针对题目所提出的话题，从正反（即支持和反对）两个方面展开辩论。单边支持和双边讨论结构的文章有着各自的特点和谋篇布局的套路，不同的题目可能适合不同类型的结构。但无论是用什么样的结构，作为议论文写作，论点、论据和论证都是必不可少的，特别是论点，没有论点或论点不清的文章是绝不可能拿高分的。然而在双边讨论型文章教学中，经常会发现学生对于如何提出观点感到非常迷惑。本文将从如何提出“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”这个角度对于双边讨论型文章的观点设计进行简单分析。

一，何为“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”。

很多雅思写作考题的提问方式都是“Do you agree or disagree？”或者“To what extent do you agree or disagree？”。很多刚刚接触雅思考试的学生甚至是老师认为对于这种提问方式无非就是yes或no两种答案，所以文章的观点也就只能是同意或者不同意了。其实，对于这类提问，也可以采用“折衷”的观点，即“partly agree，partly disagree”（部分同意，部分不同意）。但是前提是一定要在文章中从支持和反对的两方面都阐述一些理由，而且最好再提出一种“折衷”方案。例如，考题问“现在很多人用动物做试验，你同意吗？”，考生可以在文中分别讨论支持和反对动物试验的理由，最后提出动物试验既有好处也有坏处，这就是一种“折衷”观点。除此之外，作者还提出了是否能用动物来做试验主要是取决于试验是否能给人类生活带来显著的改善（比如帮助人类发明治疗Aids的药物），这就属于“折衷”方案。

二，“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”的几种形式。

那么如何提出“折衷观点”呢？“折衷方案”又有哪几种形式呢？下面笔者将对常见的几种安排折衷观点和折衷方案的形式，结合相应的考题进行总结。

（1）兴利除弊

“兴利除弊”应该是一种比较简单的折衷方案，在优缺点类文章中特别常用。即在分析完考题所涉及事物的优缺点之后，在结尾段提出“优缺点都有，我们要兴利除弊”这样的折衷方案。例如以下考题：

The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will outweigh the disadvantages.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?

在讨论完英语作为全球性语言的利与弊之后，结尾段可以这样提出折衷观点：

To sum up, it is difficult to tell whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages regarding the spread of English as a global language.What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend as positive while at the same time staying away from its drawbacks.（2）平衡发展

很多考题需要考生讨论两种观点，通常会有“discuss both views and give your own opinion”这样的提问要求。很多情况下，文中说到的两种观点表面上看来是完全相反，但其实并不矛盾，可以用“平衡发展”的思路来提出观点。例如考题：

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Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists.Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions.Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.在讨论完发展旅游的必要性和保护文化传统的重要性之后，结尾段可以这样提出折衷方案：

We should find the right balance between tourism development and cultural protection and I believe the government has a very important role to play here.In my own country, for example, many tourist cities have made effective development plans to successfully attract large numbers of visitors while still preserving their distinct cultural traditions.（3）取决于„„

有时在讨论完A和B两种观点以后，可以提出类似于“同意A还是B要取决于„„”这样的折衷观点，前文讲到的动物试验是否可以进行取决于试验的性质就是属于这样的方案。再比如下面这个例子：

Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets;others think that animals are sources of food and clothing.What is your opinion?

在讨论完动物当宠物养的理由和动物当食物吃的理由之后，结尾段可以这样提出观点：

From my point of view, there is no absolute answer as to whether animals should be treated like pets or as sources of food and clothes.It largely depends on what kinds of animals they are.But what remains undoubted is that we should treat animals with a humane attitude and bear in mind that they are important in preserving nature’s ecological equilibrium.（4）解决方法

很多双边讨论型文章中所讨论的两种观点其实是可以通过某种方案来“化解矛盾”的，例如这道考题：

In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities.Some people think new teachers and doctors should wok in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work.Discuss and give your own opinion.在讨论完“支边”的利（缩小城乡差距）与弊（年轻人丧失自由）之后，我们可以提出这样一种解决方案：

