unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)（共6篇）

篇1：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

OPEN CLASS

By Fu Xiaoyan

Unit 20 Archaeology

Period 2 The King of Stonehenge

Teaching Aims

1. Train the students’ reading ability.

2. Learn and master the following words and phrases: distinction, centimetre, clay, arrow, dozen, cushion, spare, tend, tend to, approximately, monument, homeland, in terms of.

3. Talk about archaeological discoveries.

Teaching Important Points

1. Improve students’ reading ability.

2. Help students master the use of some useful words and expressions.

3. Enable the students to understand something about archaeology.

Teaching Difficult Points

1. How to make students master the main idea of each part.

2. How to help the students master the use of some words and phrases.

Teaching Methods

1. Individual work to understand the main idea of the whole passage.

2. Pair work or group work to get every student to take part in the activities.

Teaching Aids

1. Multimedia 2. Blackboard

Teaching Procedures

Step 1. Greetings and Lead-in

Greet the whole class as usual.

Show students some pictures of unearthed objects. And then ask students to answer the two questions:

1. Do you know what they are?

2. Can you tell me why they were buried with the king or emperor after they died?

Encourage students to try their best to talk about these pictures.

Step 2. Scanning

Give the students five minutes to scan the text and find the answers to the questions on the screen. Collect the word and then write down them on the blackboard.

Show the screen:

1. What objects were found in the grave of the King of Stonehenge?

2. What materials were there in the grave?

3. Why were these things given to the king after he died?

Five minutes later, check the answers.

Step 3 Reading

Read the text and ask students to think about this question:

How many reasons are mentioned in the text for the importance of the discovery? What are they?

THE KING OF STONEHENGE

Find the king

↓

The objects found in the grave

↓

Why the discovery is important

↙ ↓ ↘

reason 1 reason 2 reason 3

↓ ↓ ↓

richest and oldest three miles away from Central Europe

By now we’ve had a general idea about the text, but the most important thing for us to know is that the objects are useful to find some information from the cultural relics about the life, culture and some other things in the old times. So we should continue to study the text to see what conclusion we can conclude from the fact. At first let’s read the third paragraph on Page 75.

Step 4 Retelling the text

Give the students 2 or 3 minutes to prepare, and then ask one of them to retell the text. Show some pictures of the Stonehenge on the screen.

Step 5 Discussion

Turn to Page 77, give students some time to discuss these questions in groups and then finish Exercise 3.

Step 6 Summary

We learned the objects in the tomb of the King and the importance of the discovery. But the text also hints that cultural relics are very important and valuable. That is not because they can supply us some very important information about the history of human being.

Step 7 Homework

Finish all the exercises in Post-Reading and Word Study on Page 77.

篇2：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

你认为这东西还能用作什么?

2.Buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior.

与他共葬的是猎人或武士用的工具。

Close to his head were two pots made of clay, tools and materials to make arrows.

他的头旁边是两口泥制的锅、造箭用的工具和材料

Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal.

在它们的旁边放着一块垫东西的石头，这个人有可能在上面锻造金属。

3.Iron came later, in what was called the Iron Age.

铁出现得晚一些，在叫做铁器时代的时候出现。

4.It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.很可能巨石王与这些巨石有关，他可能参与策划建立这个纪念碑，或者帮助运输和竖起巨石。

5，In terms of technical development, people were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age.就技术发展而言，人们正从石器时代过渡到青铜器时代。

6.At first it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict, but it is now believed to have happened through trade and cultural links.

起初人们认为是通过战争和武力斗争，但是现在人们认为是通过贸易和文化交流发生的。

7.…talk about the inventions and kinds of science they must have had, based on the reading passage. 根据阅读材料，讨论一下他们的创造和他们所具备的各种科学知识。

8.Thanks to modern technology, to find out more facts about the man buried in the grave is possible.

由于现代科技，找出更多的有关埋在墓地里人的材料成为可能。

9.In the spring of 1929, a farmer in today’s Nanxing Town, was working in the fields, when his son dug up a round piece of jade.

1929年春天，在现在的南兴市，一个农民正在地里干活，这时他的儿子挖出了一块圆玉。

10.It was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan, where an official warmly received them.

下午四点，他和他的祖父到达广汉博物馆，在那里一位官员热情地接待了他。

11.For trade and cultural links as well as life in Britain and the construction of a building such as Stonehenge, people in the Bronze Age must have had knowledge about…

篇3：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

授课时间:2016年7月24日40分钟

指导专家:何闽娥 (厦门市思明区英语教研员)

陈榆 (厦门双十中学思明分校英语教研组长)

本堂课是人教版《新目标英语》八年级下册Unit 6 Laughter is good for you的词汇课, 授课对象为初中二年级 (新初三) 学生。

一、整体设计思路

本堂课着重关注混合式教学在课堂面授层面的操作, 旨在探索如何借助信息化成就一堂高效的英语课。首先, 以我国经典的传统故事导入, 激活学生已有的经验和知识, 并设置情景、布置任务, 让学生在相对真实的情境下, 使用英语完成任务。其次, 在听力练习中训练学生抓关键词的技能, 听力练习在翼课网智能化同步教学平台上完成, 以便快速、直观地反馈数据;学生根据听力内容讲故事, 并在图片和关键词的辅助下记忆故事。最后, 通过记忆抢答游戏增强趣味性, 加深学生对故事的印象。另外, 讲授第二段听力材料 (第二段听力材料讲述了故事的剩余部分) 。首先, 学生根据听力内容对四幅图片进行排序, 以此检测学生对故事的理解程度, 这个环节可以借助翼课网智能化同步教学平台完成, 实现对学生回答情况的个性化反馈。其次, 学生根据录音填空, 完成对四幅图片的描述, 就其中的人物特点展开思考, 并表达自己的观点。最后, 创设真实的情境, 鼓励学生积极参与课堂活动;学生用英语讲述愚公移山的故事, 高效实现课堂生成。

二、教学目标分析

讲故事的能力是初中阶段学生英语学习的一个难点。在本堂课中, 笔者设立了三个基本教学目标:

By the end of the class, students will be able to:

目标一:complete part of the story by filling in the key words in the blanks in the i Pad while listening;

目标二:comprehend the story listened by putting the pictures in the right order in the i Pad;

目标三:retell the story with the help of the pictures and some key words.

三、教学重难点分析

对于大部分中国学生而言, 用英文讲故事是一个难点。学生很容易理解故事内容, 但用英文讲故事却有一定难度, 需要教师提供一些“支架”。本课堂有两个重难点需要突破: (1) to comprehend the story by filling in the key words and ordering the pictures; (2) to retell the story with the help of the pictures and key words.

四、教学过程

Step 1:Lead-in (2 min)

1. Ss talk about the Chinese traditional stories they know.

(1a) Ss match the story titles with the pictures (a—d) .

Step 2:Task-introduction (2 min)

1.Ss tell the story of“Yu Gong Moves the Mountains”based on their existing knowledge.

2. T introduces her friend in America.She wants to know the story of Yu Gong.T assigns the final task of telling the story to her friend.

Step 3:Listening (5 min)

1.Ss listen to the conversation and answer the questions.

(1) When does the story happen? (Once upon a time, there was an old man, Yu Gong.)

(2) Where does it happen? (There were two mountains near Yu Gong’s house.)

(3) Besides Yu Gong, who else do you know in the story?

2.Ss listen to the conversation again, and find out Yu Gong’s plan to move the mountains.

Step 4:Practice—Tell the story (7 min)

Ss tell this part of the story based on the pictures and key words.

(1) Picture 1:Background of the story

Once upon a time, there was an old man, Yu Gong.

(2) Picture 2:The reason for moving the mountains

He wanted to move the mountains because it took a long time to walk to the other side.

(3) Picture 3:How to move the mountains

Yu Gong and his family decided to put the earth and stone into the sea.

Bridge:What’s the rest of the story?

Step 5:Listening (5 min)

1.Ss listen to the recording and put the pictures (A—D) in the right order. (2a)

2.Ss listen to the recording again and complete the stories by filling in the blanks.

Keys:move the earth and stone;old and weak, continue to move;kept on digging;sent two gods, take the mountains away

Step 6:Practice (6 min)

1.学生跟读, 然后自由练习和记忆。

2.游戏: (Chain Game) 学生根据图片和关键词, 一人一图接龙完成故事, 最快完成的小组获胜。

Step 7:Discussion (3 min)

What do you think of Yu Gong? (brave, wise)

What do you learn from the story?

Ss:I think Yu Gong is______________because__________________.

In my opinion, ___________________

Step 8:Final Task (13 min)

Group Work:Retell the story of Yu Gong.

S1:Tell the first part of the story:picture

S2:Tell the second part of the story:2 pictures

S3:Tell the last part of the story:2 pictures

S4:What you learn from the story?/What you think of Yu Gong?

