英语学术论文写作Writing English Research Papers

2024-05-19

英语学术论文写作Writing English Research Papers(共6篇)

篇1:英语学术论文写作Writing English Research Papers

专业英语写作考点总结

Part І

Academic English Writing

(专业英语写作)

Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing

1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.(学术写作六要素:写作对象,目的,组织结构,文体特征,表达连贯和宣讲

或宣读)。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分

(1)description of a situation

(描述情况)(2)Identification of a problem

(甄别问题)(3)Description of a solution

(描述解决方法)(4)Evaluation of the solution

(评估解决方法)

3、Formal Grammar Style:(正规的语法风格)

(1)Generally avoid contractions

(一般来讲避免使用略缩词)

例:won’t改为will not(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms(使用更为适宜的正规的否定

形式)

例:not...any改为no

not...much改为little

not...many改为few(3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc.(限制使用

多个词连用的表达法)

例:句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a

textbook or other instructional materials).(避免向读者说“你”)

例:You can see the results in Table 1.改为:The results can be seen in Table 1.(5)Be careful about using direct questions.In some fields they are common, while in

others they are not.(使用直接引语时需谨慎)

例:What can be done to lower costs?

改为: It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者

We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6)Place adverb within the verb.(将副词放于动词词组内)

例:This model was developed by Krugman originally.改为:This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7)Consider whether you should split infinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)

例:We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8)Aim for an efficient use of words.(目的是为了有效地使用词汇)

例:There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the

process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改为:Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great

promise.习题:

(1)You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误:使用了you。

改为:This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.(2)OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of

possibilities.错误:使用了口语OK;直接引语的使用;使用了缩略词There’re。改为:Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.(3)You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing

underground subway stations clearly.错误:使用了you;将副词clearly放在了句尾。

改为:The difference between these two approaches to designing underground

subway station can clearly be seen.(4)Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection

during a fall to the ground.错误:将副词commonly放在了动词之后。

改为:Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection

during a fall to the ground.(5)So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of

smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误:使用了So far;使用了there be 结构;使用了not...any结构;使用了非正式的looking into。

改为:To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining

the initial trust of individual.(6)There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by

builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误:使用了there be 结构;副词widely 位置放错。

改为:Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used

than it is now as a construction material.(7)These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误:使用了etc。

改为:These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois,Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.(8)There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate

in the production of concrete.错误:使用了there be 结构;使用了not...very much。

改为:Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in

the production of concrete.3

Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing

(专业写作的两个基本结构)

1、Two underlying structures in academic writing:(专业写作的两个基本结构)

(1)general-specific structure

(泛论-特指(GS)结构)(2)problem-process-solution structure

(问题-过程-解决方法)

2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:(GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始)

(1)A short or extended definition

(简短或拓展定义)(2)A contrastive or comparative definition(对比或比较定义)(3)A generalization or purpose statement

(一般化或目标性陈述)(4)A statement of fact.(事实陈述)

3、Super ordinate-category word:technique, method, process, device, and system.(超级坐标词)

4、Deletions(删除):在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词

A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语

B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息

C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息 例题:p23(1).metal that is often used —> metal often used(2).device that is capable of —> device capable of(3).roof which is on top of —> roof on top of

(4).precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5).This sentence cannot be reduced.(6).flute that is pitched an octave higher---> flute pitched an octave

higher

(7).a process that involves the selective transport—> a process

involving the selective transport(8).a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a

celestial body with approximately the same mass

5、考题类型:句子排序

例题:P27

6、Comparative Definitions(对比性定义)(1)比较定义基本上有两类:

1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。

2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。

7、Participle(分词)例题:P39(1)The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.(2)After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.(3)First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any

imperfections.It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.8、词和词型的变换

P23-P25

Chapter 3 Data Commentary(数据信息解读)

1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other

kind of non-verbal illustration.(在许多学科中,数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。)

2、Structure of Data Commentary(数据信息解读的基本结构)

A、Location elements and/or summary statements.(定位要素和/或总结陈述)B、Highlighting statements.(强调陈述内容)

C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.(对

内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论)

3、Location elements and summaries.(定位要素和总结)

A、Starting a Data Commentary.(开始数据解读)

B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.(用在开始数据解读中的被动式)C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.(用在陈述性和信息性总结

中的动词)

D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.(语言聚焦:连接词As引出的从句)

Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing(总结与摘要写作)

1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary(一份良好的任务总结具备四个主

要需求)

(1)It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present

a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.(它应聚焦于来源文

本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点)

(2)It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.(它应以

精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料)

(3)It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s

own words and avoid terminology.(它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语)

(4)Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.(提

供完全独立的参阅性总结,并能控制其文章长度)

2、写作总结的基本步骤

(1)快速略读文本,脑中注意小标题。若无小标题,试将文本分成几部分。

(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来

源文本类型

(3)读文本,标示重要的信息或者作笔记

(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话的总结。

(5)对每一个主要题目,写下关键的佐证点,但必要时也要包括小的细节。

(6)再次仔细检查这个过程,做些适当的变动。

3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing(摘要写作的基本结构)