The best solution, therefore, is not to order, but to encourage.We should instill a sense of responsibility in young people and give more incentives to those who are willing to work in difficult areas, so that we can address the problem of urban-rural disparity while respecting whatever decisions new teachers or doctors have made.“成千上万人疯狂下载。。。更多价值连城的绝密英语学习资料，洛基内部秘密英语，技巧，策略

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篇4：(修改版)雅思写作高分宝典

第二章材料的使用与处理第一节《从素材到写作内容》教案

【教学目标】

1、理解素材的含义。

2、理解中心印象的含义及其与使用素材的关系。

3、弄清素材和题材的区别。

4、认识同一素材因不同的人或不同的角度会有不同的处理的道理。【教学重点】

引导学生学会发现素材的“意义”，将素材转化为作文题材；引导学生重视素材的积累。【教学建议】

让学生充分讨论，引导学生把握“中心印象”，并通过中心印象去发现、挖掘素材中蕴含的内在意义，在此基础上确定文章的主旨，在讨论中可不断地调整文章的主旨，使素材的意义不断升华，最终表现出深刻的文章旨意。要对现象进行由表及里的认识、分析和把握，发现意义，找到联系，形成观点。这个过程，就是认识材料的过程，就是写作的准备阶段。允许学生的低级幼稚，我们力求引导启发学生从幼稚走向深刻，最终落实到写作实践。【教学准备】

多媒体课件【课时安排】

3—4课时（指导1课时、训练1—2课时、讲评1课时，亦可边练边讲）【写作指导】

一、导入提问：

一条小溪、一碗面条、一个老实巴交的农民的外部形象、一句普通的话语，是我们生活中普通得几乎不会引起注意的事物，它们可以引发富有启迪、令人感慨的文章吗？可以画成富有艺术感染力的绘画作品吗？如果可以，我们还需要做什么呢？

二、概念的理解

（一）素材

1、根据例文思考、讨论什么是素材，教师根据教参简单讲解例文中具体的素材。例文（1）：

“小溪”与烂“泥塘”

－－学习《琐忆》有感

三十年代，鲁迅先生曾经勉励那些见了夸夸其谈的学者就被吓倒、自惭形秽的青年说：“一条小溪，明澈见底，即使浅吧，但是却浅得澄清，倘是烂泥塘，谁知道它到底是深还是浅呢？也许还是浅点好。”

细细品味鲁迅先生的这段话，令人感到他以幽默亲切的口吻，给我们讲明了一个道理：做人学事，要有自知之明，但不要自惭形秽。

你看那小溪，它发源于山间，从地下汩汩冒出。水是很浅的，但是清澈见底，它不自卑于源泉的狭小、力量的薄弱。它不断地涌出，慢慢地汇聚力量，向预定的方向流去，遇见土石挡路，它会暂时停下来，暗暗地聚积力量，当力量足够时，便漫过土石，浅浅流去，途中又汇入数支溪流，天长日久，它辟开高山，冲决峡谷，把坚硬的、四棱八角的山石涮成了鹅卵石。这时的小溪已变成汹涌澎湃、气势磅礴的大江河了。

再看那烂泥塘吧，乍看去，浑浊得难以见底，似乎深不可测，于是乎人们对它远远避开，因为它张着吞天的大嘴巴，不时放出臭气。可是，随着岁月的流逝，烂泥塘的水分不断蒸发，终于露出庐山真面目－－它只是浅浅的臭泥潭而已。

小溪成为大河，是因为它知道自己力量薄弱；它终于成了江河，是因为它不断地充实自己，战胜困难，百折不挠。小溪可贵在有自知之明而又奋斗不息。烂泥塘满足于一潭浊水，在自欺与欺人中混日月，满足中暴露出浅薄的真面目。