五、感悟与思考

首先, 在备课过程中, 笔者曾经设计了一个使用翼课网智能化同步教学平台做课前预习的环节, 但因为内容相关性不高, 就将其删掉了。针对课前预习, 笔者认为, 倘若能够使用数字化在线教学平台培养学生课前自主学习的能力, 同时在预习的基础上进行课堂教学, 就能够提高课堂有效性。例如, 结合单元整体教学的设计, 教师既可以在单元前将学习的进度和安排通过学习平台发布, 让学生做到心中有数, 又可以将相关话题的课前讨论题、词汇等内容提前发布, 并在课前收集本班学生的学习数据, 进行有针对性的教学, 提高教与学的效率。

另外, 教师可利用翼课网智能化同步教学平台实现了对学生学习进度、正确率等情况的快速知悉。笔者从中受到启发, 认为互联网时代教师需要提升分析数据的能力。例如, 如何在课堂实践中有效地应对和解决数据反映出来的问题, 而不是笼统地由教师单方面进行分析;对于那些学习有困难的学生, 如何将小组学习与信息技术有效结合, 尽可能地实现个性化学习……这些问题都将促使笔者不断提高自身使用信息技术的能力。

其次, 笔者认为, 课堂是师生共同成长的地方。让“学习”真正在课堂中发生, 是教学的关键。无论是对于学习暂时领先还是暂时落后的学生, 笔者都期待一个让他们的“学习”变得更有效的课堂。在本堂课中, 每一个听力问题的呈现都有一个快捷的界面, 学生的答题、提交进度等情况一目了然。借着数据的收集和分析, 笔者及时给予学生反馈, 这在以往的课堂中是无法实现的。这次混合式教学的尝试也引发了笔者的反思。正如新疆维吾尔自治区教科所英语教研员张鲲老师所说, “先进的技术手段不仅仅是使用了就可以的, 而是要真正融合进教学, 切实提高教学效率”。本堂课中, 笔者并没有真正利用技术手段达到分层化教学和个性化教学, 还只停留在使用技术的层面。在今后的教学中, 笔者要多反思、多实践, 真正让学生受益。

再次, 正如刘兆义老师所说, “教育信息技术的融入, 为学生的学习增添了一个新的中介, 从而使学生、课程、教师三大要素所构成的教育生态发生了变革”。在本次研修班中, 刘兆义老师在指导授课教师时常说, “我们是pioneer, 要勇于探索和尝试”。教育信息化一定是未来英语教学的发展趋势, 我们无法抗拒。因此, 保持一种勇于学习和反思的态度尤为重要。在探索的过程中, 每一堂课不应只是教师个体的单打独斗, 而应是一个团队的成果。本次研讨课的呈现就是一个团队共同努力下的成果。从专家的面对面指导, 到区教研员、学校教研组教师共同的出谋划策, 以及整个技术团队的沟通协调, 再到现场展示, 这其中凝聚了太多人的思考和努力。笔者认为, 未来的英语教学将是逐步融合信息技术的教学, 是高效的教学。

专家点评

混合式教学 (blending learning) 包括三个部分, 即自主学习、网络化学习以及我们今天所看到的课堂面授。周思思老师在教育信息化背景下的面授课堂给我们带来了很好的借鉴。她的这堂听说课有两大亮点:一是她的个人专业素养非常好, 清晰、流畅的课堂语言, 端庄的教态以及积极热情的课堂活动组织都值得肯定;二是她对课型的把握非常到位。

听前既有情景的设置, 又有对学生生活、知识经验的激活, 还有丰富多样的听说活动, 由易到难, 层层递进。每一个听力问题在呈现的时候都能够看到一个非常方便快捷的界面的浏览, 这样的界面有播报, 有问题的解析, 还有对学生答题情况、提交进度等情况的反馈, 一目了然。在教育信息化背景下, 翼课网为我们搭建了一个教学平台, 为教师开展混合式教学提供了有力保障。但是, 要想把先进的技术手段真正融合进教学, 提高教学效率, 还需要广大教师在使用过程中不断思考与探索。

篇4：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

《2011版义务教育阶英语课程标准》一级目标要求学生们能说出简单的英语歌谣；能在图片和动作的帮助下听懂和读懂简单的小故事；能做简单的角色表演；能看懂语言简单的英语动画，在学习中乐于模仿，敢于表达，对英语具有一定的感知能力；并使学生对接触的外国文化习俗感兴趣。

本教学设计的内容为PEP小学英语三年级下册第三单元C 部分的Story time，整体教学思路设计如下图：

二、教学背景分析

（一）教学内容分析

本单元以动物为话题，重点是描述动物的体貌特征，通过设计的教学任务来训练Look at the… Its … It has…句型的使用。 这个单元的教学内容与三年级上册Unit 4 We love animals.认识小动物有紧密的联系，在以前的学习中学生已经掌握了部分动物的词汇。这个话题贴近学生生活，他们对描述小动物的体态特征比较熟悉且感兴趣，教学活动比较容易开展，可以在让学生掌握课本知识的基础上适当进行拓展，以丰富学生知识。本课是第三单元的故事课，通过听说使学生掌握并运用与动物有关的目标词汇及介绍动物的常用句型。

Part C部分是故事课教学，是在学习完AB 部分关于描述小动物体态特征的形容词thin， fat， tall， short…以及语句Look at the… Its … It has…的语言基础上而进行的文本阅读。本故事通过两个主要人物Zoom和Zip比赛认识动物，重现了已学的部分动物单词和形容词，并拓展了新的动物单词lion， fox， wolf， zebra， gorilla and horse.以及句型：How many animals do you know？ I know all the animals.目的是想通过这样一个较为有意义的语篇，增加学生们语言的输入，使得学生逐步适应文本的阅读，培养学生在实际情景中运用语言的能力。

（二）学生情况分析

本节课的教学设计从两个方面来分析学生的情况：自然情况及学生的已知起点。

1.自然情况

本班学生总数40人，年龄在9-10岁左右。

约75%的学生当堂能接受新授课的内容，15%的学生需要课下向同伴请教才能理解新知识，还有10%的学生需要老师亲自指导才能理解新知识。英语学习习惯较好，能坚持课前预习和课后复习的可以达到约60%。根据以上情况，将全班学生分为A，B两层，A层水平的学生理解接受新知识的能力较强，课堂积极参与，有良好的英语学习习惯，B层水平的学生理解接受新知识的能力较差，学过的知识不能灵活运用，没有良好的英语学习习惯。

2. 已知起点

（1）话题方面：

本单元谈论的话题是动物。这个话题贴近学生生活，他们对动物介绍比较熟悉且感兴趣，教学活动比较容易开展，可以在让学生掌握课本知识的基础上适当进行拓展，以丰富学生知识。

（2）知识方面：

学生此前已经学过Look at the… Its … It has…的句型，具有了学习本单元知识的认知前提。教学过程中，教师一定要根据学生的实际掌握情况进行引导。

（3）技能方面：

多数学生能够熟练介绍自己身边的小动物，能在视听时抓住细节信息。

（4）态度方面：

多数学生喜爱并重视英语。

三、教学目标分析

经过对教学内容和教学对象的认真分析，按照《2011版小学英语课程标准》的具体要求，制定的本单元的教学总体目标为：

（一）语言技能目标

全体学生能够用本单元所学目标词汇及句型熟练并正确地用英语描述小动物的体貌特征。B级的学生能够介绍动物的名称。A级学生能够通过动物的体貌特征用英语进行描述与交流。

（二） 过程与方法

引导学生在学习中集中注意力。在课堂交流中，注意倾听，认真思考，积极运用所学英语进行表达和交流。遇到问题主动向老师或同学请教，积极与他人合作，共同完成学习任务。

（三）情感态度价值观目标

学生通过主动认知与动物相关的语言知识和合作学习，表达自己对动物的关爱，更加珍惜身边的动物，培养学生们的内省智能和逻辑表达能力。

在以上的总体教学目标指导下，可将本节课的教学目标细化为以下几方面：

1.语言知识目标

（1） 能够在图片、实物或动作的帮助下，听说、认读动物类单词lion， tiger， fox， wolf， zebra， horse， gorilla， monkey.

（2） 学生能在图片、动作、老师的帮助下读懂故事的大意。

（3） 能够根据具体的情境与同伴之间运用语句：How many animals do you know？ I know all the animals. A tiger and a lion.进行交流。

（4）能在日常生活中学会使用功能性语言：Yes！ Right！ Good！ 肯定他人的回答。

2. 语言技能目标

（1） 听：能听懂故事大意。

（2） 说：能利用How many animals do you know？ I know ...与同伴进行交流，介绍小动物。能使用功能性语言：Yes！ Right！ Good！ 肯定他人的回答。

（3） 读：能读懂故事，并从故事中快速找到相关信息。

（4） 演：能为故事配音。

3. 情感态度目标：培养学生具有热爱动物和保护动物的意识。

4. 文化意识目标：使学生了解主要英语国家的象征性动物。

四、教学重点、难点分析

（一）教学重点

有关动物的词汇；How many animals do you know？ I know all the animals.在具体情境中的应用；以及使用Yes！ Right！ Good！ 肯定他人的回答。

（二）教学难点

根据图片或动画复述故事，给故事配音。

五、教学过程设计

Step 1. Warming up and leading in

1. Free talk

设计意图：师生间的日常会话交流，培养学生用英语思维，用英语交际的能力。做好课前预热。

2. Lets chant（播放三年级上册第39页的歌谣）

文本如下：

Look at the cat， it is fat.

Look at the pig， it is big.

Look at the dog， its on the log.

Look at the duck， its in the truck.

Look at the bear， its on the pear.