(1)Topic sentence(主题句)(2)Supporting Sentences(佐证句)(3)Concluding Sentence(结论句)

4、P70-P72的例句,写作时会用得上。

5、Summary and Abstract 两个词要会写,以及知道两者的区别,其中summary

要分三段来写,abstract不分段。

Part II Basal English Writing

(基础英语写作)

Chapter 1 Punctuation(标点符号)

1、The comma(逗号)

2、The period(句号)

3、The semicolon(分号)

4、The colon(冒号)

5、The question mark(问号)

6、The quotation mark(引号)

7、The exclamation mark(感叹号)

8、The dash(破折号)

9、Italics and underlining(斜体字和下划线)

10、练习题:P96-97

11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 ※ 8

Chapter 2 Vocabulary(词汇)

1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract(抽象)and concrete(具体), and

general(笼统)and specific(特指).It also includes how to appreciate the

connotative(引申含义)as well as denotative(字面含义,本义)meanings of

words.2、English words can be categorized as(分为)formal, informal and colloquial(口

语的).3、练习题:1/P102

4、练习题:P109-P113 9

Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing(英语句子写作)

1、Types of sentences(句子的类型)

P114(1)According to structure(根据结构)

① simple sentences(简单句)

② compound sentences(并列句:a、逗号加并列连词

b、分号,没有并列

连词 c、分号,连接副词及其后加逗号)③ complex sentences(复合句:一个主句,一个或多个从句)④ compound-complex sentences(并列复合句)(2)According to use(根据功能)

① declarative sentences(陈述句)② interrogative sentences(疑问句)③ imperative sentences(祈使句)④ exclamatory sentences(感叹句)(3)According to rhetoric(根据修辞)

① loose sentences(松散句,主体部分放在前面)

② periodic sentences(掉尾句,主体部分放在最后)※

③ balanced sentences(平行句)④ long and short sentences(长、短句)

2、练习题

(P121)

(1)He thought the painting was of little value.He let me have it for only ten

pounds.(Compound)

改为:He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only

ten pounds.(或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let

me have it for only ten pounds.)

(2)I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic)

改为:Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.(3)They were on holiday.Their house was broken into.Some valuable paintings

were stolen.(Compound-complex)

改为:When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some

valuable paintings were stolen.(4)The firemen fought for three hours.They finally managed to put out the

fire.(Complex)

改为:After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out

the fire.(5)Nobody in this world is quite perfect.We all have some faults.(Compound)

改为:Nobody in this world is quite perfect;we all have some faults.(或者

Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.)(6)The train is going to Dalian.The train leaves at 20:15.(Simple)

改为:The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.(7)In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the

class was over.(Loose)

改为:He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite

of the interruption.(8)Many people choose travel by air.It is fast.It offers convenience.It is not very

expensive.(Parallel Structure)

改为:Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not

very expensive.3、练习题 P121(1)履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。

译:A resume generally consists of personal information, educational

background, employment history and past achievements.(2)戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。

译:Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical

University.(3)请代我向你父母致以问候。

译:Please send my best regards to your parents.(4)现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性,超越眼前的社会需求。

译:Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the

immediate needs of the society.(5)这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗?

译:Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?(6)经常回顾昨天,你就会珍惜今天,向往明天。

译:Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value

your today and look forward to your tomorrow.(7)中国传统知识分子认为:穷则独善其身,达则兼济天下。

译:Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal

virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.(8)就算我追求爱情,我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。

译:If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love

all the time, neglecting my studies.11

(9)学校倡导大学生改变就业观念,并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西

部大开发中去。

译:Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the

graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western

Exploration.4、Sentence Expansion(句子拓展)

(各个位置的例句都要看)※

句子拓展的三种方法:addition(增添法),coordination(并列法),subordination(从属法)。

重点题型,要会判断句子正误

(1)增添法:常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、代词等(adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns)。修

饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。

① 添加形容词

(addiong adjectives)

单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前,但修饰由any ,every, no

somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时,放在其后。② 添加副词(adding adverbs)

如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时,其位置应按一下顺序排列: 程度副词-----方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。③ 添加短语(Adding phrases)

短语有8种:名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语(分词短 语、动名词短语、不定式短语)、同位短语、限定性短语。(noun, verb, prepositional;

three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute)

(2)并列法:包含三种方法

① Coordinating pronouns(并列连词)② Conjunctive adverbs(使用连接副词)③ Semicolon

(运用分号连接)

(3)从属法:

从句主要包括名词性从句(noun clause),状语从句(adverbial clause)和定语从句(attributive clause)。

名词性从句又分为主语从句(subject clause)、表语从句(predicative clause)、宾语从句(object clause)和同位语从句(appositive clause)。

① 常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。

5、几种短语拓展法:

(1)介词短语进行拓展(expanding with prepositional phrases)

介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修

饰词之后,做状语时位置比较灵活,可位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾,有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。

(2)不定式短语进行拓展(expanding with infinitive phrases)

不定式短语做名词时,可做主语、表语、宾语;做形容词时,在句中作定语; 做副词时,可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。(3)动名词短语进行拓展(expanding with gerund phrases)