所以我们要象鲁迅先生说的那样：“也许还是浅点好！” 来，朋友们，做一条坦诚的、奋斗不息的小溪吧！

例文（2）罗立中的《父亲》油画形成过程

油画《父亲》创作来自生活的震动。油画《父亲》的创作过程是漫长的，罗立中认为农民是这个国家最大的主体，他们的命运实际上是这个国家和民族的命运，因此他就要刻画一位农民，为他的油画生涯一博。当第二届全国青年美展消息传出，他再到大巴山寻找灵感。在上大学二年的大年三十晚上这个传统的节日里，罗立中站在公交车站边的厕所旁，一个掏粪老人全然感觉不到周围阴雨绵绵和节日的气氛，麻木地工作着，当时的场面震动了罗立中，印象非常深刻，因此他要塑造一位又脏又臭的掏粪老人。在正式创作之前罗立中又一次回到了大巴山，将邓开选老人的所有照片都拿出来，一稿稿的变化着，画出了一幅综合的农民的形象，油画的题目也由原来的《收粪的农民》改成了《我的父亲》。《我的父亲》通过初审后被送到北京，进行展览前的最后审查时，当时评委被《父亲》所震撼了，久久地观赏、品味着。吴冠中认为这是父亲一代人的形象概括，“我的”就太小了，将“我的”拿掉，就叫《父亲》，他的形象代表了父亲那一代，这样在对观众展览的前一刻，《我的父亲》提升为大家的《父亲》。正是震动了罗立中的农民掏粪画面，才使罗立中创造了震动中国的《父亲》，能够感动自己的才能感动别人。

油画《父亲》的成功得益于罗立中的积累。罗立中得自父亲的遗传，对画画非常感兴趣，他喜欢画国画，擅长画毛笔连环画，大学四年下来非常刻苦地画了300多幅连环画，掌握了一手很受同学羡慕的毛笔连环画技术。在入大学之前在工厂做批评专栏板报的宣传干事，画过很大的一面墙的主席像，很大的大头像，那是不能打整体结构图的巨幅画像，只能从上到下铺地毯似的一气画完。这练就了他非凡、过硬的基本功，为巨幅的2米多高的《父亲》创作做好了必要的准备。

2、理解素材的含义。

素材是作者在平时和创作准备阶段中收集积累的未经加工提炼的原始材料。是与写作所要表达的内容有关的实际生活现象。素材可表现为直接的事象材料（如生活中的现象）和间接的符号材料（如图文资料），广义的素材可以泛指客观世界的一切世象。所以它并非就是文章的题材。

素材的特点：未经作者认真的分辨、挑选、整理及至必要的加工。它只是作者通过对所写的对象的观察、体验得出的印象、摄取采撷的原始材料。

原始材料不能直接写入文章，必须经过作者的筛选和提炼。从原始素材到写作内容的过程，就是作者对素材进行筛选、提炼并运用到文章中的过程。

要写好文章，首先要积累素材；将凡与所写内容有关的材料尽多地搜集，然后进行认真的筛选及至必要的加工，从而将那些最重要、最典型、最富有表现力或最能说明问题的材料（包括经加工整理过的材料），恰如其分地予以运用，从而成就出文质兼美的佳作。

我们要写出文质兼美的好文章，就应该留心身边的事物，注意细心观察，精心思考，从而找出闪光的东西作为你构思文章的题材。题材往往出自大量的写作素材，所以在留心身边事物的同时，还应善于通过不同的途径，例如书籍文献等，搜集大量素材，一者丰富自己的知识，二者为写作储备材料。

3、平时需要留心积累各种素材。常用的积累素材的办法有用摘抄本，写日记，用小卡片，报刊杂志剪贴等，总之，将观察到的，阅读到的，体会到的分类记载下来。

4、中心印象和使用素材的关系。

中心印象就是在所有的印象中给我们感觉最强烈的那部分。每当我们遇到某件事或观察到某个事物时，我们可能得到很多印象或感觉，可是我们写作的时候，实际上只能写出其中极少的一部分。所以，要提高认识水平可以从捕捉中心印象入手，同时中心印象决定了对素材的使用。