设计意图：通过播放三年级上册以动物为主题的歌谣导入，为学生复习部分动物的名称以及本单元学习的形容词fat， big和语句Look at…，歌谣对三年级的学生来说，简单易懂，节奏感强，琅琅上口，迎合小学生的心理特点。同时能培养学生的学习兴趣，迅速抓住学生的注意力，有效地将已学知识进行复习。

3. Puzzle

为学生们讲述“懒羊羊”寻找食物的故事，从而引出单词apple， nine， ice， milk， arm， leg，并让学生们根据图片所代表单词的首字母，组成核心词：animal。

设计意图：通过设计的“懒羊羊寻找食物”的故事，使这些单词能具备故事间的相互联系。故事情境的创设，能够极大的激发学生们猜谜的兴趣和参与的热情，将其六个单词的首字母组成“新单词”animal。 核心词的引出，使师生之间拥有交际的话题：How many animals do you know？

Step 2. Revision and presentation

1. 目标词汇的引入

引导学生说出动物类名称。笔者预设了两种情况：一种是学生能够说出已学的动物类单词，如：cat， dog， duck， monkey等，不能说出本课的目标词汇，如：gorilla， lion， zebra等。学生可通过观看动画，进行有意义的语言输入，使学生逐步适应文本阅读，在语篇中学习新词汇。第二种情况是，B类学生能够说出已学的动物类单词，A类学生通过自主预习能够说出故事中部分动物名称，此时要抓住学生自己所构建的文本信息，对新单词先行输入。

设计意图： 引导学生说出所认知的动物名称，和学生共同建构本课的文本信息，改变了传统教学的直接呈现新知，发散了学生的思维，培养他们积极思考的能力。在必要时予以点拨，充分发挥学生的主体地位。

在学生们回答完自己所知道的所有小动物的名称之后，老师用自己的肢体语言为学生们表演其它动物来补充学生们的答案。根据师生的“合作”，数一数所知的所有小动物的种类，在具体情境中使用语句：I know all the animals.

设计意图：将小动物的名称呈现于黑板上，并带领学生一同数小动物的种类。在具体的情境中引出故事中的目标语句：I know all the animals！

2.真实情境的创设，对已知语言进行有效复习

为学生们创设了真实的情境：The animals live in a zoo.并用神奇的魔法，将其动物园的大门打开，出现了小动物panda， elephant和bear.并要求学生们用本单元所学语言知识Look at the… Its … It has…对动物们进行描述。

设计意图：通过描述小动物的体态特征，帮助学生们复习第三单元已学的语言知识，并为”故事中”的学习做好铺垫。

3. 故事主要人物的巧妙引入

巧妙利用最后一只bear的出现，将“动物”转变成了故事中的人物“Zoom”，开始“故事中”的教学。

设计意图：由动物bear引出Zoom，再由Zoom引出Story time，这样的设计很轻松的由“故事前”过渡到了“故事中”。而此时，词汇输入还未完成，还有待于学生自己在文本中发现。

4. 故事文本的呈现

接下来与故事文本进行链接，让学生们带着问题观看故事的动画，使学生们从视、听、想等多角度对故事的内容进行了解，充分调动学生的多种感官，启发学生学习的主动性。通过第三个问题的呈现：Do you know the names of these animals？使词汇的输入基本完成。

（1）问题的呈现

Question： How many animals can you see in the story？ （Except Zoom and Zip）

（2）观看动画，初步感知

设计意图：通过第一次观看动画，使学生们初步了解故事内容。先提出问题，能使学生们更积极的熟悉故事内容，进行思考。

（3）问题的升华

Does Zoom know all the animals？

Do you know the names of these animals？

（4）再观动画，完成目标词汇的输入

让学生们带着第二个问题，再次观看故事动画，并由此问题的呈现，使词汇的输入基本完成。

在教学过程中渗透给学生们功能性语言的使用。

设计意图：培养学生们在日常生活中学会使用功能性语言：Yes！ Right！ Good！肯定他人的回答。

帮助学生熟悉小动物的名称，并在适当时运用句型：Its … It has …来帮助学生熟悉动物的体态特征，在形貌相似的动物之间还可以让学生模仿做动作，如：Act like a gorilla. /Act like a monkey…

设计意图：此部分的设计突出了英语课堂的特色，让学生们愿说、敢说、并有内容可说。给学生足够语言可发展的空间，充分体现学生的主体地位。

Step3. Practice

1. 认读单词比赛

设计意图：对于三年级的学生而言，为了提高他们的词汇认读能力，可以在教学过程中适当开展一些能够激发学生兴趣和想象力并具有一定挑战性的活动或游戏，帮助学生提高单词的认读能力。于是笔者运用TPR全身反应法，设计了“认读单词”比赛的环节，此环节通过调动学生的多种感官，使孩子们在最短的时间内加深对故事中出现的八种动物单词的记忆。激烈的音乐，从听觉上调动了学生们积极回答问题的热情；快速出现的动物图片，在视觉上激发孩子们积极思考和迅速认读单词的兴趣。通过比赛的形式最大限度地调动起学生学习的积极性，激发了他们的参与热情，从而提高了学习效率。

2. 跟读、模仿

设计意图：在故事文本的处理上，笔者进行了听说、模仿的训练，对学生进行听力输入，和语言的输出，并巧妙地发挥了点读笔的作用，方便了学生的跟读、模仿，并及时强化了学生的语音、语调。使我的课堂改变了传统课堂中“生生、师生”之间的交流，实现了“人机交流”的操练，提高学生们的兴趣。

3. 复述故事

设计意图：通过让学生对故事文本的三次听说、模仿，实现让学生对照板书进行语言的输出，复述故事的内容。在看文字进行语言的输出后， 对学生们的能力进行了强化性的训练，看图片复述故事，和看无声的动画进行配音。这为学生们提供了一个使用语言的真实环境，使学生在听说训练后，将所学知识直接运用于交际活动中。

Step 4. Production

Group Work

学生对故事文本内容进行了几次输入与输出之后，为了使学生们能够灵活运用所学的目标语言，与同伴进行交流，笔者设计了Group work的小组活动环节。活动中，主要以六人一小组为单位，运用老师给提供的动物玩具，和所提示的本单元和故事中的主要目标语言进行组内交流，活动时间大约为4—5分钟。活动中，采用轮流扮演B同学的角色，与组内的其他成员进行介绍并描述小动物。

设计意图：希望通过此环节的设计，能够给予学生们充分发挥语言交流的空间，培养学生们与同伴进行合作的能力，体现出学生在小学英语课堂中的主体地位。

Step 5. Extension

Good to know & Homework

设计意图：学生们已经了解并简单运用了所学的目标词汇和句型，接着通过我对教材的整合，将第一单元所要介绍的一个文化背景，kangaroo， eagle， beaver， panda等动物所属的国家放置Good to know部分，使其在动物教学单元更能拓宽学生们的眼界，培养学生们爱护并保护小动物的情感。最后，通过作业的布置，培养了学生们用英语表演小故事和用语言进行交流的能力。

六、教学评价设计

（一）评价内容

1. 对教师教学工作的评价

整个教学设计以完成不同任务为导向，充分发挥了学生的主体地位，教师是课堂的组织者，活动的设计者和知识的引导者，在真实任务实施过程中，教师组织学生主动积极地参与，整节课活动设计层次清晰，语言讲解重难点突出。

2. 对学生学习效果的评价

根据所预设的教学目标，所检验到的学生学习效果是：通过练习，95%的学生能够在图片、实物或动作的帮助下，听说、认读故事中的动物类单词；80%的学生能够根据具体的情境与同伴之间运用语句How many animals do you know？ I know all the animals. A tiger and a lion.进行交流。100%的学生能会使用功能性语言：Yes！ Right！ Good！肯定他人的回答。75%的学生能够根据图片或动画复述故事，给故事配音。

（二）评价方法

本节课采用了多种评价方式，激发学生的学习兴趣，有效地提高了课堂效率。

1. 口头表扬

课堂上教师不应吝啬言语和时间给学生以口头表扬。在口头表扬时要注意语言的丰富性：Cool！ Great！ Super！ Wonderful！ So brave……这些简单的语句无不鼓励着学生树立自信。

2. 体态语言

评价并非一定要通过语言。通过老师一个赞许的眼神、一个安抚的动作就可以传达对学生的赞赏和认可，给他们以成就感和愉悦感。

3. 奖励制度

在教学中设立一些奖励制度作为评价的方式，把表现出色的学生名字写到圣诞树上；给合作默契的小组贴上小星星；给进步飞快的学生敲上一个笑脸……以丰富的评价方式激起学生的学习兴趣，激发其主动参与的欲望。

4. 小组评价

篇5：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

1.Review some new words appearing in the last period.

2.Review the use of “It”.

Teaching Important Points:

1.Review the words used as a noun or a verb appearing in the reading passage and learn to complete sentences with their correct form…

2.Master the use of “It”.

Teaching Difficult Point:

The usage of “it” used in the subject position to stand for an infinitive or a clause,especially in the following sentence structure:

It is said/believed/reported/thought/known…that…

Teaching Methods:

1.Revision to help the students consolidate the words learnt in the last period.

2.Practise to help the students review the use of “It”.