动名词为动词-ing形式,名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动 词性可以带宾语和状语。

(4)分词短语进行拓展(expanding with participial phrases)

分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。

6、effective sentences(有效句)

(1)Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities :

unity(一致性),coherence(连贯性),conciseness(简洁性), emphasis(强调性),variety(多样性).(2)此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※

7、练习题: P142(1)This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but

its content is poor.改为:This composition is good in language but poor in content.(The language of

this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.)(2)The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.改为:The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.(The young

worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.)//平行意思多种表达形式不连贯

(3)Dufu was one of the best-known poets.改为:Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.(4)A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.改为:A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.(A man is

judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.)//同类意思同种表达方式

(5)We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.改为:We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.(6)To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.改为:To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.// 连贯性 主语不一致

悬垂修饰语导致

dangling modifiers(7)Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet

of paper.改为:Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this

sheet of paper.//避免造成人和数目的不一致或改变(8)When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.改为:When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上

(9)For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it.改为:For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.(10)When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I studied very hard.改为:When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I had studied very hard.(11)If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her.改为:If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.(12)They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return.此句正确。

8、练习题

P142(1)Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.改为:Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy(2)In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.改为:In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.(3)The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.改为:The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.(4)There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the

expedition.改为:A number of students are planning to join the expedition.(5)What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改为:In my opinion he is a very honest man.(6)I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I

want to be an interpreter.改为:I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.(7)These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.改为: These watermelons are large and sweet.(8)At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a

course in Geography too.改为:At present I am taking World History and Geography.(9)We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.改为:We planned to meet before sunrise.(10)His attitude was of a puzzling nature.改为:His attitude was puzzling.9、练习题:

P143(1)He was selfless, hardworking and modest;that’s why he became a great

Scientist.改为:He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and

Hardworking.(2)As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed.改为:John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.(3)Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.改为:As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.(4)China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years.改为:As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years,China has changed a great deal.(5)Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.改为:Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.(6)Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer

interesting to him after he went bankrupt.改为: After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life

itself were no longer interesting to him.10、常见的语法错误:

P143

书中每个正确的句子都要看 ※(1)Misused parts of speech(用错词性);(2)Sentence fragments(残缺句);(3)Run-on sentences(流水句);

(4)Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers(误置修饰与悬虚结构);

(5)Problem in agreement and reference(一致与指代问题)。

11、练习题

P146

修改残缺句

(1)After returning from the beach.The children were exhausted.改为:After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.(2)John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.改为:John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.(3)Karen dropped calculus.Which she had dropped severall times before.改为:Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.(4)Working together to save our environment.We can leave the world a better

place than wo found it.改为:Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a

better place than wo found it.(5)Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man.Proving that she is an honest person.改为:Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an

honest person.(6)Some errors in writing are serious.For example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.改为:Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.12、练习题

P147

修改流水句

(1)Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts

or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.改为:Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette

buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.(2)Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received

a full scholarship.改为:Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has

just received a full scholarship.(3)We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.改为:We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went

home.(4)At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take

my usual nap.改为:At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door;I could not

take my usual nap.16

13、练习题

P147

改正句子

(1)The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.改为:The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache.(2)He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.改为:He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.(3)Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.改为:Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.(4)Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was

saved by a passer-by.改为:Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning

in the icy river.(5)The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.改为:The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his

owner.(6)I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.改为:I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.(7)She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier

hearts completely to her.改为:She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open

his heart completely to her.(8)One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access.改为:One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet

access.(9)The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are

enthusiastic about my proposal.改为:The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is

enthusiastic about my proposal.(10)The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.改为:The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.17

Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing(英语段落写作)

1、Paragraph Structure(段落结构)

(1)主题句(the topic sentence)具有三个重要功能:

P149 ① 通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。② 显示段落内容。

③ 控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必

须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。

(2)练习题:

/ P151

2、Composing Effective Paragraphs(写作精彩段落)

精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开:段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲,一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先,该段落必须只讨论一个主体,即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一,主题思想通常用一个主题句表达;第二,它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容,即该段落语义必须完整;第三,段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理;第四,段中句子必须表现出连贯性:前后衔接自然,使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路,而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。

3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:(写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法:)

P160(1)A natural or easily recognized order.(合理排序所有信息)(2)Parallelism.(使用排比结构)

(3)Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.(重复重述关键

词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换)

(4)Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.(用代词替换主要名词)(5)Transition words and phrases.(使用过渡词和词组)

4、合理排序

P161

(P161-P167例子全看)

(1)general-to-specific order---deductive order

(从一般到具体——演绎法)(2)Specific-to-general order---inductive order

(从具体到一般——归纳法)(3)Emphatic order---order of importance

(按照重要性排序)(4)Spatial order---order of space

(空间顺序)(5)Chronological order---order of time

(时间顺序)

考点:五种排序法的英文要会;要会进行排序

5、练习题:1/P180

3/P182(7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5)18

Chapter 5 English Essay Writing(文章写作)

1、Structure of english essays(文章结构)

一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段(introductory paragraph);然后是正文或主体段(body paragraph);最后是结尾段(concluding paragraph),重述文章主题和中心,首尾呼应,总结全文。