明确《父亲》的中心印象。

（二）题材

题材是作者为某一写作目的从生活中搜集、摄取并且写入文章的一系列的事实或论据，是作者用来提炼和表达主旨的事物和观念，包括一切被描摹的、被评述的材料。

素材和题材的区别：素材不等于题材。素材多是社会生活的原始材料，具有无比的丰富性生动性，但是，在丰富性中含有庞杂性，在生动性中却缺乏系统性，它只能是写作的基础，作者所表现的只是其中被筛选和提炼的一部分，因此素材大于或多于题材。素材经过选择、提炼、加工成为写作的内容才是题材。

1、材料的种类和作用（1）题材的种类

① 从材料的特点来划分，有事实性材料和观念性材料。

② 从材料存在的形态或表述的方式来划分，有个别性材料和综合性材料。③ 从材料的性质及其在具体文章中的作用来划分，有正面材料和反面材料。④ 按获取的途径分，有直接材料和间接材料。（2）题材的作用

① 写作前，广博的原始材料的积累是形成观点、提炼思想的基础。主旨不是凭空确立的，只能是在作者对各式各样的材料进行分析提炼、综合加工而得以确定的。② 写作中，有效地选择、组织材料是正确表达思想的支柱。③ 材料也影响写作成品的形式。

2、材料的采集

摄取材料的主要途经或方法是观察、体验、阅读和调查。

3、材料的选择 A选材的原则

（1）应选择突出主旨的材料（2）应选择典型的材料

典型材料，就是那些能够深刻反映事物本质、具有广泛代表性和巨大说服力的事实现象或理论依据。

（3）应选择新颖的材料（4）应选择真实的材料（5）要考虑文体特点 B选材的方法：

（1）精于鉴别：鉴别是选材的基础与前提。（2）善于联系。

三、素材的转换

1、研究《父亲》从素材到杰作的过程，我们得到的启示是：

其一、作者在受到素材“触动”的基础上，产生强烈的创作冲动。

其二、作者要善于通过“中心印象”去发现并挖掘素材的“内在” 意义。

其三、作者心中的“立意”要在不断地调整中，使素材得到不断的深化，让素材表现的“意义”不断的地升华，最终表现出深刻的文章旨意。

2、面对丰富多彩的素材应该注意的问题：

我们要善于通过素材的“中心印象”，去发现素材的内在意义，而这个“意义”与文章的主题是一致的。只有这样，才能完成由“素材”到文中“题材”的转换，才能真正将这些零散破碎的材料引入文章并并使之成为文章的有机部分。（参看教参P26）

3、例文分析：讨论教材例文，注意弄清素材、中心印象、题材、主题及意义。

并认识相同的题材由于作者认识的不同会导致作者对材料的处理不同，从而体会素材挖掘的意义。

从素材到文章示例：

四、写作实践

1、提炼主题（素材转换）

一个青年丢掉了工作，身在异乡的他四处寄求职信，但都石沉大海。一天，他收到了一封回信，回信人斥责他没有弄清楚该公司所经营的项目就胡乱投递求职信，并指出求职信中语句不通顺，借此把青年好好地嘲笑了一番。青年虽然有些沮丧，但他觉得这是别人给他回的第一封信，证实了他的存在，而且回信人在信中的确指出了他的不足。为此，他还是心怀感恩地回了一封信，里面对自己的冒失表示了歉意，并对对方的回复和指导表示了感谢。几个星期后，青年得到了一份合适的工作，录用他的正是当初回信拒绝他的公司。