3.Pair work or individual work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.the multimedia

2.the blackboard

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ Revision

T:In the last period,we read a passage about the King of Stonehenge.Have you remembered anything about it?Who can retell the text briefly?

S1:Let me try.On May 3,,archaeologists found a grave of a man in England.Buried with him were some tools…

T:Very good.Thank you for your performance.

Step Ⅲ Word Study

T:In the reading passage we’ve learnt,there are some words which mean the same as the definitions I’ll give you.Now,listen to me carefully and then find the words and read them out.One student,one word.Is that clear?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Let’s begin.No 1:the ruler of an empire,higher than a king.

S2:Emperor.

T:Yes.No 2:the clothes that people wear.

S3:Clothing.

T:Good.No 3:a long stick with a sharp point,used as a weapon.

S4:Arrow.

T:No.Think it over.

S5:Knife.

T:Yes.Let’s go on.It means a deep round bowl used for cooking.Which word is it?

S6:I think the word is “pot”,isn’t it?

T:Yes.No 5:a thin weapon that you shoot with a bow.

S7:Arrow.

T:Right.The last one:the amount of space between two places.

S8:The word should be “distance”.

T:Very good.Now,please look at the screen.These words can be used as a noun or a verb.Can you say their meanings in Chinese?(Teacher shows the screen and let the students speak together.Meanwhile,give answers on the screen.)

T：Now,let’s do an exercise.Open your books at Page 77.Look at Ex.2 in Word Study.Complete the sentences with their correct form and change them into Chinese.I’ll give you a few minutes to prepare.After that,I’ll ask some students to do them.

T:OK.Time is up.Have you finished?

Ss:Yes.

T:Well.The first one.Any volunteer?

S9:The first blank should be filled in “date” used as a noun,while the second should be filled in “dates” used as a verb.Its Chinese meaning is:日期是5月3日，考古学家在英格兰发现了一个男人的坟墓，此墓的历史可追溯到公元前大约23。

T：Very good.The second one?

S:…

Suggested answers:

1.dress;dressed

她喜欢黑颜色的裙子。她总是穿着黑色的衣服。

3.found;find

去年，考古学家发现了一个男人的坟墓，最令人感到惊奇的发现物就是两只金耳环。

4.transported;transport

没有人知道这些巨大的石头是怎样经过这样的一段距离被运输过来的，有人说可能是外星人帮助了他们。

5.trade;traded

中西方国家之间的贸易有着悠久的历史。他们用珠宝和医药换取中国的茶叶和丝绸。

6.pins;pin

我正在寻找一些钉子。我想把这幅漂亮的画钉在墙上。

Step Ⅳ Grammar

(Teacher shows some sentences on the screen.)

T:Do the sentences A and B in each pair have the same meaning?

Ss:Yes.Both of the two sentences in each pair have the same meaning.

T:Are there any differences?Who’d like to try the first pair?

S10:The subject of Sentence A is an infinitive phrase,while that of Sentence B is “It”.In Sentence B,“It” is used in the subject position to stand for the infinitive phrase.The reason why the sentence is written like that is that we want to keep the balance of the sentence.Am I right?

T:Yes.you’re right.Sentence B is more usual in everyday English.The second pair,Li Ping,try please.

S11:In Sentence A,the subject is a that-clause,while the subject of Sentence B is “It”,which is used in the subject position to stand for a clause.

T:Very good.The sentence structure “It is+adj.+an infinitive/a clause”is very useful in learning English.(Teacher writes the sentence structure on the blackboard.)Can you make a sentence with the sentence structure?

S12:Let me try.It is dangerous to go out alone at night.

T:Good.Wang Wei,make a sentence with the structure.

S13：It is natural that a child should love its mother.

(Teacher writes the two sentences the students made on the blackboard.)

T:Well done.Now.let’s do an exercise.Turn to Page 78 and look at Ex.1 in Grammar.Rewrite the following sentences using “it”.Five minutes later,I’ll check your answers.

Suggested answers:

1.It is a great honour for me to be able to join in the archaeological research project.

2.Thanks to modern technology,it is possible to find out more facts about the man buried in the grave.

3.It is still unknown whether the man organised the construction of Stonehenge.

4.It is a mystery how early men constructed Stonehenge without the use of modern technology.

T:You all did very well.Now,please look at the screen.

(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)

In this pair,Sentence A and Sentence B have the same meaning.Sentence A includes a very useful sentence structure.Do you know what it is?

Ss:Yes.It is:It be+p.p.+that-clause.

(Teacher writes it on the blackboard.)

T:Look at the blackboard,please.Here “It”is also used in the subject position to stand for a clause,but it is different from what we reviewed just now.Is that so?

Ss:Yes.

T:The sentence pattern “It be+p.p.+that-clause”can often be changed into the sentence structure “People+vt.+that-clause”.The past participles used like that in the sentence structure are: reported, believed, thought, proven, known, hoped, suggested, etc.

(Teacher writes them on the blackboard.)

T:Are you clear about that?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Let’s do Ex.2 at Page 78.First do them by yourself,then check your answers with your partner.After a while,I’ll ask some of you to read out your sentences.

Suggested answers:

1.It was said that it was an important archaeological discovery.

2.It was reported that this man had been called the King of Stonehenge.

3.It is believed that the two gold earrings found on the man are the oldest gold ever found in Britain.

4.It is thought that European culture and techniques were brought to Britain through trade instead of war.

5.It has been proven that the copper knives came from Spain and Western France.

6.It is unknown to us how these huge stones were transported over a distance of 380 kilometres.

Step Ⅴ Consolidation

T:Now,please look at the screen.Translate the sentences into English using “it”.

1.据报道，数十名儿童在事故中死亡。

2.电脑有可能取代人的位置吗？

3.核对这些实验的结果是重要的。

4.处理这样的问题，对你来说是困难的。

5.独自一人去海里游泳是危险的。

6.众所周知，中国是一个文明古国。

Suggested answers:

1.It was reported that dozens of children died in the accident.

2.Is it possible that computers can take the place of human beings?

3.It is important that the experiment result should be checked.

4.It is difficult for you to deal with such a problem.

5.It is dangerous to go to swim in the sea alone.

6.It is well known that China is a country with an ancient civilization.

Step Ⅵ Summary and Homework

T:In this class,we’ve reviewed some new words appearing in the last period,especially some words used as noun or verb.We’ve also reviewed the use of “it”,which is used in the subject position to stand for an infinitive or a clause.After class,you need to do more exercises to consolidate what we’ve reviewed about the use of “it”.Besides,prepare for the next period.That’s all.See you tomorrow!

Ss:See you tomorrow!

Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on theBlackboard

Unit 20 Archaeology

The Third Period

Grammar:The use of “It”

Ⅰ.It is+adj.+an infinitive/a clause.

e.g.It is dangerous to go out alone at night.

It is natural that a child should love its mother.

Ⅱ.It be+玴.p.(said,reported,believed,thought,proved,known,hoped,suggested,etc.)+that-clause.

(=People say/report/believe/think…that-clause.)

篇6：unit20 phrase and sentence (人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)

This unit provides the students good English language materials.Their interest in creating something useful will be aroused.In the first period,we’ll begin with how the students come to school.Then problems such as flat tyre will come up.In order to solve the problem,we’ll see a new type of bicycle and other new inventions.While talking about them,the students’ speaking ability will be improved.Listening is about two men,who want patents.After listening to it,the students will improve their listening ability.And students will practise how to express and support an opinion in the speaking part.In the second period,the text will be dealt with.The students’ interest of creation will be greatly aroused.Students will improve their reading ability as well as master the useful words and expressions.In the third period,some useful words and expressions will be mastered by the students after they finish the exercises.Also,the Attributive clause is reviewed in this period.In the last period,students will learn some useful words and expressions from the reading passage.And the students are asked to write an article describing a computer to improve their writing ability.After Ss study the whole unit,their abilities to listen,speak,read and write will be improved.

Ⅱ.Teaching Goals

1.Talk about inventions.

2.Practise expressing and supporting an opinion.

3.Review the Attributive Clause.

4.Write a process essay.

Ⅲ.Background Information

1.Practical Computer English

Cannot open list file(不能打开清单文件)

Cannot open run file(不能打开运行文件)

Compare process ended(比较处理结束)

Compare more files(Y/N)(还作文件比较吗?)

Copy complete(拷贝完成)

Copy another(Y/N)(还要拷贝另一个吗?)