2、列提纲(outline)

※ 考点

P199

(1)There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.提纲分为两种形式:主题式提纲和句子式提纲。

(2)主题式提纲简洁明了,通常由名词及其修饰语组成,或由动名词短语、动

词不定式短语组成;句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。(3)下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例,列举两种不同的提纲:

① Topic outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle I.Relatively inexpensive A.To buy B.To operate

II.Healthy A.A lot of exercise B.No pollution III.Personally satisfying A.To enjoy the scenery B.To become part of nature

IV.Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful ② Sentence outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.I.Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive

A.It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.B.It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.II.Riding a bicycle is healthy.A.Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise B.Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.III.Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.A.Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.B.Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.IV.Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.3、There are four types of English essays:

narration(记叙文),description(描写文),expositon(说明文)and argumentation(议论文)。

篇2:英语学术论文写作Writing English Research Papers

科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流,讨论,阅读。在第一节课,老师就告诉我们,面对全球众多的科研工作者来说,本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言,让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义,才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。

在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中,我们组经历了第一次的细致分工,到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区,在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。同时,在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction部分的汇报,完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料,再到最后制作修改完成终稿,最后是台下的汇报演练,每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。

回首这学期本门课程的学习,我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。首先,作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士,在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作,在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。无论是发表期刊论文,还是撰写自己的学位论文,插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器(Noteexpress,Endnote)。通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用,让我熟悉了文献管理器,在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用,极大的方便了论文写作。其次,语料库的检索分析,制定自己论文写作方向,都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。

接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。从第一节课开始,老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度,给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。在本次课程中,我们在老师的带领下,通过小组合作的形式,对

introduction,methodology,results,conclusion等几个论文的主体部分,以及title,authors,abstract,keywords进行了细致的学习,理解了每个部分在论文中所起到的作用,以及写作这些部分的英文论文的时候所需要注意的时态语法主语人称等方面的问题。也让我明白,英语学术论文的写作,不应该是简单的中译英,而更重要的是自己的学术内容与思想能够清晰而又高效的传达出来,进而实现学术交流与提高的作用。

篇3:学术英语写作语言特点的探讨

绝大多数国际学术会议宣读论文或在国际学术刊物上发表论文必须用英语撰写;即使是在国内一些期刊发表汉语论文也要提交英语论文题目, 关键词和论文摘要.这种要求对于初写论文者带来了较大的挑战.论文由于英语表述部分未能达到期刊要求而需反复修改, 甚至被退稿情况时有发生.有些人认为自己英语基础好就可以写出好的论文, 这种想法并不完全正确.我们已经学过数年通用英语是我们写作的基础, 而学术英语写作还有其明显的语言特点, 也就是我们说的这个领域中特殊要求.一个人是否掌握论文写作的基本要领是评判一个人是否具有进入学术领域的一个基本条件.如果我们不具备这些要求, 就没有资格来著书论道.因此我们的教师, 研究生和本科生都要投入一些时间学习英语学术论文表达显得非常必要, 也是紧迫的一件任务.本文从论文写作中的英语词汇, 语法, 修辞和篇章来分析英语论文写作的语言特点, 希望能为大家提供一些帮助.

1 词汇特点:

来自多种外来语的英语词汇丰富, 数量非常庞大, 由于这种原因在表达一种观点和想法的时候会有多种表达形式。因此, 如何选词这是我们经常遇到的难题。在日常生活中我们更多是听到口语化的表达形式, 而学术语言则要求正式, 庄重, 表达力强的词语, 在写论文中应当尽量避免使用口语表达方式, 更不要使用俚语, 行话。因为这种词汇会给不同地域的人带来理解上的偏差, 容易引起歧义。

在英语中我们选择动词往往有两种形式:一个是动词词组:动词+介词或动词+副词;另外一种是单个动词, 后者往往是拉丁语系词。在我们日常口语表达中, 常常使用动词短语;而在学术写作中倾向于使用单个动词。这是区别于英语口语与学术用语之间的一个分水岭。我们知道人类的文明起源于古希腊, 因此源于拉丁语、希腊语是科技文献种常使用的词汇。这种使用倾向一直沿用到今还保持这种语言的特点。

2 语法特点

2.1 英语一般情况下有四种形式即陈述句, 祈使句, 疑问句和感叹句。

日常生活英语中根据不同的目的, 我们可能选择不同的句型。拉姆斯威慈对他的抽样材料分析后统计出:“在剧本材料中, 三分之二为陈述句, 其余的为疑问句和祈使句”, 而“在科技英语文体主要使用陈述句和祈使句”。在学术论文中主要使用陈述句。巴伯对他的一篇有关天文学的抽样材料进行分析后统计出:在350个句子中, 345句为陈述句。而在用户手册、实验报告、实验指导书中则经常使用祈使句。