这个素材可以挖掘出什么主题？负责人的人是值得信任的人；懂得感恩的人是幸福的人、是值得培养的人；真诚相待，终能得到好的回报。

2、片断练习：阅读下列材料，按要求作文。

1637年，出生于伦敦的英国青年约翰．哈佛从英国剑桥大学毕业，到美国马萨诸塞州剑桥新建的学院工作，时年29岁，患有肺病，工作很积极。第二年，他的肺病发作，不治而亡。尽管那时的学校只有一名正式教员，一座木版房和几十名学生，但哈佛十分钟爱这所学校，所以，他临终前立下遗嘱，将其约400本藏书和一半资产约780英磅捐赠给这所学院。这在当时的美国是微不足道的。当时的州政府为了让哈佛的善举化为一种风尚，把校名由剑桥学院改为哈佛大学。今天的哈佛大学，已经是一所多学科的综合性的世界一流大学。他成功于年仅29岁的一个叫哈佛的早逝青年的一个小小的善举。

要求：根据上述材料，写一篇作文，文体自选，题目自拟，字数600字左右。

首先明确：这个材料给我们的思维指向是多元的，至少可以从“州政府”或“哈佛”的两个角度立意：

哈佛的“一个小小的善举”，竟然引起州政府高度的重视，把剑桥学院改为哈佛大学，目的是让哈佛的善举，化为一种风尚。这种可贵的政府行为，对学习哈佛的“善举”，有着极大的宣传和推动作用。他告诉人们，一切献身公益事业的人，永远是人们学习的榜样。从这个角度，我们可以提炼这样的观点：“政府及时宣传、褒奖有‘善举’的人，有利于促进良好风气的形成。”

根据这个观点，我们在概述材料时，要选准角度来表述。:如：

三十年代的美国马萨诸塞州政府获悉，在新建的剑桥学院工作的29岁的哈佛，病逝前将其约400本藏书，以及一半资产约780英磅捐赠给这所学院，马萨诸塞州政政府为了让哈佛的善举化为一种风尚，把校名由剑桥学院改为哈佛大学。这个响誉世界的一流大学，成功于年仅29 岁的一个叫哈佛的早逝的青年的一个小小的善举。

放在文章里，概述材料、提炼观点作为文章的第一段，引论部分，可以这样来写：

今天我读了一则震撼我心灵的材料，材料介绍说：三十年代的美国马萨诸塞州政府获悉，在新建的剑桥学院工作的29岁的哈佛，病逝前将其约400本藏书，以及一半资产约780英磅捐赠给这所学院，马萨诸塞州政政府为了让哈佛的善举化为一种风尚，把校名由剑桥学院改为哈佛大学。这个响誉世界的一流大学，成功于年仅29 岁的一个叫哈佛的早逝的青年的一个小小的善举。

读了这则材料，我认为，政府及时宣传、褒奖有“善举”的人，有利于促进良好风气的形成。

哈佛的行为在当时的美国是微不足道的，但是哈佛没有考虑这些，他只想着能为社会做点贡献，他的这种“勿以善小而不为”的精神，值得我们学习。

从这个角度，可以提炼的观点是：“勿以善小而不为。”或“好事从小事做起”，或“我们每一个人都不应该拒绝微小的善举。”

根据这个观点，我们在概述材料时可以这样来写：29岁的哈佛在病逝前，留下遗嘱，将其约400本藏书和一半资产约780英磅捐赠给剑桥学院。这在当时的美国是微不足道的。但是，正是因为有了哈佛和哈佛一样的人献身公益事业，美国的哈佛才会成为世界一流的大学。我认为，我们每一个人都不应该拒绝做小的善举。

综上所述，概述材料提炼观点，要明确以下几点：（1）要读懂材料，明确材料的思维指向。

（2）从材料中提取的是自己感受最深的观点。（3）概述材料要与观点一致。

（4）概述材料力求语言简洁，明了。（5）提炼的观点用判断句为好。

3、文章写作：

比尔盖茨给青年的11条忠告：

（1）生活是不公平的，你要去适应它。

（2）这个世界并不会在意你的自尊，而是要求你在自我感觉良好之前先有所成就。

（3）刚从学校走出来时你不可能一个月挣6万美元，更不会成为哪家公司的副总裁，还拥有一部汽车，直到你将这些都挣到手的那一天。