Under finded line number(未定义行号)

Directory entries adjusted(目录页已调整)

Disk boot failure(磁盘自举失败)

Disk not compatible(磁盘不兼容)

Data record too large(数据记录太大)

Entry error(登记项错误)

Error loading operating system(装入操作系统的错误)

File sharing conflict(文件共享的冲突)

Files are different sizes(文件大小不同)

Files compare OK(文件比较成功)

Incorrect parameter(参数不正确)

Insufficient disk space(磁盘空间不足)

Insufficient memory(内存空间不足)

Can’t continue(不可能继续)

Device fault(设备故障)

Device I/O error(I/O设备错)

Device timeout(设备超时)

Disk full(磁盘满)

Disk write protect(磁盘写保护)

Disk not ready(磁盘没准备好)

Division by zero(除数为零)

Duplicate definition(重复定义)

File already exists(文件已经存在)

File already open(文件已打开)

File not found(文件没找到)

FOR without NEXT(For语句中没有对应的next语句)

Illegal direct(非法的直接使用)

Illegal function call(非法函数调用)

Incorrect DOS version(不正确的DOS版本)

Internal error(内部错误)

out of data(数据不够)

out of memory(超内存)

out of paper(打印纸不够)

overflow(溢出)

Path not found(路径没找到)

String too long(字符串过长)

Subscript out of range(下标范围不够)

Syntax error(句法错误)

Too many files(文件过多)

Type mismatch(类型不匹配)

Access denied(存取被拒绝)

Backup file sequence error(后备文件顺序错误)

Bad or missing command interpreter(非法的或缺少命令解释程序)

Bad partition table(非法的区分表)

Bad unit(非法的装置)

Batch file missing(批处理文件丢失)

Cannot execute FORMAT(不能执行FORMAT)

Cannot find system files(找不到系统文件)

Cannot open overlay(不能打开覆盖段)

2.TV of the Future

Where is television going from here?Television,the box itself and what it does,is changing greatly.While nobody is really sure what it’s going to look like,TV and the Internet are coming silently together.In the old days of broadcasting,people used to say that the real miracle(奇迹)of television was turning air into money.The television miracle of the future is interactive(相互影响的).

“The Internet is the most significant change in creating what becomes the next mass media that I think any of us will experience in our lifetime,”says Tom Frank,a network expert.Using unused lines in the TV spectrum(范围),broadcasters are learning how to put brand-new interactivity into TV programs.There will be a little instrument that will indicate that interactivity is present and possible.Then,just will a standard remote control like this you would be able to press one button and say,start that interactivity.A menu would appear,similar to the one on a web site,that would let you interact with the program as it was being broadcast.If you are watching a cooking show,for example,you can print the recipe(烹饪法)or even pause the show and buy the ingredients.Many web sites do exist now where you can actually get your food shopping done for yourself and delivered to your house.So you can order the very ingredients for the dish you are watching the chef make on TV.And it will bring the right quantity of things directly to your house.

You could also interact with TV commercials.While you’re watching a commercial,you have the choice to buy the clothes the actors are wearing.Of course,the more you interact with this new sort of TV,the more you leave a digital record,and the more advertisers learn about your shopping habits.In fact,TV ads might be targeted at this special group of people who share a common interest.In the future,almost anything might be possible.Even news programs like World News Tonight could be improved.You could have the choice of changing camera angles.If you wanted,you could pause what a reporter is saying and go back to World News Tonight to watch the next story,or skip to the last story in the show,or perhaps go deeper into a topic and view an interview prepared for Nightline later on.In the near future,you’re expected to see television develop to become more like the Internet,meaning more choice,the ability to do the sorts of things you want to do at the moment you wish to do them.

Ⅳ.Teaching Time:Five periods

The First Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Improve the students’ listening ability.

2.Talk about some topics about inventions and practise supporting an opinion.

3.Learn and master some useful words and expressions.

Teaching Important Point:

Train the students’ listening and speaking abilities by talking about and listening to some materials.

Teaching Difficult Points:

1.How to help students to improve their listening ability.

2.How to help the students to learn to express and support an opinion.

Teaching Methods:

1.Discussion to make students talk about inventions.

2.Individual or pair work to make students practise their speaking ability.

3.Listening practice to improve the students’ listening ability.

Teaching Aids:

1.the multimedia

2.the blackboard

3.some cards

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ Warming-up and Discussion

T:(Walk to one student.)How do you come to school every day,Wang Jing?

S:I come to school on foot every day.My home is quite near.It only takes me about ten minutes.

T:That’s quite convenient.You’re lucky.And,Li Fang,how about you?

S:I come to school by bike.It takes me about 15 minutes to get to our school.

T:You must be careful on your way to and from school.There must be many people on the road.Do you think it convenient?

S:Most of the time it is,but sometimes my bike has a flat tyre.I have to get it repaired and therefore I’ll be late for school.Once I even lost my bike.When I went to get it,it was gone.I had to take a taxi to go home and buy another bike.

T:I’m sorry to hear that.But suppose a new type of bike has been invented,what do you want it to be like?

S:I think the new type of bike can be folded up and carried about so that it will not be stolen.

T:Good idea.But this is not very convenient.It’s not easy for you to carry a bike around,is it?

S:No,it isn’t.What should it look like then?Please tell us.

T:OK.Let’s watch the short video.

(Play the video for explaining how an inflatable bicycle works.)

T:That’s the new type of bike.It’s a kind of inflatable bicycle.Who can tell us the advantages of it?

S:Let me have a try.We’ll not have to worry about having our bikes stolen again.Because we can let the air out and put the bike in bag.It’s very convenient to be carried around since it is not heavy.

T:Very good.I think I’ll buy one when it is on sale.We know that inventions can make our life easier and better.Today we’ll talk about some inventions.

(Stick the pictures of electric shoes,inflatable bicycle,edible chopsticks and nose-top computer on the blackboard and then mark one,two,three and four.)

① ②

③ ④

T:Look at these pictures,please.Do you know what they are?Li Jie,will you have a try?

S:I think the second invention is the inflatable bike that we’ve just talked about.In the third picture,the man is eating the chopsticks after his meal.I guess these chopsticks are edible ones.I’m not sure about the others.

T:Good.You’re right.The second one is the inflatable bicycle.(Bb:inflatable bicycle)and the third are edible chopsticks.(Bb:edible chopsticks)They’re delicious and environmentally friendly. We can save some trees and have a snack at the same time.They come in five different flavours. You will never need to wash chopsticks again.Isn’t this wonderful?

S:Yes,it’s great.But,Miss Guo,maybe we could invent edible plates,bowls,cups and so on.

T:Oh,you’re great!I’m sure you have got a wonderful idea.Maybe one day you can invent such things.Study hard and you’ll be an inventor in the future.Now,let’s look at the first picture.Who knows what it is?

S:I think it is a special kind of shoe which can make electricity.If we wear such shoes,we can see the road in dark places.We needn’t take a flashlight with us any more.

S:I don’t quite agree with you.Maybe this shoe can make you feel warm using the electricity it makes.

T:You both are very clever.This is called the electric shoe.(Bb:electric shoe)The heel of this shoe is a machine that makes electricity with every step you take.You will never need batteries again.But maybe you have better ideas about how to make use of the electricity it makes.If you like,you could have a try to make your own invention in your spare time.Now,let’s look at the fourth picture.Does anybody have an idea?

S:It looks like a computer which is fixed onto the man’s nose.And the keyboard is on his vest.I can’t believe it.

T:Yes,you’re quite right.This is called the nose-top computer.(Bb:nose-top computer)This new nose-top computer weighs less than a pair of glasses.It fits comfortably on your nose.When you want to type something you can use the keyboard vest.You will never have to carry a heavy laptop computer.These inventions are all wonderful.But which of them do you think would be useful?Please have a discussion in groups of four and tell us why you think so.

(Ss have their discussions in groups of four for about five minutes.Teacher may ask one group to act out their discussion or report their results.)

Sample dialogue:

A:I think the inflatable bicycle would be useful.Because it’s convenient to carry and we needn’t worry about having our bikes stolen.

B:That’s quite true,but I think the edible chopsticks are useful.Because it not only saves trees but also saves water.It is very important to save our natural resources and protect our earth.

C:You’re quite right,but I have a different opinion.I think the nose-top computer is useful.Because the computer is used more and more widely.It’s convenient to carry such a computer around when doing business.

…

Step Ⅲ Preparation for Listening

T:We know that when someone has invented something,usually he will go to a patent officer to apply for a patent.Now,let’s listen to two dialogues.In these two dialogues,Mr Dean and Mr Scoles both have invented something.They’re trying to get the patent for their inventions from the patent officer.Before we listen to the tape,go through the questions on Page 15 by yourselves,and see what we should do after listening.

Step Ⅳ Listening

T:(A few minutes later.)Are you ready?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Listen carefully and answer the questions first on your own and then check your answers with your partner.

(Play the tape twice for students to listen to and then answer the questions.Play it a third time for students to check their answers.Allow the students a few minutes to check their answers in pairs.At last,check the answers with the whole class.)

Step ⅤSpeaking

T:Well done.Now,you’ve known how to apply for a patent.Let’s play a game.Each of you will be given a role card.Work in groups of five:four inventors and one patent officer.Each inventor should explain how the invention works and why it is useful.The patent officers should ask questions and decide if each invention is a good idea or not.And I’ll show you some useful expressions to help you.

(Hand out the role cards and show the useful expressions on the multimedia.)

Useful Expressions:

This invention can help people…

What does it look like?

What’s it made of?

This is a new way of…

How does it work?

How would people use it?

This new invention will make it possible for people to…

(Students work in groups of five and have a discussion for about five minutes.Then the teacher may ask some groups to act out their discussion.)

Sample dialogue:

(A-Inventor A;B-Inventor B;C-Inventor C;D-Inventor D;P-Patent officer)

P:Now,please explain how your inventions work and why they are useful.Your invention is a car that uses water instead of petrol,isn’t it?

A:Yes,that’s right.

P:What does it look like?

A:It looks like an ordinary car.Here’s the picture.Please have a look.