2.2 英语时态

在论文写作中, 最常用的时态是一般现在时, 其次是过去时和将来时。如果我们翻开英语科技文献, 就会发现用得最多的时态是一般现在时。“一般现在时在谓语动词中占89%”, 这个比例足以说明一般现在时态在学术论文写作中占有绝对大的比例。在英语语法规定一般现在时态除了表示经常性或习惯性的动作和现在的特征和状态之外, 还可以用来表示普遍的真理。写论文的人想要表明的是他们所说的、所写的都是真理性的, 即使是叙述一个已完成的实验, 或者是叙述一个将要做的实验, 也大都使用一般现在时, 意在表明其他人在任何时候都可以重复这样的实验而得到同样的结果。其它两种时态主要用于:在表达假设条件时, 用到将来时态。在叙述科技发展史时, 使用过去时态。

2.3 语态

为了表明科学研究的公证性和客观性, 论文写作中尽量避免使用第一人称和第二人称。因此使用被动语态多也是论文写作中的主要特点之一。论文中常常用“物”作主语或者使用“It”作主语, 谓语使用被动语态。在陈述实验设备和实验过程时, 在介绍分析、推理、总结的过程时, 在说明事物的性质、特征、状态、用途、工作原理时, 常使用被动语态, 或使用第三人称单数来表示。拉姆斯威慈的统计表明:在科技文献中, 26%的谓语动词为被动语态, 74%为主动语态;在抽样剧本中, 3%为被动语态, 97%为主动语态。

3 语篇的特点

3.1 论文篇章的主要特点是格式化。

随着信息时代的到来, 权威人士估计, 全世界每天约有1万篇科学论文发表在各类学术刊物上。只要分析一下我们就会发现绝大多数论文都是按相同的格式写成。这种格式不是我们任何人可以随意改动的。论文中对论文的题目, 摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结尾、参考书目几部分都有明确的要求

3.2 逻辑严密、系统性强是论文写作中又一个重要语篇特征。

句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间、部分与部分之间的联系很紧, 连贯性明显.在论述过程中常常使用从个别到一般安排细节材料的方法.这种方式是把细节安排在前面, 把结论性的东西放在最后。另外一种是从一般到个别安排细节材料.这种方式把结论性的材料放在前面而把细节材料放在最后。还有一种是从已知信息到未知信息安排材料.把已知信息放在前部, 把新信息放在后面, 这样安排符合认知规律, 也增加了可读性.

结论

综上所述, 我们可以看出学术英语语言无论在英语词汇, 语法还是在语篇均有其明显的特征.词汇上要求正式, 规范和准确, 不可使用容易引起读者理解上的起义;语法表达上要客观公正, 通过无主人称和语态论述, 不能过多地参杂个人主观上得猜测;语篇逻辑性要强, 直线性的思维是英语语言的主要特点, 表达上要或是使用演绎式或是归纳式.不要迂回和绕弯子.正确地掌握论文写作方法需要我们经过多次反复地练习才能在实际写作中运用自如.

摘要:本文作者从词汇, 语法, 语篇等三个方面探讨了学术英语论文的语言特点.分析了普通英语与学术英语之间的区别.对写出符合学术标准英语论文提供帮助.

关键词:学术英语,写作,语言特点

参考文献

[1]Academic Writing for Graduate Students Jone M.Swales and Christine B.Feak University of Michigan Press 2004

[2]ESP的理论语实践程世禄张国杨广西教育出版社1996

[3]英文科技论文郑福裕, 徐威清华大学出版社2008

[4]科技论文写作快速入门比约.古斯塔维北京大学出版社2008

[5]学术用途英语写作课程设计刘兵中国ESP研究2010

[6]论文写作规范与研究生学术研究能力2003, 7外语与外语教学朱源

篇4:学术英语写作研究述评

关键词: 学术用途英语 英语写作 系统功能语言学 学术语言能力

学术英语写作研究作为写作研究领域的一个重要组成部分,考察的对象主要是学术语篇与相关写作实践活动。最近,根据Coffin和Donohue,以及Gardner的归纳,这些年学术用途英语(EAP)的研究与教学总体在两个理论模式下开展,分别是澳大利亚的系统功能理论(Systemic Functional Linguistics,以下简称SFL)和英国的学术语言能力理论(Academic Literacies,以下简称AL)。SFL理论范式主要采纳客位视角,先进行系统描述,再解释这些描述特征,AL理论范式主要采纳主位视角,观察他们如何进行学术英语写作的实践,怎样找出新的写作教学方法。

本文倾向于研究学术英语写作,分为三大路径和六个子路径。三大路径是:(1)系统功能语言学视域下的学术英语写作研究;(2)学术语言能力理论视域下的学术英语写作研究;(3)对自身理论范式和研究方法的探讨。六个子路径是:学术语篇的语类(genre)结构潜势研究、语域(register)特征研究、人际意义研、写作的认知过程研究、有关非英语国家学者在国际主流英文期刊上发表论文的问题、学术英语写作的教学研究。

1.系统功能语言学视阈下的英语学术语篇研究

SFL视阈下的学术研究表明了学术文本的语言使用特征和人际意义功能。三个子路径的研究结果表明,这些文章结构特征和语言形式的使用特点有学术话语社团的共性,以及学科差异、语体差异、体裁差异和语类差异。例如if条件句式在写作中得到高频使用,表明体裁差异的特点;中国学生的本科毕业论文中滥用大量虚词,这些词不属于常规学术用词;学生经常把小句和主句倒置,使得很多学生的文章看不懂。