P:Oh,it looks beautiful.What’s it made of?

A:It’s made of a new kind of alloy,which is much lighter.

P:Does it cost more?

A:A little bit.But it can save much more energy,so lots of money is saved.Besides,there is something even more important.It is good for our environment.It doesn’t pollute the air.

P:Sounds great.Thank you.And what’s your invention,sir?

B:My invention is a flying bicycle.

P:A flying bicycle?How would people use it?

B:People can ride it on the road and when there are too many bicycles,people can fly it.Just push one button on the handle,the bicycle will fly.

P:How does it work?

B:It works like a small plane.It has a special engine.

P:This is a new way to improve our traffic condition.Thank you.(To C)Would you please explain your new invention to me?

C:My invention is a machine that makes it possible for people to know the future.

P:How would people use it?

C:People just input their date of birth,hobbies,dislikes and anything about themselves,and then press the button,wait for a moment,and they will see the result on the screen.

P:That’s interesting.Thank you.(To D)What’s your invention,please?

D:It’s a pen that can automatically translate what you write into a foreign language.

P:Good.It can help people communicate freely with foreign friends.People needn’t study foreign languages hard any more.But,maybe it will make it more difficult for people to communicate orally.They will have to write down what they want to say.This is not convenient. For the flying bicycle,what if there was something wrong with it when it was flying in the air?I think it would be rather dangerous for the people walking on the ground.Maybe the bike would fall onto them and cause an accident.Of course the rider would be in danger,too.For the machine that makes people know the future,I don’t think it’s a good idea for us to know our future too early.I think the most useful invention is the car that uses water instead of petrol.So I will give the inventor of this new car a patent.

A:Thank you,sir.

Step Ⅵ Summary and Homework

T:Today we’ve learnt how to express and support an opinion.And we’ve learnt how to apply for a patent when you have made an invention.Many of you have wonderful ideas about new inventions.Study hard now and I believe you’ll make your own inventions in the future.In the next period,we’ll read about how to be creative and how to be an inventor.It’ll be very useful for you.Preview the reading part carefully after class,please.OK.That’s all for today.See you tomorrow!

Ss:See you tomorrow!

Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 18 Inventions

The First Period

① ②

electric shoe inflatable bicycle

③ ④

edible chopsticks nose-top computer

The second period

Ⅰ Teaching Aims:

Learn and master some new and important language points;

Improve the Ss’ reading ability by reading and comprehending the text;

Get the Ss to learn how to be creative.

Ⅱ Teaching Focuses:

The main idea of the text.

Finish all the reading comprehension exercises.

The four thinking strategies.

Ⅲ Teaching Methods:

Question-and-answer activity. Some games.

Group work, pair work or individual work to make every student work in class.

Ⅳ Teaching Aids:

1.A multi-media computer 2.A tape recorder and a tape.

Ⅴ Teaching Procedures:

Step 1 Lead - in

Show a picture of a bulb to the students. Ask: Who invented it?

Then show the portrait of Edison to the students. Ask: Do you know anything about his childhood? If they don’t, tell them sth. about his schooling, and then say: People are not born creative, and you don’t have to be very intelligent to be an inventor. We can learn to be creative. Today we’ll learn how to be creative.

Step 2 Pre-reading

Scan the title and the four sub-titles, and guess what’s the text about?

A. how to become a great thinker

B. how to improve your IQ

C. how to become more creative

Step 3 Fast-reading

1.What’s creative thinking?

It is one of skills and habits.

2.How do people come up with ideas for new inventions? In how many ways?

By good thinking strategies.

Step 4 Careful-reading

T: well, now let’s read the text carefully by listening to and reading after the tape one paragragh after another. You are required to finish off all the comprehension tasks for each part.

Part 1: general idea.

Part 2: What is to “think outside the box”?

To think outside the box is to try new ways to solve a problem.

To rephrase a problem to allow for creative solutions and also try “impossible” or “crazy”solutions.

To make a conscious effort to break away from old thought patterns.

Game 1: How do you connect all the dots with only four straight lines?

Game 2:

Mike’s father is a policeman. Why did Mike recognize him among his workmates though they were all in uniform?

Who never goes to see a doctor,even when he is ill ?

It is leaking( 漏水 ) everywhere in the office on a rainy day, why nobody has got wet?

The plane crashed, but there were nobody injured. Why?

Why a river richer than a bank?

Part 3: Take another look at it

a change in perception

to look at a problem in as many way as possible

Each new way of looking at a situation improves our understanding and makes it easier to discover new possibilities.

Game 3:

Can you only see a pot? Pay attention to the dark!

Two faces!

Part 4: Make connections

try to combine new and old ideas in as many different ways as possible

try to make connections that may seem strange at first

think of new applications and solutions

Part 5: Keep trying

develop new ideas even when they were tired or did not feel inspired

For each new invention that works, there are at least ten that do not.

Step 5 Post-reading

1. Match the examples with the right titles:

Example 1: think outside the box.

Examples 2&3: keep trying

Example 4: take another look at it.

Example5: make connections.

2. T or F exercises.

1) Most inventors have high IQs.

2) The things we know can sometimes make it more difficult for us to understand.

3) It’s impossible to learn how to be creative.

4) The best way to find a good solution is to look for one good answer.

5) Inventors try to avoid failure.

6) The more ways we have of looking at a problem, the more likely it is that we can find a solution.

7) Most good ideas are the result of a long process of trial and error.

3.Reading comprehension.

1) We can get the conclusion from the fifth paragraph that ____ A. to be clever can lead to success B. he who laughs last laughs best

C. failure is the mother of success D. never too old to learn

2). The sentence “ good ideas are no accident” means the following except that ____

A. Good ideas never come by chance. B. The accident is not caused by good ideas.

C. To be successful needs many trials and errors.

D. Failures can also help us move towards a better solution.

3). Another proper title for the text is probably ____

A.Creativity B.Great thinkers C. How to solve problems D. Connection

Step 6 Discussion (Groupwork):

1. How do you understand the title of the passage?

If we want to be creative, we should follow these rules---think outside the box, take another look at it, make connections and keep trying. These rules also work when we solve a problem .

2. What other rules should you have if we want to be creative?

3. Of all the rules discussed above, which one do you think is the most important? Why?

Step 7: Homework

P 61 Exx 1 & 2.P 131 Exx 1, 2&3.

Ⅵ Bb writing

On slides. No writing on the Bb

The Third Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Review the useful expressions learnt in this unit.

2.Learn the derivatives of some words.

3.Review the Attributive Clause.

Teaching Important Points:

1.The useful expressions learnt in this unit.

2.Review the Attributive Clause.

Teaching Difficult Point:

How to help students master the Attributive Clause.

Teaching Methods:

1.Review method to consolidate the useful expressions learnt in the last two periods.

2.Practise to help students master the derivatives of some words.

3.Different kinds of practice to help students master the Attributive Clause.

4.Pair work and individual work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.the multimedia

2.the blackboard

3.some pictures and cards

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ Grammar

T:Today we’ll play a game first.(Stick some pictures of famous people on the blackboard.Cf:The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard.)Look at the blackboard,please.These are pictures of some famous people.Do you know them?Maybe you’re familiar with some of them,but maybe others are strange to you.Don’t worry.I’ll give you some cards.There’s one sentence on each card.The sentence describes a famous person.Guess the name of the person first and then match the card with the picture.Do you understand?

Ss:Yes.

(Teacher hands out some cards on which are the sentences in Word puzzle.)

T:Now,please have a short discussion to find out who the person is and then match the card with the picture.When you find out the answer,please come to the blackboard,stick the card and write the name below the picture.

(Students prepare for a moment and then they begin to match the cards with the pictures.)

T:Have they matched the cards with the pictures correctly and got the correct names?

Ss:Yes.

(If there’re any mistakes,teacher may ask some students to correct them.)

T:OK.Now,fill in the word puzzle using the names of the people that you’ve just found out.

(Stick on the blackboard a piece of paper with the word puzzle on it.)

(A moment later,ask several students to write down their answers.Cf:The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard.)

T:Do you agree with them?

Ss:Yes,they’re quite right.

T:Good.These people are all famous people.Look at the sentences on the cards.What do you find?

S:I find that there is an Attributive Clause in each sentence,restrictive or non-restrictive.

T:Yes,you’re a careful girl.This game is also for you to review the Attributive Clause.Read these sentences again and find out the Attributive Clause in each sentence.

(A moment later,ask some students to say their answers.)

Suggested answers:

Across:

1.…,whose name is always linked with his cartoon characters,such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck.

2.…,who was born in Germany but spent his last years in the USA.

3.…,among whose big inventions are electric lighting and the motion picture camera.

4.…,whose many great films were City Lights and Modern Times.

5.…,who died in a plane crash in .

6.…,whose famous songs include Blowing In The Wind.

7.…,who discovered the Law of Gravity.

Down:

1.…,who lived in China before the Liberation.

2.…,who fought for the freedom of slaves in the USA.

3.…,who was Adam’s wife.

4.…,whose ideas about the future have often become reality,…

5.…,who later bravely fought against the British invasion and saved her country and people.

T:We’ve learnt a lot about the Attributive Clause before.We know that it is a very important grammar item,so let’s do some more exercises to consolidate it.Turn to Page 61,and finish Exercise 2 in Grammar part.

(Allow the students a few minutes to finish it and then check the answers.)

Suggested answers:

1.The wires with which the machines were connected were very old.

2.Leonardo da Vinci,who was interested in both literature and science,painted the famous“Smiling Mona Lisa”.

3.The pilot with whom we had dinner told us stories about his travels.

4.The four ancient Chinese inventions,which we are proud of,have remained important in human history for thousands of years.

5.Mozart,whose music is well liked by people all over the world,showed his talent in music at a very young age.

6.The photos are kept in that cupboard in which/where we found our parents’ old photos.

7.The country from which this news report is coming is on the other side of the world.

8.One of the first inventions of human beings was the wheel,which we don’t know who first invented.

T:In this unit,we have learnt a lot about new inventions and famous inventors.Now,let’s do an exercise using what we’ve learnt in this unit to review the Attributive Clause.Turn to Page 61 and finish Exercise 1 in Grammar part,please.Finish them first by yourselves and then you may discuss your answers in pairs.

(A few minutes later,ask some students to read out their answers.Students may have various answers.)

Suggested answers:

1.…can be used at home or in an office.

2.…it is not convenient to use a desktop computer.

3.…businesses are busy.

4.…you can obtain a patent for your invention.

5.…we need something more useful or more convenient to satisfy the needs of people.

6.…invents things.

7.…are both delicious and environmentally friendly./can be eaten.

Step Ⅲ Word Study

T:As you know,there are a lot of useful expressions in this unit.Let’s do some exercises to review them.

(Show the following on the multimedia and allow the students a couple of minutes to finish it.)

Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions.

1.I’m tired__________washing clothes by hand.I’ll buy a washing machine tomorrow.

2.You’ve got to break away__________old thought patterns in order to develop creative thinking.

3.She was telling us about her sick mother when she suddenly broke__________tears.

4.The students like physics classes because the way their teacher teaches allows__________creativity.

5.I don’t want to keep the hen any more;I’ll exchange it__________twenty eggs.

6.During a test,it’s always wise to move on when you get stuck__________a difficult problem and come back to it later.

(A moment later,ask some students to say their answers and then check them with the whole class.Give some explanations when necessary.)

Suggested answers:

1.of(be tired of doing sth.)

2.from(break away from…)

3.into(break into tears/a house)

4.for(allow for…)

5.for(exchange A for B)

6.by(get stuck by…)

T:Well done!After class you should read these sentences more to master the use of the phrases in them.Now,let’s do another practice.

(Show the following on the multimedia.)

Change the form of the following words.

trial→__________(v.)

application→__________(v.)

produce→__________(adj.)

fail→__________(n.)

involvement→__________(v.)

eraser→__________(v.)

inspiration→__________(v.)

possible→__________(n.)

deep→__________(v.)

awareness→__________(adj.)

Suggested answers:

trial→try(v.)

application→apply(v.)

produce→productive(adj.)

fail→failure(n.)

involvement→involve(v.)

eraser→erase(v.)

inspiration→inspire(v.)

possible→possibility(n.)

deep→deepen(v.)

awareness→aware(adj.)

StepⅣ Summary and Homework

T:Today we’ve reviewed some useful expressions and words we learnt before.Also we’ve done some practice to review the Attributive Clause.After class,you should do more practice to master them better.Besides,try to solve the riddles in Part 14 on Page 62.That’s all for today.See you tomorrow!

Ss:See you tomorrow!

Step Ⅴ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 18 Inventions

The Third Period

Walt Disney Albert Einstein

Abraham Lincoln Newton

John Denver Charlie Chaplin

Word puzzle:

The Fourth Period

Teaching Aims:

1.Learn a reading passage to improve the students’ reading ability.

2.Do some writing practice to improve the students’ writing ability.

3.Learn some useful words and expressions.

Teaching Important Points:

1.Improve the students’ integrating skills.

2.Review the Attributive Clause.

Teaching Difficult Point:

How to improve the students’ integrating skills.

Teaching Methods:

1.Reading and understanding to improve the students’ reading ability.

2.Writing practice to improve the students’ writing ability.

3.Individual or pair work to make every student work in class.

Teaching Aids:

1.the multimedia

2.the blackboard

Teaching Procedures:

Step Ⅰ Greetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step ⅡLead-in and Reading

T:How many of you have a computer at home?Please put up your hands.

(Some students put up their hands.)

Good.Most of you have a computer.What do you do with your computer?

S:I search for information on the Internet.And sometimes I play games with it.

T:Does anybody do anything else with it?

S:I sometimes draw pictures or type something.

S:For me,I sometimes send e-mails to my friends.

S:I listen to the music.

S:I watch football matches.

…

T:Do you think the computer is really useful to you?

S:Not exactly.I can also do these things without a computer.I can go to a library to look for the information that I need.But it’s much quicker and more convenient if I use a computer.

S:I can listen to the music on a tape recorder.

S:I can watch football matches on TV.

…

T:You’re quite right.New technology is often used in old ways.Now,please have a discussion in groups of four to complete the chart shown on the screen.

(Show the following on the screen and give the students a moment to have a discussion.)

Technology Usage

Computer Used as a typewriter

--------

--------

The Internet Used as a library

--------

--------

------ --------

--------

--------

(After a few minutes,ask several students to say their answers.Students may have various answers.)

Suggested answers:

Technology Usage

Computer Used as:

a typewriter

a projector

a video game player

a drawing board

The Internet Used as:

a library

a TV

a telephone

a radio

Used to:

send e-mails

read news from home and abroad

Cellphone Used as:

a telephone

a telephone directory

a video game player

a watch/calendar

an alarm clock

Used to:

send information to others

T:Well done!Now,let’s read the passage about new technology carefully.Try to find out the answers to the two questions on the screen.After you finish,you may have a discussion in pairs.

(The following questions are shown on the screen.)

1.Why are scientific metaphors like “memory”and“cut and paste” useful?How may they limit our thinking?

2.Think of more words we use to talk about computers and Internet.How well do they describe the things or actions they are used for?Are there other words we could use that might be better?

(A moment later,check the answers with the whole class.Students may have various answers to the second question.)

Suggested answers:

1.They make it easier for us to understand and use a new tool.They may make it more difficult for us to use the new invention in the best way.

2.Words like:copy,file,delete,lock,enter,return,store

Step Ⅲ Explanation

T:Now,I think you’ve understood the passage well.Please look at the screen.I’ll explain some expressions that you must master.Please listen carefully.

(The multimedia shows the following.)

Language Points:

1.sb. be said to be…

e.g.He is said to be a good basketball player when he was young.

2.A be similar to B

e.g.His new bike is similar to mine.

3.be different from

e.g.Our life is different from what it was ten years ago.

4.now that

e.g.Now that you’ve grown up,you must stop this childish behaviour.

(Explain the notes to students and write the following on the blackboard:sb. be said to be;A be similar to B;be different from;now that.)

Step Ⅳ Listening and Reading Aloud

T:Now,let’s listen to the tape carefully.You can read after it when I play it the second time.Pay more attention to your stress.Are you ready?

Ss:Yes.

T:OK.Let’s begin.

(Play the tape twice for students to listen and repeat.After listening to the tape,students are allowed to read the passage aloud for a while.At last,ask some of them to read the text.One student,one paragraph.)

Step ⅤWriting

T:Just now,we’ve talked about computers.Most of you have a desktop computer at home.(Stick a picture of a desktop computer on the blackboard.)And as you can see,I’m using a laptop computer.(Stick a picture of laptop computer on the blackboard.)These are the most popular computers that we can find.But have you heard that a new type of computer-the palmtop computer,has been invented?

Ss:No.

T:It doesn’t matter.(Stick a picture of a palmtop computer on the blackboard.)Look at the picture.This is a palmtop computer.We know from the picture that a palmtop computer is a kind of computer that we can put on our palm.It’s very small,light and convenient to carry about.Do you like it?

Ss:Yes,I wish I could have one.

T:Certainly you’ll have one someday in the future.From these three pictures we know that computers are getting smaller and smaller.They’re becoming more and more convenient to be carried about.Can you guess what the first computer was like?

S:I guess it must have been a very big one.

T:You’re quite right.(Stick the picture of the Eniac on the blackboard.)Look,this is the first computer.It is as big as a house.Maybe you can’t imagine how big it is.But it doesn’t matter.What we need to know is that computers are becoming smaller and smaller,lighter and lighter.What do you think they will look like in the future and how we will use them?Who’d like to tell us your opinion?

S:Let me try.I think computers may look like a watch or a cellphone in the future.They will become even smaller.We can use them to watch TV,read books,search for information,chat with our friends,check the date and the time,and send information to others.

T:Very good.Now,imagine that you had to describe a computer to someone who lived in the 19th century.How would you explain it?What would you compare it to?You may have a short discussion in groups of three and then write a short description.

(Allow the students a few minutes to discuss and write their compositions.If time limits,allow the students to finish their writing after class.)

Sample description:

Have you seen a computer?Let me tell you something about it.A computer is an electric calculating machine that can store and recall information and make calculations at very high speed.It is a wonderful machine and can do most of the things people can do,but it can work millions of times faster.The first large,modern computer was built in 1946,and people needed a large house to put it in.In the last few years there have been great changes in computers.Today they can be used in many fields.People even use it to pay their bills or order what they want.It is said that in the future computers would arrange everything for people,and do almost all kinds of work.That would be a real computer society!