2.学术语言能力理论视阈下的写作实践研究

从二十世纪80年代中期开始,国外写作研究导向由结果转变为过程,然后强调后过程导向,与文本研究一同发展起来。第一个子路径是学术英语写作的认知过程研究。过程研究主要包括写作过程个案分析、撰文过程,以及探究学者的学术写作策略。第二个子路径是国际发表问题,研究朝两个方面发展。一方面揭示了EAL学者的论文质量问题及其应对策略,另一方面非英语国家英语作为附加语言(English as an additional language,EAL)的研究者国际发表的复杂性及他们采取的应对策略。第三个子路径,学术英语写作的教学研究,主要包括三个方面:EAP写作教学策略、教学资料手段的开发运用,以及课程项目设计与评估。研究表明,EAP教学理念在实践中得到较好的应用,而且在批评和实验中不断更新与发展。这些教学研究应用在写作文本和写作实践中,可兼具两个视角,因此三个子路径之间的融合存在很大的发展空间。

3.论范式与方法研究

虽然该路径研究论文的不如其他两个路径的数量多,但意义重大。研究内容包括界定重要概念、构建分析框架、评价研究方法、阐释教学原则、反思存在的问题或争议,以及探讨理论视角和梳理发展脉络与趋势。研究进展主要体现于六个方面:首先是一系列重要概念得到界定,包括学术用途英语、学术英语能力、言语体裁、话语团体、学术英语的使用者、论文作者等。第二是构建和修订一些描述性分析框架。第三是评价研究方法。第四是在该领域高级学者运用各类理论视角,阐释和思辨学术写作教学理念、原则和ESP学习模型。第五是反思部分概念的理解问题,或者探讨研究与教学中有争议的话题。最后是梳理现有研究对书面话语、学术英语写作、语类体裁等领域的发展脉络,包括系统功能语言学、学术语言能力理论、跨文化修辞、社会认知理论等。

4.国内研究进展

我国研究迅速发展是在2003年,前23年(1978-2002)仅11篇,后11年(2003-2013)共103篇,特别是从2003年起,论文从未间断地发表。从三大路径的研究成果来看,在SFL看来,国内研究主要考察英语的学术文本特征。其中,语类结构研究发表不多,主要是对学术语篇的宏观结构分析,对论文的摘要部分考察较多,但是对引言、综述、致谢等部分的语类结构研究较少。从发展看,在过去的三十多年里,研究的视角在不断深入,科技的语篇特点得到进步与发展。

5.当前学术英语写作研究面临的问题

第一,研究范式的接口问题,包括理论和方法两个层面。理论层面上,SFL视角下的学术英语写作研究过于关注文本,忽视社会语境对写作实践的影响;而AL视角缺乏对文本的关注。如何开展对社会语境和文本的接口研究,并将两方面应用于教学,国内外研究目前都停留在初级阶段。方法层面上,语料库和话语分析的界面研究同样存在如何接口的问题。语料库研究注重描述,难以提供系统的理论解释。话语分析虽然能够进行细致的分析,但无法统计大规模样本的频率。第二,如何运用理论阐释数据的问题。该问题在研究文化差异对语言使用是否存在影响的过程中可能最典型。受到中国儒家思想的影响,中国学者在学术写作过程中避免明确谈到自己的研究价值,使得中国学者的思维模式受到禁锢。第三,国内少见人本研究和跨学科创新研究。中国学者需要在研究人本价值、揭示写作者和写作过程的复杂性中发出中国的声音,需要用多元的视角和学科间的融合,促进当前研究的创新与发展。

参考文献:

[1]徐昉.非英语国家学者国际发表问题研究述评[J].外语界,2014.

[2]徐昉.学习者英语学术写作格式规范的认知调查报告[J].外语教学,2012.

[3]杨惠中.科技英语的教学与研究[J].外语教学与研究,1978.

[4]徐昉.学术英语写作过程与认知研究述评[J].外语教学理论与践,2013.

篇5:英语学术论文写作Writing English Research Papers

In his article 00 design to build biological which addresses many weapons, and this hazard ,scientistsgrumps over the has come to people”s persistenceof ID(intelligent attention with synthetic design), scott Lilienfeld biology”s recent postulates ,that many development.④Campbell Americans approval of ID points out that it is cannot be blamed on their relatively easy to abuse lack of common sense but biological knowledge while rather their dependence biological studies often on their common sense or bring about unexpected intuition in making results.⑤ People using judgements which turns biological information for them away from the malicious purpose may be theory of natural whoever have learnt to selection.2 According to exploit simple biological Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in technologies and are not intuiting how marvelous necessarily committed to creatures and organisms terrorist agendas.⑥ have resulted from natural Campbell believes that the selection has prevented decisions made by funding many Americans from agencies and scientific accepting Darwinian journals who are the Theory while the same gatekeepers of biological common sense has made research will be crucial in ID rather tempting to them.reducing the risks of ③As is indicated by a information abuse and multitude of examples of what proactive measure wrong beliefs based on should be taken has to be common sense, intuition considered by all related does not provide a reliable parties.3In his meansof understanding article”00”,Austin Modine theworld.④highlights that robot driver Unfortunately ,scientists will control the vehicles and science educators which raises problems in have failed tou teach different social llevels.research methods and Autonomous robots will academic skills that can deprive people of their help debunk control.For Modine’s misconceptions assume that human ,compatible with peoples interaction is necessary,but common sense.⑤Finally , human will make mistakes Lilienfeld concludes that a because of their wrong radical shift in science decision.Autonomous education has to be systerms also have a initiated so that scientists tendency to make would not face a fiasco mistake.And there is a when confronting problem that who will be erroneous claims refuged responsible for the ,by peoples common failure.A concern that sense.2①In his article autonomous systems are “00”, Philip Campbell held back until they don’t highlights a dire likely make mistakes any consequence of biologists” more.The reaction to increased ability to obtain failures between and distribute scientific autonomous systems and information that such manned systems should be information may be chosen if it make less exploited by people with mistakes than heinous intentions.human-operators and 2.Scientific communication, technical according to Campbell, has systems.Finally,Austine seen significant Modine conclude that development due to the many questions should be invention of powerful solved in order to make software and hardware autonomous systems that facilitate scientists” accept legally and acquisition of information socially.4In his article “00” and reduce the trouble Carrington highlights a they may otherwise have phenomenon that to take in order to simplicity becomes more publicize their research.complex, and people are ③However, the resulting interested in the plethora of biological complexity.In the history, information spawns a the turbojet engine hazard that the invented by Frank Whittle information may be used just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity..

篇6:学术论文写作要求与写作方法

题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名,题名要符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则,应以简明、准确的词语反映文章特定内容,并有助于选定关键词。应避免使用非公知公用的缩写词、字符、代号,尽量不出现数学式和化学式。

题名(Title,Topic)----找一个好的主题

题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。

论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息,也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要,必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性,用了下面的一句话:“论文题目是文章的一半”。

对论文题目的要求是:准确得体:简短精炼:外延和内涵恰如其分:醒目。对这四方面的要求分述如下。

(1).准确得体

要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容,恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。

常见毛病是:过于笼统,题不扣文。如:“土地利用强度的研究”过于笼统,若改为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多,例如“快速城市化地区土地利用强度的研究”,这样的题名就要贴切得多。我们要求题目必须落到实际,不能空对空,尺度以县乡为主,不能写什么“中国土地问题研究”之类。

关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容,或论文内容与论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣,即题要扣文,文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。

(2).简短精炼

力求题目的字数要少,用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求,并无统一的“硬性”规定,一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字,不过,不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映,在遇到两者确有矛时,宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质,则可利用正、副标题的方法解决,以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料,方法及内容等信息,使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如:区域土地利用强度研究--(副标题)以快速城市化地区为例“。

(3).外延和内涵要恰如其分

”外延“和”内涵"属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延,是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象;而所谓内涵,则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。作者署名和工作单位

作者姓名署于题名下方,团体作者的执笔人也可注于首页页脚或文末,作者署名是文责自负和拥有著作权的标志。对作者应标明其工作单位全称及邮编,工作单位和邮编之间空一个字。摘要

摘要应该与整篇论文具有同等的主要信息量,摘要的内容包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论,其中,研究的结果和作者的结论为摘要的核心部分。一般应写成报道性文摘,摘要应简明扼要地提供全文重点信息,具有独立性和自明性,且应是一篇完整的短文,一般在300字左右。摘要一般不分段,不用图表、公式和非公知公用的符号。

英文摘要一般与中文摘要具有对应关系,但也不是完全一一对应。尽量使用简单语句和常用语,语法要正确。时态:以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和现在完成时,一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论,揭示自然界的客观规律;一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识,这种认识也许有一定的局限性;现在完成时 表明过程的延续性,虽某事件(或过程)发生在过去,但强调对现实所产生的影响,以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和现在完成时。目前,英文摘要仍以被动语态具多。关键词

关键词是能反映论文主题概念的词或词组,便于作文献索引和检索。每篇论文选择关键词3~5个,可从题名、摘要中选出,也可以把重要术语和地区、人物、文献、产品及重要数据名称作为关键词标出。绪论

绪论又称前言或引言,绪论的序号可以不写,也可以写为“0”,不写序号时“绪论”二字可以省略。绪论应少而精,开门见山,言简意赅,应写明前人相关的研究成果、理论与与实践依据,内容可包括研究的目的、意义、主要方法、范围和背景等。不要与摘要雷同和成为摘要的注释,切勿用“众所周知“、”大家知道“之类的开场白,也不要写什么“才疏学浅”、“不吝赐教”等客套话。------此部分应与开题报告的文献综述对应。到中国期刊网或者谷歌学术搜索,查阅最新的参考文献,读懂文献,找准切入点,解决必要性和先进性问题。正文

正文是论文的主体,系指引言之后结论之前的部分,应按 GB 7713--87的规定格式编写。这一部分的形式主要是根据作者意图和文章内容而定。

实验为研究手段的论文或技术报告,包括以下几个方面:

(1)实验原材料及制备方法。主要描述研究材料的可靠性、均衡性及随机性的情况。

(2)实验所用设备、装置和仪器。通用设备应注明规格、型号,如果是自己特制的装置,应提供示意图,并附测试、计量所用仪器的精度,使读者得知实验结果的可信度和准确程度。

(3)实验方法和过程。方法包括测量仪器、测定方法、标本处理、计算方法等,过程如何进行,操作应注意事项。若有技术上的经济性,要正确处理好学术交流与技术保密的关系。

(4)实验结果。结果部分是示出处理后的实验效应,包括各项指标的数据和图像。对结果进行分析,把实验所得的数据和现象加以解释,阐明自己的新发现或新见解。图表的数量应择其要者。

若针对土地或者地理信息系统来说:

可分为:

研究区情况:介绍研究区与研究相关的自然、社会、经济背景材料。

数据采集与预处理方法:说明数据来源、处理步骤,重点说明数据的可靠性和可用性。

研究方法与数据处理

数据处理结果

写该部分时要注意:首先是选取数据必须严肃认真,实事求是;其次是描述现象要分清主次,抓住本质,图表设计要精心,使其一目了然;最后是分析问题必须以理论为基础,以事实为依据。结尾

结尾是以结果和讨论为前提,评价分析结果的误差,也是结果论点的提炼与概括,同时,提出尚存在的问题和今后解决问题的展望。结论要有条理,应准确、简明、完整。----提出问题比解决问题更重要参考文献著录

凡引用前人的研究方法、论点、重要数据等,均要列出参考文献。著录格式如下:a.出版物 序号作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码;

b.论文集 序号作者.题名[C].见主编.论文集名.出版地,出版年份:起止页码;

c.专著 序号 作者.书名[M].版本.出版地,出版年份:起止页码。

d.报告 序号 报告人.题名[R].会议名称,会址,年份。

e.专利 序号 专利申请者.题名[P].国别 专利号,发布日期。论文写作中的几个问题.1题

层次标题要简短明确,同一层次标题意义相关,语气一致,用阿拉伯数字连续编号;不同层次的数字之间用圆点“.”相隔,末位数字后面不加圆点号,如“1”,“2.1”,“3.1.2”等;各层次的序号均左顶格起,后空1个字距接排标题。

9.2 图表处理

在进行各种研究和和试验过程中,会涉及诸多数据和图表。数据获取必须严肃认真,实事求是,既要精确又要准确,还应具有代表性。图表要精心设计,大小适中,线条均匀,尽可能找出规律,图表中的度量单位、符号、术语、单位、文字及插图表达要一致,使其一目了然。表中所有单位相同,应将单位标注在表的右上角,不写“单位”二字,表中不能出现“同上”、“同左”、“下同”来代替相关内容。图应有以阿拉伯数字连续编号的图序和简明的图题(如“图1”、“图2”„„)。图序和图题间空1个字距,一般居中排于图的下方。

表一般随文排,先见文字后见表,表应有以阿拉伯数字连续编号的表序(如仅有1个表,表序可定名为“表1”)和简明的表题。表序和表题间空1个字距,居中放在表的上方。

9.3 数学式、反应式及数字、字母

文章提及的数学式、反应式等可另占一行,并用阿拉伯数字连续编序号。序号加圆括号,顶格排。一行表达一完需用2行或多行来表示时,涉及的各符号要紧靠,最好用一些比较关键的符号断开。各类式子应遵守有关规定,并注意应严格区别容易混淆的各种字母、符号。凡使用阿拉伯数字得体的地方,均应使用阿拉伯数字。请参照 GB 15835-1995出版物上数字

用法的规定。世纪、年代、日期和时刻用阿拉伯数字,年份不能简写,如1998年不能写成98年。日期和时刻可采用全数字式写法,如2003年3月8日写成2003-03-08或20030308;时刻如16时15分30秒写成16:15:30.计量和计数单位前的数字采用阿拉伯数字。多位阿拉伯数不能拆开换行。百分数范围如20%~30%不能写成20~30%,(85±2)%不能成85±2%;偏差范围如(25±1)℃不能写成25±1℃.应特别注意外文字母的正斜体、大小写和上下标的表示,注意手稿中易混淆的外文字母,直接用电脑写作时应注意字符的全角半角之分。数字、字母、符号后面句号用圆点“.”代替。

9.4 量和单位

量的符号一般为单个拉丁字母和希腊字母,为区别不同情况,可在量符号上附加角标。表达量值时,在公式、图、表和文字叙述中,一律使用单位的国际符号。单位符号与数值间要留适当间隙,不许对单位符号进行修饰。应严格执行GB3100~3102-93 规定的量和单位的名称、符号和书写规则。

其他要求:

1、格式参考李剑老师发的格式

2、字数要符合要求

3、关键要自己写:不能抄袭,抄袭的判断标准,连续100个字就算抄袭。

4、工作量要求:至少3张图,5个表。

5、排版要美观。

6、逻辑清楚,能自圆其说。

齐伟8246212

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