Step ⅥSummary and Homework

T:Today we’ve read a passage about the scientific metaphors.We’ve talked more about new technology too.In this unit we also learnt how to become more creative by practising good thinking strategies.They can be used to study English,too.Read the tips on Page 64 carefully and try the ideas in future.They’re helpful for your study of English.Besides,we’ve reviewed the Attributive Clause.After class,you should do more practice by yourselves to master it better.Finally,have a discussion with your partner to find the answers to the two questions in Checkpoint 18 on Page 64.I’ll check your answers tomorrow.OK.That’s all for today.

…

Suggested answers:

1.Rephrase,impossible,crazy,break away from,explore,combine,trial,…

2.Convenient,environmentally,friendly,automatically,…

Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 18 Inventions

The Fourth Period

Language Points:

sb. be said to be…

be different from

A be similar to B

now that

Computers:

The Fifth Period

The Attributive Clause

Teaching Aims:

1.Revise the Attributive Clause,including the Restrictive Attributive Clause and the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.

2.Revise the use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

3.Expand the knowledge of the Attributive Clause.

Teaching Important Point:

The usage of the relative pronouns and adverbs.

Teaching Difficult Point:

Help the students to master the way of choosing a relative pronoun or a relative adverb correctly.

Teaching Methods:

review,explanation,inductive methods

Teaching Aids:

1.the blackboard

2.the multimedia

Teaching Procedures:

Step ⅠGreetings

Greet the whole class as usual.

Step Ⅱ Revision and Lead-in

(Teacher checks the homework exercises first and then shows the following on the screen.)

1.He is a famous scientist.

2.Who’s that girl in red?

3.I’ve read all the books that you lent me.

4.I have lost my pen,which I like very much.

T:That’s all for the homework.Now please look at the sentences on the screen.Pay special attention to the underlined parts.Is there anything in common between them?

Ss:Yes.They all identify the nouns,which are used with them.Each part tells us which thing or person the speaker is talking about.

T:That is to say,the function of each underlined part is the same.Each of them is used as an attribute to describe each noun.Well,are there any differences between them?

S1:Yes.In the first sentence,the attribute is an adjective and put before the noun;the second is a prepositional phrase put after the noun;the third and fourth sentences are full sentences put after the nouns.

T:You are right,what do we call the sentences put after the noun?

Ss:The Attributive Clause.

T:Quite right.In a complex sentence,the clause modifying a noun or a pronoun in the main clause is called an Attributive Clause.The noun or pronoun is called Antecedent.The word that/which introduces the clause(between the noun/pronoun and the clause)is called Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb.The relative pronouns or adverbs do two jobs at once.They can be used as subjects,objects,attributes or adverbials in the clause;at the same time,they join clauses together.About the use of them,we’ll have particular revision after a while.Now look at the sentences on the screen.

(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)

Complete the sentences with suitable relatives.

1.I know the reason__________he came late.

2.Do you know the woman,__________son went to college last year?

3.The house__________colour is red is John’s.

4.This is the best film__________I’ve ever seen.

5.That is the town__________he worked in 1987.

T:Who’d like to tell me what should be filled in the first sentence?

S2:I think“why”should be filled.Because the antecedent is“the reason”and the relative is used as the adverbial of reason in the Attributive Clause.

T:Yes.How about the second sentence?

(Teacher goes to another student and asks her/him to answer.)

S3:I fill“whose”here.Because the antecedent is “the woman”and the relative is used as the attribute in the Attributive Clause.

T:Right.Sit down,please.Now let’s look at the third sentence.

Suggested answers:

3.whose 4.that 5.where

Step Ⅲ Summarizethe Use of the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause

T:The Non-restrictive Attributive Clause is a clause which gives extra information to the antecedent.So we use a comma to interrupt the sentence.When the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause is cut off,the sentence still has a full meaning.Now look at the sentences on the screen.

(Show the following on the screen.)

1.I have two brothers,who are both soldiers.

2.Next week,which you’ll spend in your hometown,is coming.

3.I’ve tried two pairs of shoes,neither of which fits me well.

T:Pay attention to the underlined parts.There are commas to interrupt the sentences and “that”can not be used in the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.You should pay more attention to the structure“Indefinite Pronoun/Numbers/Noun/Superlative+of which/whom”is often used in the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.

Step Ⅳ The Usage of the Relative Pronouns and the Relative Adverbs

T:As we know,relative pronouns or adverbs paly important parts in the Attributive Clause.Now let’s make a list of them on the blackboard first and then revise their usage with the help of the forms on the screen.

(Bb:the relative pronouns:who,whom,that,whose,which;the relative adverbs: when, where, why)

(Teacher collects them first and then shows the following.)

Form 1:

the relative pronouns referring to function in the clause

who people subject/object

whom people object

that people/thing subject/object

which thing subject/object

whose people/thing(of whom/which) attribute

Form 2:

the relative adverb referring to function in the clause

when(=at/in/on which) time adverbial of time

where(=in/at which) place adverbial of place

why(=for which) reason adverbial of reason

(Teacher explains the two forms separately and adds the following with examples on the screen.)

T:1.When a relative pronoun is used as a subject in the clause,the verb must agree with the antecedent in person and number.

e.g.1.Those who want to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m.

He who doesn’t reach the Great wall is not a true man.

2.When the antecedent is the structure of “one of +n.(pl.)”,the verb in the clause must be plural,agrees with the plural form.However,if there is “the”or“only”before“one”,the verb in the clause must be singular,agrees with the word“one”.

e.g.2.She is the only one of the girls who has been to Beijing.

He is one of the boys who have seen the film.

3.When the antecedent is a noun for time or place “when”or“where”is not always used to introduce the clause.It depends on the function of the relative word in the clause.

e.g.3.The time when/that I went to Tokyo is in 1982.

I’ll never forget the time which/that I spent at college.

The shop which I bought is big.

The shop where/in which I bought the book is big.

Step Ⅴ The Difference Between “that”and “which”

T:As we know,both“that”and “which”can be used for things,but,the use of them are not always the same.Let’s look at the sentences on the screen.

(Show the following on the screen.)

1.This is the second article that I have written in English.

2.It is the best film that he has ever seen.

3.This is the very book that I want to read.

4. All that they told me surprised me.

5.They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.

6. Who is the comrade that was there?

7.There is a bed in the room that is still vacant.

8.Our village is no longer the place that it used to be.

T:From the sentences on the screen,we can make a summary of the use of“that” and “which”.Look at the screen again.

(Show the following on the screen.)

1.In following cases,“that”is often used.

(1)After ordinal number and superlatives.

(2)After the following words:all, only, little, few, much, very, none, last, just, any(thing), every(thing), some(thing),no(thing).

(3)After two or more antecedents,referring to both people and things.

(4)After interrogative pronouns“which”or “who”.

(5)When the relative pronoun is used as a predictive in the clause.

(6)When the main clause begins with “There be”.

2.In following cases,“which”is always used.

(1)After prepositions.

(2)To introduce a Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.

(3)The whole main sentence is the “antecedant”of the relative clause,and there is always a comma.

Step Ⅵ Practice

T:Now let’s do some exercises.Look at the screen.Fill in the blanks,choosing proper relative pronouns or relative adverbs.

(Show the following on the screen.)

1.Tell me the reason for__________you were late for class.

2.Who is the girl__________is speaking there?

3.This is Mr Smith,__________has some thing interesting to tell you.

4.The computer__________CPU doesn’t work has to be repaired.

5.This kind of computer,__________is well-known,is out of date.

6.This is just the place__________I’ve been longing to visit for years.

7.His mother is an engineer,__________makes him very proud.

8.The old man has four sons,three of__________are doctors.

Suggested answers:

1.which 2.that 3.who 4.whose

5.which 6.that 7.which 8.whom

Step Ⅶ Test

T:Now.Let’s have a test.Look at the screen.Do this exercise by yourself.A few minutes later.I’ll give you the answers.

(Show the following on the screen.)

1.I don’t like the way__________he talked to his mother.

A.as B.that

C.which D.by which

2.In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person__________she could turn for help.

A.that B.who

C.from whom D.to whom

3.The weather turned out to be very good,__________was more than we could expected.

A.what B.which

C.that D.it

4.All__________is needed is a supply of oil.

A.the thing B.that

C.what D.which

5.He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows,most of__________hasn’t been cleaned at least a year.

A.these B.those

C.that D.which

6.She spoke about the books and writers__________she remembered.

A.that B.who

C.which D.whom

7.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,__________he could see what was going on inside the house.

A.in which B.through which

C.at which D.on which

Suggested answers:

1.B 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.B

Step Ⅷ Homework

Review the Attributive Clause

Step Ⅸ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard

Unit 18 Inventions

The Fifth Period

The Attributive Clause

Ⅰ.The differences between the Restrictive Attributive Clause and the Non-restrictive Attributive Clause

Ⅱ.The use of the relative words:

1.relative pronouns:who,whom,whose,that,which

2.relative adverbs:where,when,why

Ⅲ.The differences between“that”and “which”